GU 2- Adrenal Glands, Kidneys, and Posterior Abdominal Wall Flashcards
The right adrenal gland lies behind the _____ and _____ ______ ______. The left adrenal gland lies behind the ____ and _____
liver and inferior vena cava
left adrenal gland lies behind the stomach and pancreas
each adrenal gland is supplied by 3 arteries, name them
superior, middle and inferior adrenal arteries
what is. the superior adrenal artery a branch of
inferior phrenic artery
what Is the middle adrenal artery a branch of
abdominal aorta
what Is the inferior adrenal artery a branch of
renal artery
The right adrenal vein drains directly into the _____ ______ ______, but the left adrenal vein drains first into the left ____ vein, which then joins the ______ _____ _____
inferior vena cava
renal
inferior vena cava
what are the 2 parts of the adrenal gland called
external = cortex
internal = medulla
The adrenal cortex produces steroid hormones including ______, _______ and _____. The medulla produces ______.
cortisol, aldosterone and testosterone
adrenaline
describe Phaeochromocytoma
-rare hormone-producing tumour of the adrenal medulla
-hyperactivity of the sympathetic nervous system, typically hypertension, tachycardia and excessive sweating.
The kidneys lie ____ the peritoneum
a)outside
b)inside
outside
Each kidney is embedded in ______ fat and this fatty layer is covered by _____ fascia
perinephric
renal
The left and right renal arteries are branches of the ______ _____
abdominal aorta
left and right renal veins both drain directly into the _____ ____ ____
inferior vena cava
The internal aspect of the kidney is composed of the _______, ________ and _______
cortex, medulla and the calyces
what is the medulla of the kidneys arranged into
pyramids
what are the functional units of the kidneys
nephrons
describe the functions of the nephrons
filtering blood, reabsorbing water and solutes, and secreting and excreting waste products as urine
On the medial border of the kidney is the _____ _____, where the renal vessels, nerves, lymphatics and ureter enter or leave the kidney.
renal hilum
what is the apex of the renal pyramid called
renal papilla
The glomeruli, glomerular capsules (‘Bowman’s capsule’), proximal and distal tubules, and part of the collecting ducts are in the cortex of the kidney, while the nephron loop (of Henle) and rest of the collecting ducts are found where in the kidneys
medulla
From the collecting ducts, urine travels down the _____ towards the renal ____ (the apex of the pyramid) where it enters a minor.
medulla, pyramid, calyx
Major calyces merge to form the ____ ____
renal pelvis
the renal pelvis is continuous with the ___
ureters
The ureters carry urine to the _____ _____
urinary bladder
describe kidney stones
-made of calcium oxalate
-risk factors = high urine calcium levels, dehydration, obesity, and certain medications
-loin to groin pain due to pain supplied T12 to L2 so pain is felt in the respective dermatomes
-
what are the 3 most likely places for a kidney stone to get stuck
- Pelvi-ureteric junction (PUJ) – between the renal pelvis and ureter
- Pelvic brim - where the ureter runs over the pelvic brim, anterior to the iliac artery
- Vesico-ureteric junction (VUJ) - where the ureter joins the bladder.
where does the posterior abdominal wall start and end
diaphragm to the pelvic brim
which major vessels run along the posterior abdominal wall
inferior vena cava, the aorta
which spinal nerves form the lumbar plxus
T12 L1-L4
Iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal nerves are branches from which plexus
lumbar
list the notable branches of the lumbar plexus
-Iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal nerve
-genitofemoral
-femoral nerve
-Obturator nerve
-Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve
The thoracic aorta pierces the diaphragm at the level of the T_ vertebra and descends through the abdomen as the abdominal aorta
T12
At what level does the abdominal aorta bifurcate into the L and R common iliac arteries
L4
The inferior vena cava is formed by the union of the left and right ____ ____
common iliac veins
at what vertebral Level do the iliac veins form the Inferior vena cava
L5
describe an Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm
-if AAA ruptures, significant intra-abdominal bleeding rapidly occurs, and mortality is high
-risks = smoking,alcohol, hypertension and atherosclerosis
-diagnosis = 3+cm dilation
What veins do the right and left gonadal veins drain into?
Right directly into the inferior vena cava
* Left into the left renal vein, then inferior vena cava.
What is a polar artery? Explain why polar arteries exist.
An accessory renal artery usually supplying the lower pole of the kidney.
* . Polar / accessory arteries result if the inferior vessels persist, rather than regress.
- Where would you palpate an abdominal aortic aneurysm?
In the epigastrium or upper-umbilical region.
Describe the relationship of the ureter to bony landmarks of the abdomen and pelvis (useful for finding the ureter on an X-ray).
The ureter runs anterior to the tips of the transverse processes of L3-5 vertebrae, over the sacroiliac joints and just medial to the lateral pelvic wall.
