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psychology 2000 > learning (6) > Flashcards

learning (6) Flashcards

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1
Q

classical conditioning

A

ivan pavlov
a process by which we learn to associate one stimulus with another
-unconscious

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2
Q

responses to classical conditioning (2)

A

1.) unconditioned (unlearned) responses
2.) conditioned (learned) responses

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3
Q

the office: dwight and jim conditioning response

A

UCS: mint
UCR: reaching for the mint
NS: computer sound
CS: computer sound
CR: Reaching for the mint

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4
Q

unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

A

reflexive response (mint)

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5
Q

unconditioned response (UCR)

A

natural unlearned reaction to a stimulus (reaching for the mint)

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6
Q

neutral stimulus (NS)

A

does not naturally elicit a response (computer sound)

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7
Q

conditioned stimulus (CS)

A

elicits a response after repeatedly paired with and unconditioned stimulus (computer sound)
-ALWAYS PAIRED WITH NS

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8
Q

conditioned response (CR)

A

the behavior caused by the conditioned stimulus (reaching for the mint)
-ALWYAS PAIRED WITH UCR

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9
Q

Acquisition

A

the initial period of learning when an organism learns to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus
-short interval between NS and UCS
-pairing of NS and UCS repeated multiple times

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10
Q

extinction

A

decrease in the conditioned response when the UCS is no longer presented with the CS
-CS weakens and disappears

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11
Q

spontaneous recovery

A

the return of a previously extinguished (taken away) conditioned response following a rest period

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12
Q

stimulus discrimination

A

learn to respond differently to similar stimuli

cats can tell the difference between the sound of opening chips and open

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13
Q

stimulus generalization

A

conditioned response to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus

dog drools when it hears a clicking noise, will drool with tapping or be

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14
Q

Miranda notices that her cat scurries into the kitchen as soon as Miranda opens a can of cat food with an electric can opener.

A

Can Opener (NS) + Cat Food (UCS) →Running to the Kitchen (UCR) Can Opener (CS) → Running to the Kitchen (CR)

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15
Q

operant conditioning

A

B.F. Skinner
-organisms learn to associate a behavior and its consequences

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16
Q

pleasant consequence

A

behavior is more likely to occur again

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17
Q

unpleasant consequence

A

behavior is less likely to occur again

18
Q

Positive

A

to add something that is NOT pleasant (spray dog with water)

19
Q

negative

A

to take something away that’s not bad (take attention away from dog)

20
Q

reinforcement

A

increasing the future likelihood a behavior (attendance- giving extra credit)

21
Q

punishment

A

decreasing the future likelihood a behavior (attendance counts as a grade)

22
Q

Positive Reinforcement

A

behavior is followed by presentation of something pleasant (something is added) that increases future likelihood of behavior (giving something good)

23
Q

negative reinforcement

A

Behavior is followed by removal of something aversive (something is subtracted) that increases future likelihood of behavior. (removing something bad)

The beeping noise when you buckle seatbelt

24
Q

continuous reinforcement

A

receive reinforcement each time target behavior is displayed
-quickest way
-behavior might go away if reinforcer goes away (milo and his old owner)

25
Q

partial/intermediate reinforcement

A

does not get reinforced every time they display the desired behavior

26
Q

variable ratio

A

rewarding a behavior after an unpredictable number of responses
unpredictable
-yields high and steady response rates
-most resistant to extinction

gambiling

27
Q

shaping

A

instead of rewarding only the target behavior, reinforce successive approximations of a target behavior
-reinforce responses similar to desired behavior
-useful when teaching a complex chain of events

28
Q

positive punishment

A

a technique that adds something negative to decrease an unwanted behavior

driver who speeds receives a speeding ticket

29
Q

negative punishment

A

Negative punishment is a technique that reduces a behavior by removing something favorable.

A teenager’s phone is taken away for staying out past curfew.

30
Q

problems with punishment

A

-teaches fear (anxiety, avoidance of punisher)
-cause increases aggression, antisocial behavior, and delinquency (strong emotion response, abuse)
-person may learn what NOT to do, but does not learn what to do instead (stops behavior but isn’t lasting)

31
Q

effective punishment

A

-immediate
-consistent
-negative is preferable
-accompanied with explanation
-combined with positive reinforcement of appropriate behavior

32
Q

latent learning

A

learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it
-learning is hidden until it becomes useful
-children learn behaviors from parents that don’t shine unit they become older

33
Q

observational learning

A

learning by watching others perform a behavior and then imitating that behavior

34
Q

model

A

person who performs behavior that will be imitated

35
Q

social learning theory

A

how learning occurred
without an external resource
-observational learning involves more than just imitation
-internal mental states must be involved

36
Q

attention

A

focus on behavior

37
Q

retention

A

remember what you observed

38
Q

reproduction

A

be able to perform the behavior

39
Q

motivation

A

must want to copy the behavior

40
Q

bobo doll study

A

adults acted aggressively to bobo dolls, they were either punished or praised. based on the response the adults got the kids would imitate the adults or not

psychology 2000 (11 decks)

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