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PSYC 1010 > Biological Basis of Behaviour > Flashcards

Biological Basis of Behaviour Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two communication systems?

A

The endocrine and nervous system

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2
Q

What does the endocrine system consist of? Give some examples.

A

Hormones and glands

Ex. Pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, pancreas, gonads

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3
Q

What does the nervous system consist of?

A

Brain, neurons, and neurotransmitters

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4
Q

What are the three broad sections of the brain?

A

Hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain

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5
Q

What makes up the reptilian brain? What functions are done here?

A

Hind brain and midbrain, controls reflexive responses and arousal

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6
Q

What makes up the old mammalian brain? What functions are controlled here?

A

Hypothalamus and limbic system, emotions and learning

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7
Q

What makes up the new mammalian brain? What functions are controlled here?

A

Cerebrum, capacity for complex thoufht

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8
Q

What is the central nervous system?

A

Brain and spinal cord

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9
Q

What does the hypothalamus regulate?

A

Basic biological drives related to survival

Ex. Hunger, thirst, sex, body temperature

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10
Q

What does the limbic system control? What does it consist of?

A

Emotion, memory, motivation

Consists of the hippocampus, amygdala, and pleasure centers

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11
Q

What part of the limbic system controls each function?

A

Hippocampus- memory
Amygdala- emotion
Pleasure centers- motivation

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12
Q

What is the cortex?

A

Thin outer layer of the cerebrum

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13
Q

What is the cortex responsible for?

A

Higher processes in the human brain, memory, thinking, learning, reasoning, problem solving, and consciousness

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14
Q

Why does our brain have grooves?

A

To increase surface area for neural connections

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15
Q

What are the four lobes of the cerebrum and their general location?

A

Occipital (back of head), parietal (top back of head), temporal (above ears), frontal (front of head)

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16
Q

What is the occipital lobe responsible for?

A

Visual perception, including colour, form, and motion

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17
Q

What is the parietal lobe responsible for?

A

Processing somatosensory information from the body including touch, pain, temperature, and limb position

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18
Q

What is the temporal lobe responsible for?

A

Processing auditory information and the encoding of memory

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19
Q

What is the frontal lobe responsible for?

A

Consciousness, higher level executive function, also contains prefrontal cortex which is where executive function takes place, also contains primary motor cortex

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20
Q

What is the longitudinal fissure?

A

The groove which runs down the center of the brain and separates the two hemispheres

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21
Q

Are the right and left brain symmetrical?

A

No

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22
Q

What does the corpus callosum do?

A

It bridges the two hemispheres and connects them

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23
Q

What is the left brain responsible for?

A

Analytic thought, logic, reading, writing, science, math, linear

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24
Q

What is the right brain responsible for?

A

Holistic thought, intuition, creativity, art, music, spatial, non-rational

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25
Q

What is the Broca’s area responsible for and where is it located?

A

In talking and speech production and it is in the left hemisphere of the brain

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26
Q

What is Wernicke’s area involved in and where is it?

A

Listening and language comprehension, located in left hemisphere of brain

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27
Q

Why can someone understand a language but not speak it?

A

Speech production and listening processing and in two different areas of the brain

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28
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system?

A

All the nerves extending out of the spinal cord

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29
Q

What is the somatic nervous system? What is it responsible for?

A

Made up of nerves connecting to voluntary skeletal muscles and sensory receptors

Voluntary movements

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30
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system? What is it responsible for?

A

Made up of nerves that connect to the heart, blood vessels, smooth muscles, and gland

Involuntary movements

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31
Q

Why is chronic stress a health issue?

A

Because the autonomic system is being activated chronically or abnormally

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32
Q

What is the sympathetic division focused on?

A

Mobilizing the body’s resources for emergencies

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33
Q

How does the sympathetic division affect the body?

A

Dilated pupils, dry mouth, increased breathing and heart rate, decreased digestion, secretion of adrenal hormones, increased sweating, goosebumps, relaxed bladder

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34
Q

What is the parasympathetic division focused on?

A

Conserving the body’s resources

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35
Q

How does the parasympathetic division affect the body?

A

Constricted pupils, stimulated salivary glands, decreased breathing and heart rate, increased digestion, contracted bladder

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36
Q

Which neurotransmitter is invoked in the experience of anxiety?

A

GABA

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37
Q

Which neuronal structure is compared to branches on a tree?

A

Dendrites

38
Q

What are the two types of cells in the brain?

A

Neurons and glial cells

39
Q

What are neurons?

A

Cells in the nervous system that receive, integrate, and transmit information

40
Q

What are glial cells?

A

Cells found throughout the nervous system that provide different kinds of support for neurons

41
Q

What kind of support do glial cells provide for neurons?

A

Nutrition, healing, protection, physical support, and can remove debris and devour dead or damaged cells

42
Q

What do glial cells form/produce?

A

Cerebrospinal fluid, blood brain barrier, and brains immune system

43
Q

What is cerebrospinal fluid?

A

Colourless fluid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord and provides cushioning

44
Q

What does the blood brain barrier do?

A

Prevents foreign materials like viruses and drugs from entering the brain

45
Q

What may the deterioration of glial cells lead to?

A

Cognitive impairment seen in schizophrenia and some forms of depressive disorder, and Alzheimer’s

46
Q

What is a synapse?

A

Junction between neurons where information is transmitted from one neuron to another

47
Q

What features do neurons share?

A

Cell membrane, cell body, dendrites, axon, axon terminal

48
Q

What is myelin sheath? What is it derived from?

A

Insulation that wraps around axons that have a high fat concentration

Derived from specialized glial cells

49
Q

What is the advantages of myelin sheath?

