memory (8)

Question 1

memory

Answer 1

a set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time

Question 2

encoding

Answer 2

the input of information into the memory system
-label/code info
-organize info
-new concepts match with existing ones

Question 3

automatic processing

Answer 3

encoding of details (time, space, frequency, meaning)
-unconscious

Question 4

effortful processing

Answer 4

encoding of details that take time and effort
-conscious

Question 5

semantic encoding

Answer 5

words and meaning
-most effective, easy to recall
-personal relevance

Question 6

visual encoding

Answer 6

encoding of images
-concrete words (dog, fish) are easier to recall than abstract words (value, truth)

Question 7

acoustic encoding

Answer 7

encoding of sounds
-ABC’s, Periodic Table Song

Question 8

Serial Position Effect

Answer 8

more likely to remember first (primary effect) and last (recency effect), but forget the middle

Question 9

context-dependent learning

Answer 9

easier to recall memories that were created in similar contexts
-external enviornment

Question 10

state-dependent learning

Answer 10

easier to retrieve memories if we are in a similar state of consciousness
-mood/emotion
-quiet study and quiet testing center

Question 11

storage

Answer 11

retaining info once it has been encoded

Question 12

atkinson-shiffrin model of memory

Answer 12

memories are processes the same way a computer processes info
-sensory - short-term - long-term

Question 13

sensory memory

Answer 13

storage of brief sensory events (seconds)
-unimportant info- discarded
-important info- moves to short-term memory

Question 14

short-term memory (STM)

Answer 14

processes incoming sensory info (15-30 sec)

Question 15

memory consolidation

Answer 15

transfers short-term memory to long-term memory

Question 16

rehersal

Answer 16

conscious repetition of info to be remembered

Question 17

long-term memory

Answer 17

the continuous storage of info
-no limit
-permanent

Question 18

explicit memory

Answer 18

memories of facts we can consciously remember and recall

Question 19

semantic

Answer 19

knowledge about words, concepts, and languages

Question 20

episodic

Answer 20

info about personally experienced events (addison’s birthday party)

Question 21

implicit memory

Answer 21

memories that are NOT part of our conscious

Question 22

procedural

Answer 22

stores info about how to do things

Question 23

priming

Answer 23

stimulus affects response to another one (cookies and their smell remind me of home)

Question 24

emotional conditioning

Answer 24

classically conditioned emotional response (cockroach in classroom)

Question 25

retrieval

Answer 25

getting info out of memory storage and back into awareness (remembering something)

Question 26

recall

Answer 26

access info without cues (fill in blank)

Question 27

recognition

Answer 27

identify info that was previously learned after encountering it (multiple choice test)

Question 28

relearning

Answer 28

identify info that was previously learned (relearning different languages)

Question 29

amnesia

Answer 29

loss of long term memory that results in disease, physical trauma, or psychological trauma

Question 30

retrograde amnesia

Answer 30

loss of memory for events that occurred PRIOR to the trauma -results in PTSD

Question 31

anterograde amnesia

Answer 31

cannot remember new information after trauma -cannot transfer short-term to long-term memory

Question 32

construction

Answer 32

formulation of new memories

Question 33

reconstruction

Answer 33

process of bringing up old memories

Question 34

suggestability

Answer 34

misinformation from external sources that leads to the creation of false memories (someone could suggest something and then it is thought to be true) -humans are very vulnerable to this

Question 35

eyewitness misidentification

Answer 35

testimonies lead to inaccurate and wrongful convictions -a person may misremember an event after exposure to inaccurate info

Question 36

forgetting

Answer 36

loss of info from a long-term memory

Question 37

encoding failure

Answer 37

can't remember info that was encoded and stored to begin with

Question 38

memory errors

Answer 38

"seven sins of memory"

Question 39

encoding failures

Answer 39

it requires effort and attention never encoded & stored into long-term memory in the first place

Question 40

egocentric bias

Answer 40

if someone wins 2nd they remember winning but think they won first

Question 41

retroactive interference

Answer 41

newer information impacts retrieval of older info

Question 42

amygdala

Answer 42

involved in emotion-based memories (fear)

Question 43

arousal theory

Answer 43

strong emotion experiences trigger release of neurotransmitters and hormones that strengthen memories

Question 44

flashbulb memory

Answer 44

clear recollection of important events (9/11)

Question 45

hippocampus

Answer 45

explicit/declarative, recognition, and spatial memories -cannot process new declarative memories

Question 46

patient H.M.

Answer 46

-hippocampus removed due to epilepsy -developed bad amnesia -could not form new explicit/declarative memories -learned new procedural skills (no cerebellum damage) but couldn't remember learning them

Question 47

cerebellum

Answer 47

processing implicit/procedural memories

Question 48

prefrontal cortex

Answer 48

remembering semantic tasks encoding: left frontal lobe activity retrieval: right frontal lobe activity

Question 49

chunking

Answer 49

grouping info into units (phone #'s)

Question 50

mnemonics

Answer 50

memory aids that help us organize info for encoding (PEMDAS)

Question 51

rehearsal

Answer 51

conscious repetition of info to be remembered

Question 52

elaborative rehersal

Answer 52

transferring info from STM to LTM by making the info meaningful (connecting info to personal life)

Question 53

distributed practice

Answer 53

memory consolidation takes time (avoid cramming)

Question 54

minimize interference

Answer 54

reduce distractions and interruptions (jayme.)

Question 55

activate retrieval cues

Answer 55

recreate situation and mood (environment where you study)

Question 56

take care of health and sleep

Answer 56

yay