abdomen Flashcards
location of the stomach
- Left hypochondriac, epigastric and umbilical regions of abdomen
- starts at gastroesophageal junction and extends to pyloric orifice
structure of stomach in situ
- encased by 2 layers of peritoneum (omentum)
- attached to liver via lesser omentum
- greater omentum hangs from stomach (double fold)
internal structure of stomach
- split into fundus, body and connects into duodenum
- lower oesophageal sphincter separates oesophagus and fundus
- pyloric sphincter separates body from duodenum
- rugae = gastric folds
3 branches of the coeliac trunk
- common hepatic artery
- splenic artery
left gastric artery
what is the peritoneal cavity
- contains peritoneal fluids (lubricant for organs)
what is the peritoneum
- continuous membrane which lines the abdominal cavity and covers the abdominal organs (abdominal viscera)
intraperitoneal organs
- enveloped by visceral peritoneum which covers organ anterior and posteriorly e.g stomach, liver, spleen
retroperitoneal organs
- not associated with visceral peritoneum, only covered in parietal peritoneum, and that peritoneum only covers their anterior surface
primary
- developed and remain outside of the parietal peritoneum
secondary
- initially intraperitoneal, became retroperitoneal so only their anterior surface is covered with peritoneum
which abdominal viscera are retroperitoneal?
S uprarenal glands
A orta
D uodenum
P ancreas
U reters
C olon
K idneys
E sophagus
R ectum
structure and function of mesentary
- double layer of visceral peritoneum
- connects intraperitoneal organs to (usually) the posterior abdominal wall
- pathway for nerves, blood vessels and lymphatics to travel from the body wall to the viscera
structure and function of omentum
= sheets of visceral peritoneum that extend from the stomach and proximal part of the duodenum to other abdominal organs
greater
- four layers of visceral peritoneum
- from stomach and duodenum, folds back up to transverse colon
= immune and restorative
lesser
- double layer of visceral peritoneum
- from lesser c of stomach to liver
innervation of parasympathetic function of stomach
anterior and posterior gastric nerves
innervation of gastric function of stomach
coeliac plexus
what connects stomach to liver?
lesser omentum
borders of stomach
gastroesophageal junction -> pyloric orifice
what region of abdomen are liver and gallbladder in
Mainly right hypochondriac and epigastric region
how are liver and gallbladder related to the diaphragm
inferior vena cava and hepatic veins
function of falsiform ligament
double layer of peritoneum that splits lobes of liver and contains round ligament which was umbilical vein
what is the porta hepatis
gap in peritoneum to allow for vasculature and where gallbladder attaches via cystic duct.
what vasculature lies in porta hepatis
- common hepatic duct
- hepatic portal vein
function of common hepatic duct
carries bile from liver to gallbladder
function of hepatic portal vein
brings blood from GI to clean and detoxify before going back to heart
function of hepatic artery proper
supplies liver with oxygenated blood
structure of gallbladder
- neck
- continuous with cystic duct
- body
- fundus
what abdomen regions are the pancreas in
Epigastric region and left hypochondriac region (tail)
where is the pancreas in relation to other structures
- Posterior to stomach (in this image, stomach is moved superiorly to show pancreas)
- Sits within C-shape of duodenum
- retro peritoneal
- tail lies in peritoneal ligament = spleenorenal ligament (intraperitoneal)
what is the ampulla of vater
where bile duct and main pancreatic duct join together
function of major duodenal papilla
digestive juices enter second part of duodenum
function of hepatopancreatic sphincter/oddi
controls pancreatic secretions
location of pancreatic veins
splenic vein - behind pancreas
superior mesenteric vein - behind head and neck of pancreas and combines with splenic to form hepatic portal vein
what is the hylum of the spleen
where vessels supply/drain spleen
what region is the spleen located in
left hypochondriac
where is the spleen in relation to surrounding structures
- posterior to stomach
- under cover of left lower floating ribs
- tail of pancreas may reach hylum of spleen
- peritoneum forms gastrosplinic ligament which splits and wraps around the spleen
- intraperitoneal
transpyloric plane
imaginary plane halfway between the suprasternal notch of the manubrium and the upper border of the symphysis pubis at the level of the first lumbar vertebrae, L1
intertubercular plane
A lower transverse plane midway between the upper transverse and the upper border of the pubic symphysis
abdominal vertical plane
mid clavicular line
regions of surface anatomy
right hypochondrium
epigastric
left hypochondrium
right lumbar
umbilical
left lumbar
right iliac
hypogastric
left iliac
4 layers of anterolateral abdominal wall from external to internal
- skin
- superficial fascia
- muscles and associated fascia
- parietal pariotneum
abdominal aponeurosis
broad flat tendon which covers the rectus abdominis muscle
what is the linea alba
fibrous structure that extends from the xiphoid process to pubic symphysis?
functions of external obliques
- contraction bilaterally to cause rotation
- contraction with opposite internal oblique to cause rotation
- ipsilateral contraction with other abdominal and back muscles to cause lateral flection
what are the functions of the internal obliques
contraction bilaterally -> anterior flex of trunk
contracts unilaterally -> ipsilateral rotation or lateral flexion
what is the muscle called that runs transverse across the abdomen with
transverse abdominis
what are the two vertical muscles of the abdomen
rectus abdominis and pyrimidalis
what is the long paired muscle that is found either side of the midline in the abdominal wall
rectus abdominis
functions of the rectus abdominis
compressing abdominal viscera and stabilises pelvis during walking and depresses ribs
where are the tendinous intersections at the rectus abdominis
- xiphoid process
- umbilicous
- muscles inbetween
what is the structure called that is formed by the aponeuroses of the three flat muscles and encloses the rectus abdominis and pyramidalis muscles?
rectus sheath
what are the arteries that supply blood the the muscles of the abdomen?
superior and inferior epigastric arteries
2 types of peritoneum
parietal
visceral
what kind of peritoneum is a serous membrane that lines the walls of the abdominal and pelvic cavities?
parietal
what kind of periotenum invaginates to cover the majority of the abdominal viscera
visceral
intraperitoneal organs
- completely surrounded by visceral peritoneum
- covers organs both anteriorly and posteriorly
retroperitoneal organs
only covered in parietal peritoneum, peritoneum only covers their anterior surface
