Motivation & Emotion Flashcards
What are motives?
needs, wants, interests, and desires that propel people in certain directions and to achieve certain goals
What is motivation?
goal directed behaviour, a hypothetical concept, not seen directly but it is inferred
What are drive theories?
view motivational forces in terms of drives, apply the concept of homeostasis to behaviour
Internal states of tension (due to disruptions in homeostasis) push organisms in certain directions
What is drives?
an internal state of tension that motivates an organism to engage in activities to reduce this tension
What can drive theories not explain?
thirst for knowledge, eating when not hungry, etc…
What do incentive theories propose?
external stimuli regulate motivational states
External goals pull organisms in certain directions
What are incentives? Examples?
an external goal that has the capacity to motivate behaviour
ice cream, a promotion, good grades
How are drive and incentive theories contrasted?
push-versus-pull theories
drive theories focus on how internal states push people certain directions and incentive theoreis focus on how external stimuli pull people certain directions
What do evolutionary theories propose? What motives do they explain this way?
human motives are products of evolution, natural selection favours behaviour that max reproduction success
affiliation, achievement, dominance, aggresion, sex drive
What do all motivational theorists agreee on?
huumans display a lot of diversity in their motives
biological and social
What is Maslow’s model?
hierarchy of needs
deficiency needs are the ones at the bottom, if the lower needs are not being fulfilled you will be preoccupied with them and you won’t be able to move higher up the pyramid
What are some problems with the hierarchy of needs?
altruism, some people neglect lower needs to achieve higher needs, what about power and aggression, what about autonomy, is it universal
What are some examples of social needs?
achievement (wanting to suceed and excel), affiliation (wanting to be with others, acceptance), intimacy (interpersonal relations, quality of relations), power (influence, control, and haing an impact)
What does research tell us about personal fullfilment?
Autonomy, competence and relatedness as fundamental needs contributing to personal fulfilment
Where is hunger controlled?
hypothalamus (controls survival instincts), part of the endocrine system and is influenced by blood glucose, leptin, and insulin
stomach sends signal to brain based on the distention of stomach wall (fullness), and richness of nutrients in stomach
What can influence food consumption?
palatability (how tasty), quantity available, variety, presence of others, stress
What percent of canadians are obese/overweight?
20% of canadians are obese
40% of men and 30% of women are overweight
What is the relationship between BMI and health issues? Which health issues are related?
as BMI increases the health issues increase
heart diseases, hypertension (high blood pressure), musculoskeletal pain
What are some problems with BMI?
doesn’t consider body composition
someone who is very muscular can be labeled obese because they weigh a lot (good estimate tho)
Is weight partially genetic?
yes, correlation between twins and weight
What are eating disorders the product of?
media and cultural values
What is the criteria for anorexia nervosa? What are some associated symptoms?
Refusal to maintain minimally normal body weight (weight is 85% of less of what it should be, BMI below 17.5), intense fear of gaining weight, disturbance in the perception of one’s body
obsession with food and strenous excercise, high mortality rate
What are the causes of anorexia?
culture and family , disengaged or overprotective families with high standards, perfectionistic,
underlying feelings of worthlessness,
weight control to deal with other issues
What is the criteria for bulimia?
Out of control eating followed by self-induced vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise (binging and purging), Binges occur twice a week and for at least 3 months
What are some causes of bulimia?
dieting/restrained eating, family history of obesity, alchoholism, depression, or anxiety
What is a binge eating disorder?
binges without purging
What are the four stages in the sexual response cycle?
excitement, plateau, orgasm, and reosultion
When does orgasm occur?
when sexual arousal reaches a peak intensity and is discharged in a series of muscular contractions in the pelic area
What gender typically orgasms more?
Men, orgasm gap
What is a refractory period?
The time following orgasm where they are mostly unresponsive to further stimulation
Can vary from a few minutes to hours, increases with age
What is the parental investment theory?
A species mating patterns depend on what each sex needs to invest to produce and nurture the offspring
The sex with the smaller investment will compete for mating opportunities and the sex with the larger investment will be more selective
What is the difference in the interest of sex between gender?
