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PSYC 1010 > Thinking > Flashcards

Thinking Flashcards

1
Q

What are different types of problems?

A

problems of inducing structure, problems of arrangement, and problems of transformation

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2
Q

What is functional fixedness?

A

tendency to perceive an item only in terms of its most common use

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3
Q

What is a mental set?

A

exists when people persist in using strategies that worked in the past but are no longer optimal

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4
Q

What is the gambler’s fallacy?

A

belief that the odds increase if something hasn’t happened recently

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5
Q

What does the availability heuristic cause?

A

people to inflate estimates of improbable events that garner a lot of media attention

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6
Q

What are some approaches to problem solving?

A

trial and error, heuristic (rule of thumb or mental shortcut), formulate subgoals, spotting analogies, changing representation of problem

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7
Q

Can taking a break help with problem solving? Why?

A

yes, incubation effect

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8
Q

What does the theory of bounded rationality say?

A

people tend to use simple decision strategies that often cause seemingly irrational results because they can only juggle so much info

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9
Q

What can choice overload lead to?

A

rumination, regret, and diminished well being

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10
Q

What is the availability heuristic?

A

basing estimated probability off of the ease we remember something similar happening

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11
Q

What is the representative heuristic?

A

basing estimated probability off of how similar it is to a prototype

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12
Q

What is the conjunction fallacy?

A

when people estimate odds of two uncertain events happening together are greater than the odds of either event happening soon

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13
Q

What is the sunk cost fallacy?

A

when people persist in behaviour in an attempt to recover costs that can not be recovered

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14
Q

What is problem solving?

A

Active efforts to discover what to do in order to achieve something

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15
Q

What are problems of inducing structure?

A

Require people to discover the relationships among numbers, words, symbols, or ideas

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16
Q

What are problems of arrangement?

A

Require people to arrange parts of a problem in a way that satisfies some criteria (anagrams etc)

17
Q

What is insight?

A

Sudden discovery of the correct solution following incorrect attempts based on trial and error

18
Q

What are problems of transformation?

A

Require people to carry out a sequence of transformations in order to reach a goal

19
Q

What are common obstacles to problem solving?

A

Focusing on irrelevant info, functional fixedness, mental set, and the imposition of unnecessary constraints

20
Q

What do people assume when trying to solve a problem?

A

All numerical information is necessary to solve it

21
Q

What is the special process view?

A

Insights come from sudden restructurings of problems that occur at an unconscious level

22
Q

What is the business as usual view?

A

Insights come from normal, step by step, analytical thinking that occurs at a conscious level

23
Q

What is the incubation effect?

A

Occurs when new solutions surface for a previously unsolved problem after a period of not consciously thinking about the problem

24
Q

What are behavioral economics?

A

Field of study that examines the effects of humans actual decision making process on economic decisions

25
Q

What is framing?

A

Refers to how decision issues are posed or how choices are structured

26
Q

What is confirmation bias?

A

Tendency to seek information that supports your decisions and beliefs whil ignoring information that doesnt

27
Q

What is belief perseverance?

A

Tendency to hang onto beliefs in the face of contradictory evidence

28
Q

What is loss aversion?

A

Idea that losses are worse than wins are good

Worse to lost 1000 than to win 1000

29
Q

What are some cognitive distortions?

A

Magnification and minimization (focusing on negative and ignoring positive), overgeneralization, reasoning from how you feel, personalization (taking fault for things out of control), mind reading (assuming what others think)

30
Q

How do we know what we know?

A

Authority, reason, deductive reasoning (some a are b, some b are c, therefore some a are c), inductive reasoning (drawing conclusions from specific to general)

31
Q

What is thinking critically?

A

Able to make objective judgements on the basis of well supported reasons and evidence

32
Q

How can we improve critical thinking?

A

Confidence doesn’t equal accuracy, define terms, examine evidence, be aware of your biases, avoid emotional reasoning, avoid simplistic explanations

33
Q

What are three premises of bounded rationality?

A

Humans are cognitively restrained, constraints impact decisions making, difficult problems reveal these constraints

PSYC 1010 (16 decks)

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