Thorax Flashcards
Where is the sternum located
Anteriorly to the midline of the thoracic wall
what structures does the thorax contain
TAVLON + HL
Trachea
Arteries
Veins
Lymphatic vessels
Oesophagus
Nerves
Heart
Lungs
List 3 parts from superior to inferior of the sternum
manubrium
body
xiphoid processes
List and describe the function of the thoracic cage
Protection
-thoracic viscera
Attachment of muscles that attaches
and move the upper limbs
Name constituents of the thoracic cage
Sternum
Ribs
Thoracic vertebrae
Is the notch on the superior border to the manubrium the jugular or the Sterno clavicular notch
Jugular notch
What articulates the manubrium and body of the sternum
Sternal angle
Lateral to the manubrium, which joint articulates to the clavicle
Sterno clavicular joint
T/F
Rib pairs 10,11,12 are NOT attached to the sternum
F
11,12 are not attached, 10 is
How many pairs of ribs are there in the thorax
12
What 2 structures do ribs articulate to
Sternum + Thoracic vertebrae
Define the term ‘TYPICAL’ rib
consisting of a head,neck,body
Define the term ‘ATYPICAL’ ribs
having structures not common to typical ribs
List the ATYPICAL ribs
1,2,10,11,12
Describe why RIB 1 is atypical
-shorter + wider
-only 1 facet on its head
Describe why RIB 2 is atypical
-longer and thinner than 1
-have a rough upper surface where serratus anterior muscle origionates
Describe why RIB 10 is atypical
-only 1 facet to join T10
Describe why RIB 11 and 12 are atypical
-no neck
- face to join to specific vertebrae
-posteriorly join only
Describe the Head of a rib
-wedge shaped
-2 articular facets
-tubercle
Describe the neck of the rib
-no bony prominences
-connects head to shaft with a tubercle
-tubercle attached tot eh transverse processes
Describe the shaft of the rib
-curved
-costal groove for the neurovascular supply of the thorax
Which are the true ribs
1-7
which are the false ribs
8-10
What type of cartilage anteriorly lines the ribs
Costal
Define True ribs
-ribs 1-7 that connect to the sternum independently
Define false ribs
-ribs 8-10 don’t articulate to the sternum directly
-their costal cartliages join on the 7th
What is the neurovascular bundle comprised of
Intercostal nerve
intercostal artery
Intercostal vein
How many layers of muscles in the intercostal spaces
3
Is the external intercostal muscle deep or superficial
Superficial
Which muscle pulls ribs superior in inspiration
External intercostal
Does the internal intercostal lie superficial or deep to the external intercostal
Deep
Does the internal intercostal run perpendicular or parallel to external intercostal
Perpendicular
Which direction or perpendicular does the internal intercostal muscle run
Postero inferior directions
During expiration does the internal intercostal muscle pull the ribs inferior or superior
Inferior
In the anterior part of intercostal space which muscle become membranous forming _______ ________ membrane
External intercostal muscle
In posterior part of the intercostal space which muscle become membranous forming ______ ______ membrane
Internal intercostal
Does the innermost intercostal lie deep or superficial to the internal intercostal
Deep
Do the fibres of the innermost intercostal run perpendicular or parallel to the inner intercostal muscle
Parallel
Does the endothoracic fascia lie deep of superficial to the innermost intercostal
Deep
Does the endothoracic fascia lie deep or superficial to the parietal pleura
Superficial
What structures pass through the Hillum of the lung
BBBPPL
-Main Bronchus
-Pulmonary artery
-2 pulmonary veins
-Bronchial artery
-Lymphatic vessels
-Branches from vagus nerve and sympathetics
the neurovascular bundle lie in each intercostal space T/F
T
In each intercostal space where does the neurovascular bundle lie in the muscles
Between internal and innermost intercostal
What does the neurovascular bundle suply
Overlying skin
Underlying parietal pleura
T/F the neurovascular bundle lies along the SUPERIOR border of the rib and INFERIOR to the intercostal space
F
The neurovascular bundle lies INFERIOR to the ribs and SUPERIOR to the intercostal space
What is the name of the groove that one neurovascular bundle lies in
Costal groove
Which parts of the intercostal space do the anterior and posterior intercostal arteries supply
Same as names
What artery branches into the anterior intercostal artery
Internal thoracic artery
What artery branches from the descending aorta for the posterior intercostal space
Posterior intercostal arteries
What type of system of veins do the anterior and posterior intercostal veins drain into
Azygous
Which group of nerves inner are the intercostal muscles, skin on chest wall and parietal pleura
Intercostal
What are the 2 membranes that are the pleura
Parietal and viscera
Describe where the parietal pleura lines
Inside of thorax
Describe where visceral pleura lines
Surface of lungs and into fissures
What is between the 2 pleural membranes
Pleural cavity
