learning (6) Flashcards
classical conditioning
ivan pavlov
a process by which we learn to associate one stimulus with another
-unconscious
responses to classical conditioning (2)
1.) unconditioned (unlearned) responses
2.) conditioned (learned) responses
the office: dwight and jim conditioning response
UCS: mint
UCR: reaching for the mint
NS: computer sound
CS: computer sound
CR: Reaching for the mint
unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
reflexive response (mint)
unconditioned response (UCR)
natural unlearned reaction to a stimulus (reaching for the mint)
neutral stimulus (NS)
does not naturally elicit a response (computer sound)
conditioned stimulus (CS)
elicits a response after repeatedly paired with and unconditioned stimulus (computer sound)
-ALWAYS PAIRED WITH NS
conditioned response (CR)
the behavior caused by the conditioned stimulus (reaching for the mint)
-ALWYAS PAIRED WITH UCR
Acquisition
the initial period of learning when an organism learns to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus
-short interval between NS and UCS
-pairing of NS and UCS repeated multiple times
extinction
decrease in the conditioned response when the UCS is no longer presented with the CS
-CS weakens and disappears
spontaneous recovery
the return of a previously extinguished (taken away) conditioned response following a rest period
stimulus discrimination
learn to respond differently to similar stimuli
cats can tell the difference between the sound of opening chips and open
stimulus generalization
conditioned response to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus
dog drools when it hears a clicking noise, will drool with tapping or be
Miranda notices that her cat scurries into the kitchen as soon as Miranda opens a can of cat food with an electric can opener.
Can Opener (NS) + Cat Food (UCS) →Running to the Kitchen (UCR) Can Opener (CS) → Running to the Kitchen (CR)
operant conditioning
B.F. Skinner
-organisms learn to associate a behavior and its consequences
pleasant consequence
behavior is more likely to occur again
unpleasant consequence
behavior is less likely to occur again
Positive
to add something that is NOT pleasant (spray dog with water)
negative
to take something away that’s not bad (take attention away from dog)
reinforcement
increasing the future likelihood a behavior (attendance- giving extra credit)
punishment
decreasing the future likelihood a behavior (attendance counts as a grade)
Positive Reinforcement
behavior is followed by presentation of something pleasant (something is added) that increases future likelihood of behavior (giving something good)
negative reinforcement
Behavior is followed by removal of something aversive (something is subtracted) that increases future likelihood of behavior. (removing something bad)
The beeping noise when you buckle seatbelt
continuous reinforcement
receive reinforcement each time target behavior is displayed
-quickest way
-behavior might go away if reinforcer goes away (milo and his old owner)
partial/intermediate reinforcement
does not get reinforced every time they display the desired behavior
variable ratio
rewarding a behavior after an unpredictable number of responses
unpredictable
-yields high and steady response rates
-most resistant to extinction
gambiling
shaping
instead of rewarding only the target behavior, reinforce successive approximations of a target behavior
-reinforce responses similar to desired behavior
-useful when teaching a complex chain of events
positive punishment
a technique that adds something negative to decrease an unwanted behavior
driver who speeds receives a speeding ticket
negative punishment
Negative punishment is a technique that reduces a behavior by removing something favorable.
A teenager’s phone is taken away for staying out past curfew.
problems with punishment
-teaches fear (anxiety, avoidance of punisher)
-cause increases aggression, antisocial behavior, and delinquency (strong emotion response, abuse)
-person may learn what NOT to do, but does not learn what to do instead (stops behavior but isn’t lasting)
effective punishment
-immediate
-consistent
-negative is preferable
-accompanied with explanation
-combined with positive reinforcement of appropriate behavior
latent learning
learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it
-learning is hidden until it becomes useful
-children learn behaviors from parents that don’t shine unit they become older
observational learning
learning by watching others perform a behavior and then imitating that behavior
model
person who performs behavior that will be imitated
social learning theory
how learning occurred
without an external resource
-observational learning involves more than just imitation
-internal mental states must be involved
attention
focus on behavior
retention
remember what you observed
reproduction
be able to perform the behavior
motivation
must want to copy the behavior
bobo doll study
adults acted aggressively to bobo dolls, they were either punished or praised. based on the response the adults got the kids would imitate the adults or not
