learning (6)

Question 1

classical conditioning

Answer 1

ivan pavlov
a process by which we learn to associate one stimulus with another
-unconscious

Question 2

responses to classical conditioning (2)

Answer 2

1.) unconditioned (unlearned) responses
2.) conditioned (learned) responses

Question 3

the office: dwight and jim conditioning response

Answer 3

UCS: mint
UCR: reaching for the mint
NS: computer sound
CS: computer sound
CR: Reaching for the mint

Question 4

unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

Answer 4

reflexive response (mint)

Question 5

unconditioned response (UCR)

Answer 5

natural unlearned reaction to a stimulus (reaching for the mint)

Question 6

neutral stimulus (NS)

Answer 6

does not naturally elicit a response (computer sound)

Question 7

conditioned stimulus (CS)

Answer 7

elicits a response after repeatedly paired with and unconditioned stimulus (computer sound)
-ALWAYS PAIRED WITH NS

Question 8

conditioned response (CR)

Answer 8

the behavior caused by the conditioned stimulus (reaching for the mint)
-ALWYAS PAIRED WITH UCR

Question 9

Acquisition

Answer 9

the initial period of learning when an organism learns to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus
-short interval between NS and UCS
-pairing of NS and UCS repeated multiple times

Question 10

extinction

Answer 10

decrease in the conditioned response when the UCS is no longer presented with the CS
-CS weakens and disappears

Question 11

spontaneous recovery

Answer 11

the return of a previously extinguished (taken away) conditioned response following a rest period

Question 12

stimulus discrimination

Answer 12

learn to respond differently to similar stimuli

cats can tell the difference between the sound of opening chips and open

Question 13

stimulus generalization

Answer 13

conditioned response to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus

dog drools when it hears a clicking noise, will drool with tapping or be

Question 14

Miranda notices that her cat scurries into the kitchen as soon as Miranda opens a can of cat food with an electric can opener.

Answer 14

Can Opener (NS) + Cat Food (UCS) →Running to the Kitchen (UCR) Can Opener (CS) → Running to the Kitchen (CR)

Question 15

operant conditioning

Answer 15

B.F. Skinner
-organisms learn to associate a behavior and its consequences

Question 16

pleasant consequence

Answer 16

behavior is more likely to occur again

Question 17

unpleasant consequence

Answer 17

behavior is less likely to occur again

Question 18

Positive

Answer 18

to add something that is NOT pleasant (spray dog with water)

Question 19

negative

Answer 19

to take something away that’s not bad (take attention away from dog)

Question 20

reinforcement

Answer 20

increasing the future likelihood a behavior (attendance- giving extra credit)

Question 21

punishment

Answer 21

decreasing the future likelihood a behavior (attendance counts as a grade)

Question 22

Positive Reinforcement

Answer 22

behavior is followed by presentation of something pleasant (something is added) that increases future likelihood of behavior (giving something good)

Question 23

negative reinforcement

Answer 23

Behavior is followed by removal of something aversive (something is subtracted) that increases future likelihood of behavior. (removing something bad)

The beeping noise when you buckle seatbelt

Question 24

continuous reinforcement

Answer 24

receive reinforcement each time target behavior is displayed
-quickest way
-behavior might go away if reinforcer goes away (milo and his old owner)

Question 25

partial/intermediate reinforcement

Answer 25

does not get reinforced every time they display the desired behavior

Question 26

variable ratio

Answer 26

rewarding a behavior after an unpredictable number of responses unpredictable -yields high and steady response rates -most resistant to extinction | gambiling

Question 27

shaping

Answer 27

instead of rewarding only the target behavior, reinforce successive approximations of a target behavior -reinforce responses similar to desired behavior -useful when teaching a complex chain of events

Question 28

positive punishment

Answer 28

a technique that adds something negative to decrease an unwanted behavior | driver who speeds receives a speeding ticket

Question 29

negative punishment

Answer 29

Negative punishment is a technique that reduces a behavior by removing something favorable. | A teenager's phone is taken away for staying out past curfew.

Question 30

problems with punishment

Answer 30

-teaches fear (anxiety, avoidance of punisher) -cause increases aggression, antisocial behavior, and delinquency (strong emotion response, abuse) -person may learn what NOT to do, but does not learn what to do instead (stops behavior but isn't lasting)

Question 31

effective punishment

Answer 31

-immediate -consistent -negative is preferable -accompanied with explanation -combined with positive reinforcement of appropriate behavior

Question 32

latent learning

Answer 32

learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it -learning is hidden until it becomes useful -children learn behaviors from parents that don't shine unit they become older

Question 33

observational learning

Answer 33

learning by watching others perform a behavior and then imitating that behavior

Question 34

model

Answer 34

person who performs behavior that will be imitated

Question 35

social learning theory

Answer 35

how learning occurred without an external resource -observational learning involves more than just imitation -internal mental states must be involved

Question 36

attention

Answer 36

focus on behavior

Question 37

retention

Answer 37

remember what you observed

Question 38

reproduction

Answer 38

be able to perform the behavior

Question 39

motivation

Answer 39

must want to copy the behavior

Question 40

bobo doll study

Answer 40

adults acted aggressively to bobo dolls, they were either punished or praised. based on the response the adults got the kids would imitate the adults or not