A

Signals transmit faster, more efficient because they only have to maintain charge on unmyelinated parts

50
Q

How do neurons primarily communicate with each other?

A

Synaptic transmission

51
Q

What is the neuron before and after a synapse called?

A

Presynaptic neuron and postsynaptic neuron

52
Q

What’s a synapse?

A

Site of transmission between two neurons or a neuron and gland/muscle

53
Q

What is the first step of synaptic transmission? What happens during that step?

A

Synthesis

Chemicals called neurotransmitters are made

54
Q

What is the second step of synaptic transmission? What happens during that step?

A

Transportation and storage

Neurotransmitters are sent from cell body to axon terminal where they are stored in synaptic vesicles

55
Q

What is the third step of synaptic transmission? What happens during that step?

A

Release

When action potential reaches axon terminal the synaptic vesicles fuses with membrane and releases neurotransmitter into synapse

56
Q

What is the fourth step of synaptic transmission? What happens during that step?

A

Binding

Neurotransmitters cross the synapse and bind to receptors in the membrane after synapse

57
Q

What is the fifth step of synaptic transmission? What happens during that step?

A

Deactivation

Only one kind of neurotransmitter can’t be restored by enzyme in synapse which prevents the neurotransmitter from continuously affecting the postsynaptic cell

58
Q

What is the sixth step of synaptic transmission? What happens during that step?

A

Autoreceptor activation

Some neurotransmitters bind to receptors of neurons that release them called autoreceptors, this regulates synthesis and release

59
Q

What is the seventh step of synaptic transmission? What happens during that step?

A

Reuptake

Excess neurotransmitters are brought back to presynaptic region of cell

60
Q

What is the eighth step of synaptic transmission? What happens during that step?

A

Degradation

Enzymes in presynaptic region break down excess neurotransmitters

61
Q

What common properties do neurotransmitters share?

A

Synthesized in neuron

Stored in synaptic terminals

Released when neuron has action potential

Deactivated or removed they complete their task

62
Q

Neurotransmitters are either?

A

Inhibitory or excitatory

63
Q

Acetylcholine is the only transmitter between?

A

Motor neurons and voluntary muscles

64
Q

What are some characteristics and relations to behaviour of acetylcholine?

A

Released by motor neurons controlling skeletal muscles

Contributes to regulation of attention, arousal, and memory

Some ACh receptors can be stimulated by nicotine

65
Q

What disorder is associated with the dysregulation of ACh?

A

Alzheimer’s

66
Q

What are the characteristics and relations to behaviour of dopamine?

A

Contributes to control of voluntary movement

Cocaine and amphetamines elevate activity at DA synapses

Dopamine circuits are characterised as reward pathways

67
Q

What disorders are associated with dopamine?

A

Parkinson’s, schizophrenic disorders, addictive disorders

68
Q

What are the characteristics and relations to behaviour of norepinephrine?

A

Contributes to regulation of mood and arousal

Cocaine and amphetamines elevate activity at NE synapses

69
Q

What disorders are associated with norepinephrine?

A

Depressive disorders

70
Q

What are the characteristics and relations to behaviour of serotonin?

A

Involved in regulation of sleep and wakefulness, eating, aggression

Prozac and similar antidepressant drugs affect serotonin circuut

71
Q

What disorders are associated with serotonin?

A

Depressive disorders, obsessive compulsive disorders, eating disorders

72
Q

What are the characteristics and relations to behaviour of GABA?

A

Serve as widely distributed inhibitory transmitter

Contributes to regulation of anxiety, sleep, arousal

Valium and similar antianxiety drugs work at GABA synapses

73
Q

What disorders are associated with GABA?

A

Anxiety disorders

74
Q

What are the characteristics and relations to behaviour of endorphins?

A

Resemble opiates in structure and effects

Play role in pain relief and stress response

Contribute to regulation of eating behaviour

75
Q

What are afferent nerves?

A

Cary information toward the CNS from PNS

76
Q

What are efferent nerves?

A

Carry information outward from CNS to PNS

77
Q

What is the central nervous system protected by?

A

Meninges, layers of membranes that protect brain and spinal cord

78
Q

What are the hollow cavities in the brain that are filled with cerebrospinal fluid called?

A

Ventricles

79
Q

What does the hindbrain include?

A

Cerebellum, medulla, and pons

80
Q

What is the medulla responsible for?

A

Unconscious but vital functions

81
Q

What is pons responsible for?

A

Connecting brainstem to cerebellum, sleep and arousal

82
Q

What is the cerebellum?

A

Large folded structure next to brainstem

Coordinating movement and balance

83
Q

What is the midbrain?

A

Segment of brainstem located between hindbrain and forebrain

84
Q

What is the forebrain?

A

Largest and most complex region of brain, made up of thalamus, hypothalamus, limbic system, and cerebrum

85
Q

What is the thalamus?

A

Structure that all sensory information except smell must pass through to get to cerebral cortex

86
Q

What is the limbic system? What does it include?

A

Loosely connected network located roughly along the border between cerebral cortex and depose subcortical areas

Parts of thalamus and hypothalamus, hippocampus, and amygdala

87
Q

What are mirror neurons?

A

Neurons that are activated by performing an action or by seeing another animal perform the same action

88
Q

Where do humans have mirror neurons?

A

Frontal and parietal lobes

89
Q

What is brain plasticity?

A

The brains ability to change structure and function

90
Q

What stimulates brain plasticity? What does this plasticity include?

A

Experience

Changes in dendrite length, synapse formation, altered metabolic

91
Q

What is neurogenesis?

A

The formation of new neurons

92
Q

What does the pituitary gland do?

A

Releases a variety of hormones that are distributed throughout body, stimulating other endocrine glands

PSYC 1010 (16 decks)

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