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psychology 2000 > thinking and intelligence (7) > Flashcards

thinking and intelligence (7) Flashcards

1
Q

cognition

A

thinking
encompasses how we integrate, organize, and use our conscious cognitive experiences

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2
Q

cognitive psychology

A

field dedicated to examining how people think

explains how and why we think the way we do
how we organize thoughts and information

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3
Q

how people think

A

the nature of thought or the processes involved in thinking

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4
Q

how well people think

A

variations among people in thinking ability

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5
Q

how does the brain organize information?

A

senses pull information from environment
brain synthesizes info to create thoughts

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6
Q

thoughts are filtered through

A

emotions and memories

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7
Q

thoughts are expressed through

A

language or are stored as memories

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8
Q

concepts

A

sorting of information
categories of information, ideas, images, experiences that share common characteristics or attributes
grouping of similar information
compares relationships among different experiences

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9
Q

prototypes

A

a strong example or representation of a concept
influenced by culture, experience, and knowledge

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10
Q

natural concept

A

Formed through direct & indirect experiences
Most concepts we form
Defined by a general set of features, not all of which must be present for an object to be considered part of the concept
Ex.) Snow, birds, fruit

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11
Q

artificial concept

A

Formed by learning specific rules that define it
Many acquire in school
Defined by a specific set of features; the concept must meet a set of rules/have certain defining properties
Crucial to complex thought
Ex.) Geometry

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12
Q

schema

A

mental collection of related concepts that organizes information and allows brain to work more efficiently
(brain makes assumptions of known information)

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13
Q

role schema

A

mental collection of information about how individuals in certain roles behave (he’s a firefighter so he must be brave)

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14
Q

event schema

A

mental collection about a set of behaviors (how to greet someone)

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15
Q

language

A

communication system between 2 or more people using words and systematic rules to organize those words to transmit information

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16
Q

lexicon

A

words of a given language (vocabulary)

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17
Q

grammar

A

set of rules for organizing words to convey meaning

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18
Q

linguistic determinism

A

theory that the language a person speaks largely determines the nature of that person’s thoughts

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19
Q

phonology

A

words created by combining various phonemes

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20
Q

phonemes

A

basic sound unit
building block of speech sounds
combine to create morphemes
chat has 3 phonemes (ch-a-t)

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21
Q

morphemes

A

smallest unit of language that convey some type if meaning

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22
Q

semantics

A

process by which we derive meaning from words/morphemes
(adding -ed to a word means it happened in the past)

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23
Q

syntax

A

the way words are organized into a sentence

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24
Q

pragmatics

A

practical aspects of communicating with others, or social “niceties” or “norms” of language
(talking to a friend vs. parent)
knowing what rhythm to use when communicating (oh… or oh!)

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25
noam chomsky
proposed that we are born with a biological predisposition to acquire language
26
what is the critical period for language acquisition?
early in life being deprived of learning it in early life will impede ability to fully acquire and use language
27
problem-solving
thoughts and actions required to achieve a certain goal; a process for finding a solution
28
decision-making
process of evaluating alternatives and choosing among them
29
trial and error problem solving
continuously trying different solutions until problem is solved
30
algorithm
step-by-step problem solving formula
31
heuristic
general problem-solving framework; mental shortcut
32
mental set problem
tendency to persist in using problem-solving patterns that worked in the past a set way of looking at a problem
33
functional fixedness
thinking about objects only in terms of what they were designed for cannot think outside of the box
34
biases
knowledge and reasoning are used to make decisions
35
anchoring bias
tendency to focus on one piece if information when making a decision or solving a problem
36
hindsight bias
leads you to believe that the event you just experiences was predictable, even though it wasn't (mendoza should not have put diaz in to pitch bc now we lost the game, butif we won we would be cheering for diaz)
37
confirmation bias
tendency to focus on information that confirms your existing beliefs while ignoring any evidence that does not fit those beliefs
38
representiative bias
tendency to judge an event by the extent to which it resembles the typical case (unintentionally stereotype someone or something) (ex. someone wearing red to target)
39
availability heuristic
tendency to make a decision based on an example, information, or recent experience that is readily available to you even though it may not be the best example to inform your decision (voting for someone bc grandpa tell you to)
40
creativity
the ability to generate, create, or discover new ideas, solutions and possibilities
41
divergent thinking
thinking outside the box (seeking different possibilities)
42
convergent thinking
ability to provide a correct or well-established solution to a problem (a problem only has one answer)
43
intelligence
the ability to learn from experience, acquire knowledge, and use resources to adapt to new situations or solve problems (isn't fully measurable)
44
spearman
believed intelligence consisted of one general factor G-Factor
45
G-Factor
general intelligence; the ability to reason and solve problems focused on commonalities amongst various intellectual abilities
46
cattell
divided intelligence into two components 1.) crystallized intelligence 2.) fluid intelligence
47
crystallized intelligence
facts (semantic memory) knowledge and abilities acquired through experience (vocabulary)
48
fluid intelligence
knowing how to do something natural problem-solving ability
49
stienbergs triarchic theory
identifies three types of intelligence 1.) creative intelligence 2.) analytical intelligence 3.) practical intelligence
50
creative intelligence
imagining and innovative problem solving
51
analytical intelligence
academic problem solving and computation
52
practical intelligence
street smarts and common sense
53
gardners multiple intelligences theory
each person possesses at least 8 intelligences
54
interpersonal intelligence
ability to understand and be sensitive to the various emotional states of others
55
intrapersonal intelligence
ability to access personal feelings and motivations, and use them to direct behavior and reach personal goals
56
interpersonal and intrapersonal intelligences are paired together to create
emotional intelligence
57
emotional intelligence
ability to understand the emotions of self and others, show empathy, understand social relationships and cues, and regulate own emotions and respond in culturally appropriate ways
58
intelligence quotient (IQ)
score earned on a test designed to measure intelligence
59
reliability
produce similar scores from one test to the next
60
validity
how well a test measures what it is supposed to measure
61
standardization
manner of administration, scoring, and interpretation of results is consistent so scores can be compared for future test takers
62
norming
giving a test to a large population so data can be collected comparing groups, such as age groups
63
flynn effet
observation that each generation has a significantly higher IQ than the last because environmental factors have changed
64
nature persepective
intelligence is inherited from a person's parents
65
nurture perspective
intelligence is shaped by a child's developmental envoirnment
66
critiques of IQ testing
1.) historical devlopment 2.) racial, cultural and language impacts 3.) healthcare 4.) test taking ability 5.) motivations 6.) only tests certain types of intelligence

psychology 2000 (12 decks)

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