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psychology 2000 > thinking and intelligence (7) > Flashcards

thinking and intelligence (7) Flashcards

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1
Q

cognition

A

thinking
encompasses how we integrate, organize, and use our conscious cognitive experiences

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2
Q

cognitive psychology

A

field dedicated to examining how people think

explains how and why we think the way we do
how we organize thoughts and information

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3
Q

how people think

A

the nature of thought or the processes involved in thinking

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4
Q

how well people think

A

variations among people in thinking ability

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5
Q

how does the brain organize information?

A

senses pull information from environment
brain synthesizes info to create thoughts

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6
Q

thoughts are filtered through

A

emotions and memories

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7
Q

thoughts are expressed through

A

language or are stored as memories

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8
Q

concepts

A

sorting of information
categories of information, ideas, images, experiences that share common characteristics or attributes
grouping of similar information
compares relationships among different experiences

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9
Q

prototypes

A

a strong example or representation of a concept
influenced by culture, experience, and knowledge

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10
Q

natural concept

A

Formed through direct & indirect experiences
Most concepts we form
Defined by a general set of features, not all of which must be present for an object to be considered part of the concept
Ex.) Snow, birds, fruit

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11
Q

artificial concept

A

Formed by learning specific rules that define it
Many acquire in school
Defined by a specific set of features; the concept must meet a set of rules/have certain defining properties
Crucial to complex thought
Ex.) Geometry

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12
Q

schema

A

mental collection of related concepts that organizes information and allows brain to work more efficiently
(brain makes assumptions of known information)

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13
Q

role schema

A

mental collection of information about how individuals in certain roles behave (he’s a firefighter so he must be brave)

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14
Q

event schema

A

mental collection about a set of behaviors (how to greet someone)

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15
Q

language

A

communication system between 2 or more people using words and systematic rules to organize those words to transmit information

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16
Q

lexicon

A

words of a given language (vocabulary)

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17
Q

grammar

A

set of rules for organizing words to convey meaning

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18
Q

linguistic determinism

A

theory that the language a person speaks largely determines the nature of that person’s thoughts

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19
Q

phonology

A

words created by combining various phonemes

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20
Q

phonemes

A

basic sound unit
building block of speech sounds
combine to create morphemes
chat has 3 phonemes (ch-a-t)

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21
Q

morphemes

A

smallest unit of language that convey some type if meaning

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22
Q

semantics

A

process by which we derive meaning from words/morphemes
(adding -ed to a word means it happened in the past)

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23
Q

syntax

A

the way words are organized into a sentence

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24
Q

pragmatics

A

practical aspects of communicating with others, or social “niceties” or “norms” of language
(talking to a friend vs. parent)
knowing what rhythm to use when communicating (oh… or oh!)

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25
Q

noam chomsky

A

proposed that we are born with a biological predisposition to acquire language

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26
Q

what is the critical period for language acquisition?

A

early in life
being deprived of learning it in early life will impede ability to fully acquire and use language

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27
Q

problem-solving

A

thoughts and actions required to achieve a certain goal; a process for finding a solution

28
Q

decision-making

A

process of evaluating alternatives and choosing among them

29
Q

trial and error problem solving

A

continuously trying different solutions until problem is solved

30
Q

algorithm

A

step-by-step problem solving formula

31
Q

heuristic

A

general problem-solving framework; mental shortcut

32
Q

mental set problem

A

tendency to persist in using problem-solving patterns that worked in the past
a set way of looking at a problem

33
Q

functional fixedness

A

thinking about objects only in terms of what they were designed for
cannot think outside of the box

34
Q

biases

A

knowledge and reasoning are used to make decisions

35
Q

anchoring bias

A

tendency to focus on one piece if information when making a decision or solving a problem

36
Q

hindsight bias

A

leads you to believe that the event you just experiences was predictable, even though it wasn’t
(mendoza should not have put diaz in to pitch bc now we lost the game, butif we won we would be cheering for diaz)

37
Q

confirmation bias

A

tendency to focus on information that confirms your existing beliefs while ignoring any evidence that does not fit those beliefs

38
Q

representiative bias

A

tendency to judge an event by the extent to which it resembles the typical case
(unintentionally stereotype someone or something)
(ex. someone wearing red to target)

39
Q

availability heuristic

A

tendency to make a decision based on an example, information, or recent experience that is readily available to you even though it may not be the best example to inform your decision
(voting for someone bc grandpa tell you to)

40
Q

creativity

A

the ability to generate, create, or discover new ideas, solutions and possibilities

41
Q

divergent thinking

A

thinking outside the box (seeking different possibilities)

42
Q

convergent thinking

A

ability to provide a correct or well-established solution to a problem
(a problem only has one answer)

43
Q

intelligence

A

the ability to learn from experience, acquire knowledge, and use resources to adapt to new situations or solve problems
(isn’t fully measurable)

44
Q

spearman

A

believed intelligence consisted of one general factor
G-Factor

45
Q

G-Factor

A

general intelligence; the ability to reason and solve problems
focused on commonalities amongst various intellectual abilities

46
Q

cattell

A

divided intelligence into two components
1.) crystallized intelligence
2.) fluid intelligence

47
Q

crystallized intelligence

A

facts (semantic memory)
knowledge and abilities acquired through experience (vocabulary)

48
Q

fluid intelligence

A

knowing how to do something
natural problem-solving ability

49
Q

stienbergs triarchic theory

A

identifies three types of intelligence
1.) creative intelligence
2.) analytical intelligence
3.) practical intelligence

50
Q

creative intelligence

A

imagining and innovative problem solving

51
Q

analytical intelligence

A

academic problem solving and computation

52
Q

practical intelligence

A

street smarts and common sense

53
Q

gardners multiple intelligences theory

A

each person possesses at least 8 intelligences

54
Q

interpersonal intelligence

A

ability to understand and be sensitive to the various emotional states of others

55
Q

intrapersonal intelligence

A

ability to access personal feelings and motivations, and use them to direct behavior and reach personal goals

56
Q

interpersonal and intrapersonal intelligences are paired together to create

A

emotional intelligence

57
Q

emotional intelligence

A

ability to understand the emotions of self and others, show empathy, understand social relationships and cues, and regulate own emotions and respond in culturally appropriate ways

58
Q

intelligence quotient (IQ)

A

score earned on a test designed to measure intelligence

59
Q

reliability

A

produce similar scores from one test to the next

60
Q

validity

A

how well a test measures what it is supposed to measure

61
Q

standardization

A

manner of administration, scoring, and interpretation of results is consistent so scores can be compared for future test takers

62
Q

norming

A

giving a test to a large population so data can be collected comparing groups, such as age groups

63
Q

flynn effet

A

observation that each generation has a significantly higher IQ than the last because environmental factors have changed

64
Q

nature persepective

A

intelligence is inherited from a person’s parents

65
Q

nurture perspective

A

intelligence is shaped by a child’s developmental envoirnment

66
Q

critiques of IQ testing

A

1.) historical devlopment
2.) racial, cultural and language impacts
3.) healthcare
4.) test taking ability
5.) motivations
6.) only tests certain types of intelligence

psychology 2000 (11 decks)

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