therapy and treatment (16) Flashcards
past approaches
-exorcism
-trephining
-imprisonment
-execution
trephining
creating a hole in the skull to release spirits from the body
asylums
the first institutions created for the specific purpose of housing people with psychological disorders
focus of asylums
Focus was ostracizing them from society rather than treatment
Phillipe Pinel
-French physician who argued for more humane treatment of the mentally ill
-Suggested individuals be unchained and talked to
Dorethea Dix
-Led reform efforts and fought for mental health care in the 19th century U.S.
-Discovered an underfunded and unregulated system that perpetuated abuse of the mentally ill
Deinstitutionalization (1960’s)
the closing of large asylums and allowing individuals to stay in their communities and be treated locally
modern mental health conditions
Asylums have since been replaced with psychiatric hospitals and local community hospitals focused on short-term care
Psychotherapy
psychological treatment that uses various methods to help someone overcome personal problems, or to attain personal growth; “talk therapy”
Biomedical Therapy
involves medication and/or medical procedures to treat psychological disorders
Psychotherapy*
talking with a psychological professional
Insight Therapy
aimed at understanding one’s motives, feelings, and behaviors through the unconscious
Action therapies
change disordered or inappropriate behavior directly
psychoanalysis therapy* (insight)
Sigmund Freud
-uncover repressed feelings and resolve conflicts from unconscious and childhood
free association
patient relaxes and then says whatever comes to mind in the moment
dream interpretation
therapist analyzes content of dreams and their underlying meaning
transference
patient transfers positive or negative feelings associated with other relationships onto the therapist
play therapy* (insight)
therapy, typically with children, where use of toys is analyzed
nondirective play therapy
child plays freely while therapist observes
directive play therapy
therapist provides structure/guidance by suggesting topics, asking questions, and playing with the child
play therapy technique
Toys, such as dolls, stuffed animals, and sandbox figurines are used to help children play out their hopes, fantasies, and traumas
sand tray therapy
children can set up a three dimensional world using various figures and objects that correspond to their inner state
Behavior therapy*
Principles of learning are applied to change undesirable behaviors
Can improve behavioral disorders
Aversive Conditioning Example
Undesirable Behavior: drinking alcohol
Unpleasant Stimulus: nausea
So pair alcohol with substance that causes vomiting and person will stop
Exposure Therapy*
seeks to change the response to a conditioned stimulus from anxious responses to calm responses
Systematic Desensitization*
a calm and pleasant state is gradually associated with increasing levels of anxiety-inducing stimuli
Situation or object that causes fear is paired with a coping strategy (cannot be nervous and relaxed at the same time)
Cognitive Therapy
focuses in how thoughts lead to feelings of distress
Cognitive distortion
thinking error; negative and unrealistic thought
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT)*
works to change cognitive distortions and self-defating behaviors
Successes of CBT*
Treats depression, PTSD, anxiety disorders, eating disorders, bipolar disorder and substance abuse
Humanistic Therapy
helps people achieve their potential
client-centered therapy*
Carl Rogers
The client takes control of their own life to identify conflicts and understand feelings (nondirective)
Nondirective Therapy* (CCT)
-client does the talking
-therapist does not give advice or their interpretations
-Therapist helps client identify conflicts and feelings
CCT Techniques
Active listening
unconditional positive regard
genuineness, empathy, and acceptance towards clients
active listening (CCT)
therapist acknowledges, restates, and clarifies what the client expresses (reflects or simply repeats what is heard)
unconditional positive regard (CCT)
therapist does not judge clients and simply accepts and appreciates them for who they are
Genuineness, empathy, and acceptance towards clients (CCT)
helps the client become more accepting of themselves, which results in personal growth
Aversive Conditioning*
an unpleasant stimulus is paired with an undesirable behavior Effective for treating addiction (smoking, alcoholism)
Biomedical Approaches*
Psychopharmacology
Psychopharmacology
using drugs to treat psychological disorders
Psychotropic medications
medication used to treat psychological disorders
Antidepressants (selective seretonin reuptake)**
increase amount/availability of serotonin in the brain
anti-anxiety agents*
depress central nervous system activation
electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
use of electrical current in the brain to induce seizures
helps alleviate symptoms of severe depression
