GU 1-Inguinal Canal and Male External Genitalia Flashcards
what is the inguinal canal
oblique passageway through the muscles of the anterior abdominal wall and lies superior to the medial half of the inguinal ligament
apox how long is inguinal canal (cm)
5
where does the inguinal canal extend from and reach to
deep inguinal ring –> superficial inguinal ring
the deep inguinal ring is an aperture in the _______ _____
transversalis fascia
the superficial inguinal ring is an aperture in the ______ _____ aponeurosis
external oblique aponeurosis
what Is the anterior border of the inguinal canal
-External oblique aponeurosis
-Laterally only: internal oblique aponeurosis
what is the posterior border of the inguinal canal
-Transversalis fascia
-Medially only: medial fibres of the aponeuroses of the internal oblique and transversus abdominis (together = the conjoint tendon).
what is the roof border of the inguinal canal
-Transversalis fascia
-Arching fibres of the internal oblique and transversus abdominis
what is the floor border of the inguinal canal
Inguinal ligament
what are the contents of the inguinal canal in women
- Round ligament of the uterus
- Ilioinguinal nerve
- Genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve.
what are the contents o the inguinal canal in males
-all contained in the spermatic cord excluding the illiolinugal nerve
Inside the cord
-Testicular artery
- Cremasteric artery
- Artery to the vas deferens
-External spermatic fascia
- Cremaster muscle and fascia
-Internal spermatic fascia
-Pampiniform venous plexus
-lymphatics
-Vas deferens
- Processus vaginalis
-Genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve
-Sympathetic nerve fibres
What is the difference between males and females inguinal canal
males have a spermatic cord and women have an round ligament
Describe a hernia
abnormal protrusion of tissues or organs from one region into another through an opening or defector
Describe and inguinal hernia
protrusion of abdominal contents through the anterior abdominal wall into the inguinal canal
describe an indirect inguinal hernia
intra-abdominal contents are forced through deep and possibly superficial ring along the canal
what is the risk of an indirect inguinal hernia
herniated tissues may become strangulated and therefore ischaemic requiring immediate surgery
Describe a direct inguinal hernia
intra-abdominal contents are forced through posterior inguinal canal wall (transversalis fascia) and directly through the superficial ring
Just beneath the superficial fascia of scrotum is which muscle, and is it involuntary of in voluntary
dartos, involuntary
what does each half of the scrotum contain
testis, epididymis and lower spermatic cord.
what sex hormone do the testes secrete
testosterone
what are the names of the 3 fascia the cover the testes from most superior to deep
external spermatic fascia
cremator fascia
internal spermatic fascia
which sac partially covered the scrotum
tunica vaginalis
what is the epididymis and what is stored in it
coiled tube on posterior border of each testes
storing spermatozoa
The vas deferens carries sperm from the _______ and travels with the testicular vessels in the spermatic cord.
epididymis
The testicular arteries are direct branches of the ______ ______
abdominal aorta
Venous blood from the testis and epididymis enters the _______ venous plexus
pampiniform
The right testicular vein enters the _____ ______ ____.
The left testicular vein joins the left _____ ______.
inferior vena cave (directly)
left renal vein (then IVC)
describe Hydrocoele
painless accumulation of peritoneal fluid between the layers of the tunica vaginalis around the testis
diagnosed due to the swelling being transilluminated (light being shone through)
Describe Varicocele
abnormal dilation of pampiniform venous plexus
why is a Varicocele more common in the left
left testicular vein drains into the left renal vein before it drains into the inferior vena cava
Describe Epididymo-orchitis
-painful inflammation of the epididymis and testis
-young usually caused by STI
-older usually UTI
Describe testicular torsion
-very painful twisting of the testis on the spermatic cord
-can lead to testicular ischaemia
-untreated can cause testicle to become necrotic and lost
Describe Cryptorchidism
in what place during foetal development do the testes develop
inguinal canal
why wouldn’t spermatogenesis occur in undefended tested
requires specific temperatures (below core) and in the inguinal canal it would be core temp
what 2 fluids does the penile urethra carry
semen and urine
what are the three cylinders of erectile tissue
two corpora cavernosa dorsally
one corpus spongiosum ventrally
The end of the penis is called the and is an expansion of the corpus ________.
glans
spongiosum
The penile urethra (which carries urine and semen) lies within the corpus ______
spongiosum
The urethra approaches the end of the penis and opens via the external urethral ______.
meatus
The penile arteries branch from the internal pudendal arteries, which themselves branch from the _______ ______ arteries.
internal iliac
The nerve supply to the penis is from the S_ to S_ nerves
2-4
Parasympathetic nerve fibres (responsible for causing erection by dilating the arteries of the corpora) arise from the ______-_____ nerve plexus.
peri-prostatic
The corpora _______ are primarily responsible for the increase in size and rigidity of the penis during an erection
cavernosa
During sexual arousal, arterial blood flow into the corpora of the penis increases, so the corpora become engorged with blood. Which corpora receives most the blood
cevernosa
what is the main role of the corpus spongiosum during erection
preventing urethra being compressed so semen may flow
The inguinal canal is a potential weakness in the anterior abdominal wall. What factors normally prevent herniation of the abdominal contents through the inguinal canal?
- The criss-crossing orientation of the muscle fibres of the abdominal wall.
- The oblique orientation of the canal.
Which nerves provide sensory innervation to the scrotal skin?
- The anterior 1/3 of the scrotum is supplied by the ilioinguinal nerve (from L1).
- The posterior 2/3 is supplied by the pudendal nerve (from S2, S3, S4)
Testicular pain may radiate to the lower abdomen and loin. Why?
- The nociceptive (pain sensation) nerve fibres to the testis are sympathetic and follow testicular artery from the aortic sympathetic plexus which is formed from the T11 + T12 nerve roots.
Pain is felt in the distribution of the cutaneous nerve of these dermatomes as a referred pain
