GU 2- Adrenal Glands, Kidneys, and Posterior Abdominal Wall

Question 1

The right adrenal gland lies behind the _____ and _____ ______ ______. The left adrenal gland lies behind the ____ and _____

Answer 1

liver and inferior vena cava

left adrenal gland lies behind the stomach and pancreas

Question 2

each adrenal gland is supplied by 3 arteries, name them

Answer 2

superior, middle and inferior adrenal arteries

Question 3

what is. the superior adrenal artery a branch of

Answer 3

inferior phrenic artery

Question 4

what Is the middle adrenal artery a branch of

Answer 4

abdominal aorta

Question 5

what Is the inferior adrenal artery a branch of

Answer 5

renal artery

Question 6

The right adrenal vein drains directly into the _____ ______ ______, but the left adrenal vein drains first into the left ____ vein, which then joins the ______ _____ _____

Answer 6

inferior vena cava
renal
inferior vena cava

Question 7

what are the 2 parts of the adrenal gland called

Answer 7

external = cortex
internal = medulla

Question 8

The adrenal cortex produces steroid hormones including ______, _______ and _____. The medulla produces ______.

Answer 8

cortisol, aldosterone and testosterone
adrenaline

Question 9

describe Phaeochromocytoma

Answer 9

-rare hormone-producing tumour of the adrenal medulla
-hyperactivity of the sympathetic nervous system, typically hypertension, tachycardia and excessive sweating.

Question 10

The kidneys lie ____ the peritoneum

a)outside
b)inside

Answer 10

outside

Question 11

Each kidney is embedded in ______ fat and this fatty layer is covered by _____ fascia

Answer 11

perinephric
renal

Question 12

The left and right renal arteries are branches of the ______ _____

Answer 12

abdominal aorta

Question 13

left and right renal veins both drain directly into the _____ ____ ____

Answer 13

inferior vena cava

Question 14

The internal aspect of the kidney is composed of the _______, ________ and _______

Answer 14

cortex, medulla and the calyces

Question 15

what is the medulla of the kidneys arranged into

Answer 15

pyramids

Question 16

what are the functional units of the kidneys

Answer 16

nephrons

Question 17

describe the functions of the nephrons

Answer 17

filtering blood, reabsorbing water and solutes, and secreting and excreting waste products as urine

Question 18

On the medial border of the kidney is the _____ _____, where the renal vessels, nerves, lymphatics and ureter enter or leave the kidney.

Answer 18

renal hilum

Question 19

what is the apex of the renal pyramid called

Answer 19

renal papilla

Question 20

The glomeruli, glomerular capsules (‘Bowman’s capsule’), proximal and distal tubules, and part of the collecting ducts are in the cortex of the kidney, while the nephron loop (of Henle) and rest of the collecting ducts are found where in the kidneys

Answer 20

medulla

Question 21

From the collecting ducts, urine travels down the _____ towards the renal ____ (the apex of the pyramid) where it enters a minor.

Answer 21

medulla, pyramid, calyx

Question 22

Major calyces merge to form the ____ ____

Answer 22

renal pelvis

Question 23

the renal pelvis is continuous with the ___

Answer 23

ureters

Question 24

The ureters carry urine to the _____ _____

Answer 24

urinary bladder

Question 25

describe kidney stones

Answer 25

-made of calcium oxalate
-risk factors = high urine calcium levels, dehydration, obesity, and certain medications
-loin to groin pain due to pain supplied T12 to L2 so pain is felt in the respective dermatomes
-

Question 26

what are the 3 most likely places for a kidney stone to get stuck

Answer 26

1. Pelvi-ureteric junction (PUJ) – between the renal pelvis and ureter
2. Pelvic brim - where the ureter runs over the pelvic brim, anterior to the iliac artery
3. Vesico-ureteric junction (VUJ) - where the ureter joins the bladder.

Question 27

where does the posterior abdominal wall start and end

Answer 27

diaphragm to the pelvic brim

Question 28

which major vessels run along the posterior abdominal wall

Answer 28

inferior vena cava, the aorta

Question 29

which spinal nerves form the lumbar plxus

Answer 29

T12 L1-L4

Question 30

Iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal nerves are branches from which plexus

Answer 30

lumbar

Question 31

list the notable branches of the lumbar plexus

Answer 31

-Iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal nerve
-genitofemoral
-femoral nerve
-Obturator nerve
-Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve

Question 32

The thoracic aorta pierces the diaphragm at the level of the T_ vertebra and descends through the abdomen as the abdominal aorta

Answer 32

T12

Question 33

At what level does the abdominal aorta bifurcate into the L and R common iliac arteries

Answer 33

L4

Question 34

The inferior vena cava is formed by the union of the left and right ____ ____

Answer 34

common iliac veins

Question 35

at what vertebral Level do the iliac veins form the Inferior vena cava

Answer 35

L5

Question 36

describe an Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm

Answer 36

-if AAA ruptures, significant intra-abdominal bleeding rapidly occurs, and mortality is high

-risks = smoking,alcohol, hypertension and atherosclerosis

-diagnosis = 3+cm dilation

Question 37

What veins do the right and left gonadal veins drain into?

Answer 37

Right directly into the inferior vena cava
* Left into the left renal vein, then inferior vena cava.

Question 38

What is a polar artery? Explain why polar arteries exist.

Answer 38

An accessory renal artery usually supplying the lower pole of the kidney.
* . Polar / accessory arteries result if the inferior vessels persist, rather than regress.

Question 39

3. Where would you palpate an abdominal aortic aneurysm?

Answer 39

In the epigastrium or upper-umbilical region.

Question 40

Describe the relationship of the ureter to bony landmarks of the abdomen and pelvis (useful for finding the ureter on an X-ray).

Answer 40

The ureter runs anterior to the tips of the transverse processes of L3-5 vertebrae, over the sacroiliac joints and just medial to the lateral pelvic wall.