Men throughout life are more driven towards sex
Decreases with age on average for both but women still is less
What are some criticisms on evolutionary theories explanation on sex?
Women’s focus on a man’s material resources could be from cultural or economic reasons rather than evolution
Gender disparity between men and women regarding sex can be explained by the cultural suppression of female sexuality (purity culture)
What does sexual orientation mean?
A persons preference for emotional and sexual relationships with individuals of the same, opposite, or either sex
What is the Kinsey continuum?
Sexuality is a spectrum from being completely straight to completely gat
Does same sex orientation have a hereditary basis?
Yes, twin studies with a gay man and his twin or adopted brother showed this
More identical twins were also gay, then fraternal, then adopted were the least likely to also be agu
What is the affiliation motive?
The need to associate with others and maintain social bonds
Which genders sexuality appears to be more plastic?
Women
Have environmental explanations of same sex attraction been proven?
No it is not supported by research
Can prenatal hormonal secretion influence sexual orientation?
Research suggests that idiosyncrasies is prenatal hormone secretion may influence sexual orientation
Who pioneered the use of the TAT? What is it used for?
David McClelland
Measure individual differences in need for achievement
What do people who score high in the need for achievement tend to do?
Work harder and persistently, delay gratification, choose challenges with intermediate difficulty
What part of the hypothalamus plays a role in regulating hunger?
Neural circuits passing through the arcuate and paraventricular areas
What does the secretion of ghrelin, CCK, and leptin do?
Stomach contractions and increased hunger
Carry satiety signals from intestine to brain
Provides hypothalamus with info about fat stores
Why is there huge cultural variations in eating habits?
Food preferences are controlled by exposure
People are exposed to different foods in different cultures
What happens to the pursuit of achievement when the probability of success and incentive value are higher?
It tends to increase
People like to be succesful and gain things (more likely to try if something good can be gained)
Does the fear of failure influence pursuit of achievement?
Yes
What are the evolutionary roots of the affiliation motivation?
To promote survival and reproductive benefits
What is ostracism? What is it often the result of?
Being ignored and excluded by the group
bullying
What can ostracism lead to?
Reduction in self esteem, increased negative mood, increased neural activity in parts of the brain that are associated with physical pain
what does the cognitive component of emotion consist of?
Subjective feelings that are often intense and difficult to control
What does a persons cognitive appraisal of an event influence?
The emotions people experience in regards to that event
What is affective forecasting?
People are surprisingly bad at predicting the intensity and duration of their emotional reaction to events
What is the physiological component of emotion?
Autonomic system arousal
What is a polygraph? Is it accurate?
A lie detector that detect changes in sweat, breathing, and heart rate (emotional arousal)
No it detects emotions
What is the role of the amygdala in emotion?
Is at the core of a complex set of neural circuits that process emotion, especially fear
What is the behavioral component of emotion?
Emotions are revealed through body language
What is the minimum amount of emotions most people can identify using facial expressions?
6
What is the facial feedback hypothesis?
Facial muscles send signals to the brain that aid in the recognition of emotions
Across cultures, do people agree on the identification of emotions based of facial expressions?
Yes
Where are the disparities between cultures in terms of emotion?
How they are categorized and in public displays of emotion
What is the James Lange theory?
Conscious experience of emotions results from someone’s perception of autonomic arousal
What is the Cannon Bard theory?
Emotions originate in Subcortical regions of brain
What is the two factor theory?
People infer emotions from autonomic arousal and then label it according to their cognitive explanation for the arousal
What is the evolutionary theories of emotion?
Emotions are innate reactions that do not depend on cognitive processes
What is and isn’t correlated with happiness?
Income, age, parenthood, intelligence, and attractiveness are uncorrelated
Physical health, good relationships, and religious convictions have a moderate correlation
Love, marriage, work satisfaction, personality, and genetic have a strong
Correlation
How are arguments usually marred?
Fallacies, weak analogies, circular reasoning, slippery slope scenarios, and false dichotomies