Which of VISCERAL and PARIETAL pleura are visible to the eye
Parietal
What fluid to pleura cells produce
Pleural fluid
Outline the uses of pleural fluid
-preventing friction
-maintain moistures
List the 4 parts of the pleural cavity
CCDM
Cervical
Costal
Diaphragmatic
Mediastinal
Where is the parietal cervicle pleura located
Covering the apex of the lung
Where is the parietal costal pleura located
Adjacent to ribs
Where does the parietal mediastinal pleura lie
Adjacent to heart
Where does the parietal diaphragmatic pleura lie
Adjacent to diaphragm
What lines the periphery of the diaphragm like a gutter
Costodiaphramgatic recess
Where does the costomediastinal recess lie
At the junction of the costal and mediastinal pleura
What are the recesses in the lungs for
Potential expansion
Which nerves are the viscera pleura innervated by
Autonomic sensory nerves
Which pleura do the intercostal nerves innervate
Parietal
How many lines in left and right lung
L2
R3
Which lungs/s have oblique fissures
A- Left
B- right
C- both
C
Which lung/s have horizontal fissures
A-left
B- Right
C-both
B
What are the 3 surfaces of the lung and where they’re located
Costal - adjacent to ribs
Mediastinal - adjacent to heart
Diaphragmatic - inferior surface of lung
What are the borders of the lung and their descriptor
Anterior- sharp and tapered
Posterior - thick and rounded
Inferior - sharp and tapered
Which lung/lungs can indentations of ribs be seen on
A-left
B- Right
C-both
C
Indentations from left ventricle, defending sorts are seen on what surface of what lung
Mediastinal of left lung
Indentation from the superior veins cava and azygous being can be seen on what surface of what lung
Mediastinal
rIght lung
Describe the hilum of the right lung with where the main bronchus and pulmonary artery lie
Main bronchus is anterior to the pulmonary artery
Describe the hilum of the left lung with where the main bronchus and pulmonary artery lie
Main bronchus lies inferior to pulmonary artery
At what level does the trachea branch into left and right bronchi
Sternal angle
When the main bronchus divides into secondary bronchi how many secondary bronchi divert to each lung and why
2 left for 2 lobes
3 right for 3 lobes
When the lobar bronchus divides to segmental bronchi how many supply each lung
10 each
What is the collective term for the 1 segments of each lung
Bronchiopulmanory segments
T/F
Bronchioles divide to segmental bronchi
F
OPPOSITE
T/F the walls of trachea and bronchi contain skeletal muscle and cartilage
False
Smooth muscles and cartilage
What do the smallest bronchioles connect to
Alveoli
What type of muscle is the diaphragm made of
Skeletal
How does lymph drain from the lungs into the venous system
Thoracic duct or right lymphatic ducts
Which type of nerves innervate the lunge
Somatic or autonomic
Autonomic
what do the Parasympathetic fibres stimulate in the lungs
Briochoconstiction
Bronchial tree secretion glands
what do the Sympathetic fibres do in the lungs
Bronchodilation
Inhibits bronchial tree gland secretion
What relays sensory information from lungs and visceral pleura to CNS
Visceral afferents
Parasympathetic nerves
Sympathetic nerves
On the inferior border of the lungs, anteriorly (MIDCLAVICULAR) what rib level does it reach
6
On the inferior border of the lungs, posteriorly what rib level does it reach
10
On the inferior border of the lungs laterally (mid axillary), what rib level does it reach
8
The parietal pleura extends anteriorly to which rib
8
The parietal pleura extend laterally to which rib
10
The parietal pleura extends posteriorly to which rib
12
Which ribs for the obliques fissures on L and R lung extend from
extends from the 4th posteriorly to the 6th costal cartilage anteriorly; the fissure runs deep to the 5th rib.
Which ribs for the horizontal fissures on he R lung extend from
from the 4th costal cartilage and intersects the oblique fissure.
List characteristics of diaphragm
Broad
Thin
Domed sheet
Skeletal muscle
What cavities does the diaphragm separate
Thoracic and abdominal
What part of the sternum does the diaphragm attach to
Xiphoid process
which structures is the diaphragm attached to
Xiphoid process
Costal margin
Tip 11-12 rib
Lumbar vertebrae
Is the central part of the diaphragm muscular or fibrous
Fibrous
What is the central part of the diaphramng called
Central tendon
During expiration, what happens to the diaphragm
Relaxes and domes superiorly
Which nerves innervate the diraphramng
Phrenic
Which vertebrae do phrenic nerves originate from
C3,C4,C5
During ventilation, the dimensions of the thoracic cavity change in which three planes
Vertically
Laterally
Anterorposterialy
Describe the purpose of pleural fluid
Generates surface tension between the parietal pleura lining the thoracic cavity and the surface of the lung
In quest respiration what is the main structure managing this
Diaphramng
During vigourous breather (ecercise) which muscles are most active
