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psychology 2000 > memory (8) > Flashcards

memory (8) Flashcards

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1
Q

memory

A

a set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time

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2
Q

encoding

A

the input of information into the memory system
-label/code info
-organize info
-new concepts match with existing ones

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3
Q

automatic processing

A

encoding of details (time, space, frequency, meaning)
-unconscious

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4
Q

effortful processing

A

encoding of details that take time and effort
-conscious

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5
Q

semantic encoding

A

words and meaning
-most effective, easy to recall
-personal relevance

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6
Q

visual encoding

A

encoding of images
-concrete words (dog, fish) are easier to recall than abstract words (value, truth)

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7
Q

acoustic encoding

A

encoding of sounds
-ABC’s, Periodic Table Song

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8
Q

Serial Position Effect

A

more likely to remember first (primary effect) and last (recency effect), but forget the middle

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9
Q

context-dependent learning

A

easier to recall memories that were created in similar contexts
-external enviornment

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10
Q

state-dependent learning

A

easier to retrieve memories if we are in a similar state of consciousness
-mood/emotion
-quiet study and quiet testing center

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11
Q

storage

A

retaining info once it has been encoded

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12
Q

atkinson-shiffrin model of memory

A

memories are processes the same way a computer processes info
-sensory - short-term - long-term

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13
Q

sensory memory

A

storage of brief sensory events (seconds)
-unimportant info- discarded
-important info- moves to short-term memory

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14
Q

short-term memory (STM)

A

processes incoming sensory info (15-30 sec)

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15
Q

memory consolidation

A

transfers short-term memory to long-term memory

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16
Q

rehersal

A

conscious repetition of info to be remembered

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17
Q

long-term memory

A

the continuous storage of info
-no limit
-permanent

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18
Q

explicit memory

A

memories of facts we can consciously remember and recall

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19
Q

semantic

A

knowledge about words, concepts, and languages

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20
Q

episodic

A

info about personally experienced events (addison’s birthday party)

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21
Q

implicit memory

A

memories that are NOT part of our conscious

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22
Q

procedural

A

stores info about how to do things

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23
Q

priming

A

stimulus affects response to another one (cookies and their smell remind me of home)

24
Q

emotional conditioning

A

classically conditioned emotional response (cockroach in classroom)

25
Q

retrieval

A

getting info out of memory storage and back into awareness (remembering something)

26
Q

recall

A

access info without cues (fill in blank)

27
Q

recognition

A

identify info that was previously learned after encountering it (multiple choice test)

28
Q

relearning

A

identify info that was previously learned (relearning different languages)

29
Q

amnesia

A

loss of long term memory that results in disease, physical trauma, or psychological trauma

30
Q

retrograde amnesia

A

loss of memory for events that occurred PRIOR to the trauma
-results in PTSD

31
Q

anterograde amnesia

A

cannot remember new information after trauma
-cannot transfer short-term to long-term memory

32
Q

construction

A

formulation of new memories

33
Q

reconstruction

A

process of bringing up old memories

34
Q

suggestability

A

misinformation from external sources that leads to the creation of false memories (someone could suggest something and then it is thought to be true)
-humans are very vulnerable to this

35
Q

eyewitness misidentification

A

testimonies lead to inaccurate and wrongful convictions
-a person may misremember an event after exposure to inaccurate info

36
Q

forgetting

A

loss of info from a long-term memory

37
Q

encoding failure

A

can’t remember info that was encoded and stored to begin with

38
Q

memory errors

A

“seven sins of memory”

39
Q

encoding failures

A

it requires effort and attention
never encoded & stored into long-term memory in the first place

40
Q

egocentric bias

A

if someone wins 2nd they remember winning but think they won first

41
Q

retroactive interference

A

newer information impacts retrieval of older info

42
Q

amygdala

A

involved in emotion-based memories (fear)

43
Q

arousal theory

A

strong emotion experiences trigger release of neurotransmitters and hormones that strengthen memories

44
Q

flashbulb memory

A

clear recollection of important events (9/11)

45
Q

hippocampus

A

explicit/declarative, recognition, and spatial memories
-cannot process new declarative memories

46
Q

patient H.M.

A

-hippocampus removed due to epilepsy
-developed bad amnesia
-could not form new explicit/declarative memories
-learned new procedural skills (no cerebellum damage) but couldn’t remember learning them

47
Q

cerebellum

A

processing implicit/procedural memories

48
Q

prefrontal cortex

A

remembering semantic tasks
encoding: left frontal lobe activity
retrieval: right frontal lobe activity

49
Q

chunking

A

grouping info into units (phone #’s)

50
Q

mnemonics

A

memory aids that help us organize info for encoding (PEMDAS)

51
Q

rehearsal

A

conscious repetition of info to be remembered

52
Q

elaborative rehersal

A

transferring info from STM to LTM by making the info meaningful (connecting info to personal life)

53
Q

distributed practice

A

memory consolidation takes time (avoid cramming)

54
Q

minimize interference

A

reduce distractions and interruptions (jayme.)

55
Q

activate retrieval cues

A

recreate situation and mood (environment where you study)

56
Q

take care of health and sleep

A

yay

psychology 2000 (12 decks)

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