Head and neck 2 larynx

Question 1

What nerve gives of pharyngeal branches?

Answer 1

-Vagus nerve gives of pharyngeal branches

Question 2

What action does the arytenoid do when formulating a vowel sound?

Answer 2

Do a pivoting action when formulating vowel sounds

Question 3

What is the action of cricothyroid muscles?

Answer 3

Lengthening (increasing tension) of vocal ligaments

Question 4

What is the action of the posterior cricoarytenoid muscles?

Answer 4

Abduction of vocal ligaments

Question 5

What is the action of the lateral cricoarytenoid muscles?

Answer 5

Adduction of vocal ligaments

Question 6

What is the action of transverse and oblique arytenoid muscles?

Answer 6

Adduction of vocal ligaments

Question 7

What is the action of vocalis and thyroarytenoid muscles?

Answer 7

Shortening(relaxation) of vocal ligaments

Question 8

What does the recurrent laryngeal nerve innervate?

Answer 8

• Posterior and lateral crico-arytenoid
• Oblique and transverse arytenoid
• Vocalis and thyro-arytenoid

Question 9

What nerve innervates the cricothyroid muscle?

Answer 9

Cricothyroid muscle is innervated by the superior laryngeal nerve

Question 10

What happens to the vocal folds, rima glottidis and vestibule during forced inspiration?

Answer 10

• Vocal folds abducted and rima glottidis wide open

- Vestibule open

Question 11

What happens to the vocal folds and vestibule during phonation?

Answer 11

• Vocal folds adducted and stridulating as air is forced between them
• Vestibule open

Question 12

What happens to the laryngeal and epiglottis during swallowing?

Answer 12

• Laryngeal inlet narrowed

- Epiglottis swings down to arytenoids

Question 13

What happens to the vocal folds, rima glottidis and vestibule during effort closure?

Answer 13

• Vocal folds and vestibular folds adducted

- Rima glottidis and vestibule closed

Question 14

What does the superior laryngeal nerve go through and supply?

Answer 14

Superior laryngeal nerve goes through aperture of the thyroid membrane and supply posterior cricothyroid muscle

Question 15

What is a cricothyroidotomy?

Answer 15

-An emergency procedure to obtain an airway when other routine methods are ineffective

Question 16

What causes the procedure of cricothyroidotomy to take place?

Answer 16

This takes place due to trauma causing oral, pharyngeal or nasal haemorrhage

Question 17

Where do thyroid glands sit

Answer 17

-Thyroid gland sits on the trachea

Question 18

What do strap muscles protect?

Answer 18

Strap muscle allows protection of the thyroid gland

Question 19

How many parathyroid glands are there and where are they in relation to the thyroid gland?

Answer 19

4 parathyroid glands that are posterior to the thyroid gland

Question 20

What are the parathyroid glands important in?

Answer 20

Parathyroid Important in calcium regulation

Question 21

What are the steps involved in thyroid development?

Answer 21

• Thyroid gland begins to develop as a median thickening of endoderm on the floor of the pharynx between the first and second pharyngeal pouches
• This area later invaginates to form the median diverticulum
• This thyroid diverticulum grows becoming the thyroglossal duct.
• Thyroglossal duct grows caudally and bifurcates to give rise to the thyroid lobes and the isthmus

Question 22

What do remnants of the thyroglossal duct persist as?

Answer 22

-The thyroglossal duct usually disappears early in development but remnants persist as a cyst or as a connection to the foramen cecum (Fistula).

Question 23

What is a fistula?

Answer 23

Fistula is the connection between one surface of one structure to another surface of another structure