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anatomy > N2. external features of brian > Flashcards

N2. external features of brian Flashcards

1
Q

Cranial

A

‘towards the head’

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2
Q

Caudal

A

‘tail end’

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3
Q

Rostral

A

‘towards the face’

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4
Q

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A
  • all nervous tissue outside the CNS, mainly nerves:
    • cranial nerves
    • spinal nerves
    • autonomic nerves
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5
Q

3 anatomical parts of brian

A
  • Cerebrum
  • Cerebellum
  • Brainstem
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6
Q

what is the cerebral cortex

A

The surface of the cerebrum

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7
Q

folds of cortex are called

A

gyri

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8
Q

grooves of cortex are called

A

sulci

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9
Q

types of sulci

A
  • Central
  • Lateral
  • Parieto-occipital
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10
Q

types of gyri

A
  • Precentral gyrus
  • Postcentral gyrus
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11
Q

frontal lobe function

A
  • motor area
  • pre-central gyrus = primary motor cortex
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12
Q

parietal lobe function

A
  • sensory area
  • postcentral gyrus = primary somatosensory cortex
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13
Q

occipital lobe function

A
  • visual area
  • primary visual cortex
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14
Q

temporal lobe

A

auditory area

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15
Q

what is broca’s aphasia

A

damage to broca’s area in prefrontal cortex causes an issue with speech production = language deficit

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16
Q

cerebellum functions

A
  • coordination of movement
  • maintaining balance and posture
  • motor learning
17
Q

strucure of cerebellum

A
  • found in posterior cranial fossa
  • separated by tentorium cerebelli
  • highly folded cortex-folia
  • arbor vitae = tree of life = white matter
18
Q

external features of cerebellum

A

superior
- anterior lobe
- primary fissure
- posterior lobe
- vermis

inferior
- peduncles
- HZ fissure
- flocculonodular lobe
- flocculus
- tonsils
- nodule

19
Q

what are cerebellar peduncles

A
  • fibre bundles attached to the brainstem
  • Carry input and output to and from the cerebellum
    • Superior peduncle-midbrain
    • Middle peduncle-pons
    • Inferior peduncle-medulla
20
Q

morphological divisions of cerebellum

A
  • vermis
  • lateral hemispheres
  • flocculonodular lobe
    LVFL
21
Q

functional divisions of cerebellum

A

Spinocerebellum (S):

  • Sensing proprioceptive input
  • Adapting the body to changing circumstances (i.e., posture regulation)

Cerebrocerebellum (C):
- Regulating the cerebral cortical motor
- Output (i.e., fine coordination of limb movement)
- Inhibiting involuntary movement

Vestibulocerebellum (V):
- Maintaining balance, spatial orientation and muscle tone
- Integrating vestibular information for controlling eye and head movements

22
Q

what are cranial meninges

A
  • The brain and spinal cord are covered with membranes called meninges
  • suspended in cerebrospinal fluid
23
Q

layers of meninges

A
  • dura mater
  • arachnoid mater
  • pia mater
  • = PAD
24
Q

dura mater structural features

A
  • tough
  • layers:
    • periosteal
    • meningeal
  • can form sinuses
  • infoldings of dura
    • falx ceribri
    • falx cerebelli
    • tentorium cerebelli
    • diaphragma sellae
25
Q

arachnoid and pia mater

A
  • Arachnoid mater: deep to the dura.
  • Thin and loosely encloses the brain and spinal cord.
  • Pia mater: deep to the arachnoid.
  • Adhered to the surface of the brain and spinal cord.
  • Very thin and cannot be seen with the naked eye
26
Q

what are ventricles filled with

A

CSF

27
Q

functions of CSF

A
  • Protects the brain by providing cushion against trauma
  • Provided nutrients to the brain
  • Prevents nerves and blood vessels from being compressed between the brain and skull
28
Q

where is CSF produced and circulated

A

choroid plexus
- circulates through ventricles
- subarachnoid space
- reabsorbed by arachnoid villi into venous circulation

29
Q

describe the ventricular system of the brain

A

2X Lateral ventricles
Interventricular foramen (Foramen of Munro)
Third ventricle
Cerebral aqueduct (Sylvian aqueduct)
Fourth ventricle
Central canal

30
Q

types of haemorrhages

A

Extradural - between the skull and dura mater
Subdural - between dura and arachnoid mater (appears as a crescent on a CT)
Subarachnoid - between the arachnoid and pia
Intracerebral - rupture of small vessels leading to bleeding in the brain tissue

31
Q

types of haemorrhages

A

Extradural - between the skull and dura mater
Subdural - between dura and arachnoid mater (appears as a crescent on a CT)
Subarachnoid - between the arachnoid and pia
Intracerebral - rupture of small vessels leading to bleeding in the brain tissue

32
Q

hydrocephalus

A

build up of CSF within the ventricles, resulting in enlarged ventricles

33
Q

what might cause extradural haemorrhages

A

result of a tear of the meningeal arteries

34
Q

what might cause subdural haemorrhages

A

typically after high impact injury

35
Q

what might cause subarachnoid haemorrhages

A
  • typically after head injury
  • blood surrounds the brain and fills the sulci
36
Q

what might cause intracerebral haemorrhages

A

what might cause subarachnoid haemorrhages

37
Q

what might cause intracerebral haemorrhages

A

what might cause subarachnoid haemorrhages

anatomy (15 decks)

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