thorax

Question 1

anterior

Answer 1

front

Question 2

posterior

Answer 2

back

Question 3

superior

Answer 3

top

Question 4

inferior

Answer 4

bottom

Question 5

medial

Answer 5

middle

Question 6

lateral

Answer 6

sides

Question 7

Describe the major features of the sternum

Answer 7

= t shaped bone at anterior thorax
- manubrium
- superior aspect - jugular notch, forms sternoclavicular joints on either side
- inferior forms sternal angle
- facet = 1st rib
- demifacet = 2nd rib
- body
- long body of sternum
- lateral edges = articular facets 3-6 ribs
- xiphoid process
- inferior section

Question 8

describe structure of the ribs

Answer 8

• head = wedge-shaped with 2 articular facets
  
  • one connects with vertebrae above and the other with corresponding
• neck - head up to tubercle
• body/shaft
  
  • flat, curved section
• tubercle
  
  • articulates with corresponding vertebrae
• costal groove
  
  • where intercostal vein, artery, and nerve lies

Question 9

what are the atypical ribs

Answer 9

1 - shorter and wider, one facet

2 - thinner and longer, 2 facets, rough surface where serratus anterior originates

10 - only 1 facet

11 and 12 - no neck, only 1 facet

Question 10

posterior and anterior articulations of the ribs

Answer 10

posterior:
- costotransverse joint = tubercle of rib + transverse costal facet
- costovertebral joint = head of rib + superior costal facet

anterior:
- ribs 1-7: attach independently to sternum
- ribs 8-10: attach to costal cartilages superior
- 11 & 12: no anterior attachment, end in abdominal musculature = floating

Question 11

describe the areas of the medastinum

Answer 11

• superior mediastinum
  
  • sternal angle up
  • thymus, trachea, oesophagus
• anterior mediastinum
  
  • most anterior section
• middle mediastinum
  
  • surrounding heart
• posterior mediastinum
  
  • posterior section

Question 12

diaphragm structure, function and innervation

Answer 12

• assists in altering pressure gradients to be favourable for respiration
• musculotendinous sheet inferior to ribcage
• innervated by phrenic nerve

Question 13

arrangement and function of intercostal muscles

Answer 13

• external
  
  • 11 pairs
  • increases thoracic volume
  • innervated by intercostal nerves
• internal
  
  • deep to external intercostals
  • reduces thoracic volume
  • innervated by intercostal nerves
• innermost
  
  • deep to internal intercostals
  • reduces thoracic volume
  • innervated by intercostal nerves

Question 14

Recall the arrangement and location of structures within the intercostal spaces

Answer 14

• posterior intercostal arteries
• anterior intercostal arteries
• arteries anastomose together
• spinal nerves (grooves and internals)
• subclavian artery
• common carotid artery

Question 15

Describe the normal position of the heart within the chest cavity and its relations, particularly the rib cage and the sternum

Answer 15

• mediastinum
  
  • contains vessels - aorta and pulmonary trunk
  • sections
    
    • superior mediastinum
      
      • sternal angle up
      • thymus, trachea, oesophagus
    • anterior mediastinum
      
      • most anterior section
    • middle mediastinum
      
      • surrounding heart
    • posterior mediastinum
      
      • posterior section

Question 16

what provides the blood supply to the intercostal spaces

Answer 16

• posterior intercostal arteries and anterior intercostal arteries anastemose together
• subclavian artery and common carotid supply breast and back tissue

Question 17

what provides innervation to the intercostal spaces

Answer 17

spinal nerves
- run in costal groove and internal intercostals