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Images of Anatomy > Thorax 2(Heart) > Flashcards

Thorax 2(Heart) Flashcards

1
Q

How many zones is the mediastinum divided into?

A

Mediastinum is divided into 4 zones

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2
Q

What is the inferior and superior zone of the mediastinum separated by?

A

Inferior and superior zone separated by transthoracic plane

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3
Q

What proportion does the heart occupy of the inferior mediastinum?

A

Heart occupies 2/3 of the inferior mediastinum

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4
Q

What does the arch of the aorta rise above in the superior mediastinum?

A

Arch of the aorta rises above the sternam angle in the superior mediastinum

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5
Q

What does the base of the heart lay on?

A

Base of heart lays on diaphragm

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6
Q

What is the pericardium?

A

Thin fibro-serous sac that surrounds the heart and the roots of the great vessels

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7
Q

What are the 2 different components of the pericardium?

A
  • Fibrous pericardium

- Serous pericardium

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8
Q

What is the fibrous pericardium?

A

Thick connective tissue that surrounds the heart and roots of great vessels

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9
Q

What layers make up the serous pericardium?

A
  • Parietal layer that lines the inner surface of the fibrous pericardium
  • Visceral layer that adheres to the heart and constitutes the outer covering
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10
Q

What is present between the fibrous and serous pericardium?

A

Between these components, there is fluid to allow frictionless beating movement

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11
Q

What is pericarditis?

A

-Inflammation of the pericardium due to viral/bacterial infection, systemic illness and post myocardial infarction

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12
Q

What is pericardial effusion?

A

-Accumulation of fluid within the pericardial sac resulting in cardiac tamponade(Compression of the heart)

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13
Q

What is constrictive pericarditis

A

Thickening of the pericardial sac that implies compression of the heart and subsequent heart failure.

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14
Q

What intercostal space is the apex of the heart present in?

A

Apex is in the 5th intercostal space

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15
Q

What does auricle mean?

A

Little ear

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16
Q

What is the coronary sinus?

A

Coronary sinus is a collection. of veins to allow blood to enter right atrium

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17
Q

What are fossa ovalis?

When do they close?

A

Remnant of embryo to allow maternal foetal blood passage. Closes as an adult

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18
Q

What are crista terminalis?

A

Connection between opening orifice of inferior vena cava valve and superior vena cava valve

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19
Q

Where is the opening of the coronary sinus found?

A

Opening of coronary sinus found on posterior wall of right atrium

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20
Q

What do chordae tendineae attach to and what does this allow the formation of?

A

Chordae tendineae attach to the cusps of the tricuspid valve and papillary muscle
-This allows the formation of a network of trabeculae carneae

21
Q

What is the septomarginal area important for?

A

Septomarginal area important for conduction

22
Q

What is the ligamentum arteriosum?

A

Ligamentum arteriosum is an embryological remnant and holds the aorta and pulmonary artery close to each other

23
Q

What do valves of the heart allow?

A

Valves of the heart allow blood to run in only one direction

24
Q

How many valves are there in the heart and what are they?

A

4 valves in the heart

  • 2 atrioventricular(Mitral and bicuspid)
  • 2 arterial valves(Pulmonary and aortic
25
Q

What do the atrioventricular valves gurantee?

A

2 atrioventricular valves guarantee that the blood do not return from the ventricles to the atria

26
Q

What do the arterial valves avoid?

A

2 arterial valves avoid reflux of blood from the two arteries that leave the heart

27
Q

What are the most common problems associated with valves?

A
  1. Insufficiency

2. Stenosis

28
Q

What is insufficiency in regards to valves?

A

poor functioning of the valves

29
Q

What is stenosis in regards to valves?

A

Narrowing of the orifice due to inability of the valve to fully open

30
Q

What are murmurs?

A

Murmurs are unusual sounds heard between heartbeats

31
Q

What is the main vessel leaving the heart?

A

Main vessel leaving the heart is ascending aorta; it branches(apart from the coronary arteries) supply the rest of the body

32
Q

What do the right and left brachiocephalic veins form?

A

-Right and left brachiocephalic veins form the superior vena cava that flows into the heart from above

33
Q

Where does the inferior vena cava flow in for the heart from and what is its major tributaries?

A

The inferior vena cava flows into the heart from below and its major tributaries air from the lower limbs and posterior abdominal structures

34
Q

What is the sinoatrial node(SAN) an instigator of?

A

-Sino-atrial node(SAN) is the instigator of contraction of both right and left atrium

35
Q

What is the atrioventricular node(AVN)?

A

-Atrio-ventricular node(AVN) is essentially a jump allowing conduction from atria to ventricles

36
Q

What does electrical conduction pass down in the heart to the apex and what does it allow?

A

Electrical conduction passes down purkinje fibres allowing ventricles to contract

37
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system(ANS) control and what is it increased and inhibited by?

A

The autonomic nervous system controls the rate of contraction and speed of conductivity

- Increases by the sympathetic part of the ANS
    - Inhibited by the parasympathetic part of the ANS
38
Q

What is an example of a parasympathetic nerve?

A

Vagus nerve

39
Q

What does the right vagus nerve pass down and how does it supply vocal chords?

A

Right vagus nerve passes down and when it reaches the right subclavian artery, it branches and loops around posteriorly to help supply vocal chords(Recurrent laryngeal nerve)

40
Q

Where does the left vagus loop and what does it branch to give?

A

Left vagus nerve loops underneath the arch of aorta

-Gives branches of to help supply vagal cardiac branch

41
Q

What does the deep cardiac plexus supply?

A

Deep cardiac plexus supplies over the carina(Bifurcation of the trachea)

42
Q

What nerve carries heart pain?

A

Sympathetic nerves carry pain

-Heart attacks cause crushing chest pain

43
Q

What zone does the right coronary artery supply?

A

Right coronary artery supplies posterior zone

44
Q

What zone does the left coronary artery supply?

A

Left coronary artery supplies anterior zone

45
Q

What do coronary sulcus seperate?

A

Coronary sulcus separates atria from ventricles

46
Q

What do the anterior and posterior interventricular sulcus separate?

A

The posterior and anterior interventricular sulcus separates the two ventricles.

47
Q

What is blood drained by from heart muscle?

A

Blood is drained from the heart muscle by the great, middle and small cardiac veins

48
Q

What do the great, middle and small cardiac veins contribute to and what does it do?

A

These vessels contribute to the coronary sinus, that in turn, empties in to the right atrium

Images of Anatomy (12 decks)

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