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PSYC 1010 > Human Development > Flashcards

Human Development Flashcards

1
Q

What is the prenatal period?

A

From conception until bird, 9 months of pregnancy

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2
Q

What are the three phases of the prenatal period?

A
  1. Germinal stage (first 2 weeks)
  2. Embryonic stage (2 weeks to 2 months)
  3. Fetal stage (2 months to birth)
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3
Q

What happens during the germinal stage?

A

The zygote travels down the fallopian tube into the uterus, after about a week it begins to try and implant into the uterine wall, which also takes about a week

The placenta begins to form

Less than 1/2 of zygotes successfully implant

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4
Q

What is the placenta?

A

A structure that allows oxygen and nutrients to pass into the fetus from the mothers bloodstream and for the fetus waste to pass out to the mother

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5
Q

What happens during the embryonic stage?

A

The vital organs and bodily systems start forming, only about 2.5 cm but it starts devolving arms, legs, feet, fingers, eyes, ears etc

If anything interferes with the formation during this phase it can have very bad consequences (most miscarriages and birth defects happen during this time)

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6
Q

What happens during the fetal stage?

A

Bones and muscles start to form, continue growing rapidly, sex organs start to develop 3rd month, during the last three months the brain cells quickly multiply and fat is developed to be insulation and the heart and lung system matures

Preparing for life outside uterus

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7
Q

What is the threshold of viability?

A

The age where a baby can potentially survive in the event of a premature birth

23-25 weeks

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8
Q

What are teratogens?

A

Any external agents, like drugs or viruses, that can harm an embryo or fetus

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9
Q

Why is maternal nutrition important?

A

Babies need variety of nutrients to develop and they get them from mom, severe maternal malnutrition increases the risk of birth complications and neurological deficits

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10
Q

What is the problem with maternal drug/alcohol use?

A

Can slip through the membrane of the placenta and get to the fetus

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11
Q

What can fetus exposed to cannabis cause?

A

Cognitive and academic difficulties in childhood, impulsivity and attention deficits, later substance use

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12
Q

What can smoking do to a fetus?

A

Cause stillbirth, miscarriage, premature delivery, and SIDS

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13
Q

What is FASD? What are some symptoms?

A

Fetal alcohol syndrome, collection of congenital problems associated with excessive alcohol use during pregnancy

Small head, flat nose, flat philtrum, heart defects, irritability, delayed motor devolpment, impaired cognitive development

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14
Q

What effect can stress have on a fetus?

A

Elevated prenatal stress can be associated with stillbirths, impaired immune response, heightened vulnerability to infectious disease, slow motor development

Can disrupt the hormonal balance that fosters healthy prenatal development

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15
Q

What illnesses can the placenta not prevent from affecting the fetus?

A

HIv/AIDS, measles, rubella, syphallis, chickenpox

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16
Q

What effects can environmental toxins have on a fetus?

A

Impairment in cognitive development, increased risk for obesity, deficits in social competence and self regulation

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17
Q

How can you describe physical growth during infancy? Why?

A

Rapid and uneven

Sudden bursts of growth

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18
Q

What was early progress in motor skills originally attributed to? What does recent research suggest?

A

Maturation (development that reflects the gradual unfolding of one’s genetic blueprint)

Infant exploration

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19
Q

What is motor development?

A

The progression of muscular coordination required for physical activities

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20
Q

Is the pacing for motor develop the same across cultures? What does this demonstrate?

A

No, demonstrates the potential importance of learning

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21
Q

What is attachment?

A

Close emotional bonds that develop between infants and caregivers

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22
Q

What did Harlow’s study with baby monkeys show?

A

They prefer comfort over food, will spend more time with cushioned fake mom then mom with food

23
Q

What are the three categories of infant-mother attachments?

A

Secure, anxious ambivalent, avoidant

24
Q

Infants with a secure attachment style generally grow up to be?

A

Resilient, competent toddlers with high self esteem

25
Q

What does Erikson’s theory propose?

A

Individuals evolve through eight stages over the life span, each stage is marked by a specific psychosocial crisis

26
Q

What do stage theories assume?

A

Individuals progress through stages in a particular order, progress is strongly related to age and new stages being major changes

27
Q

What are the stages in Erikson’s theory that occur during childhood?

A

Trust vs mistrust

Autonomy vs shame and doubt

Initiative vs guilt

Industry vs inferiority

28
Q

What did Piaget propose?

A

Children evolve through 4 stages of cognitive development

29
Q

What are Piagets four stages?

A

Sensorimotor (birth to 2)
- development of object permanence

Preoperational (2 to 7)
- marked by centrism, animism, irreversibility, and egocentrism

Concrete operational period (7 to 11)
- develop ability to perform operations on mental representations

Formal operational stage (11 onward)
- thought becomes systematic, abstract, and logical

30
Q

What did Piaget not account for in his stages?

A

Mixing of stages and the impact of culture

31
Q

What does Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory say?

A

Children’s cognitive development is shaped by social interactions, language progress, and cultural factors

32
Q

Why do some theorists believe that basic cognitive abilities are wired into human brains?

A

Infants understand complex thoughts without being taught

Ex addition

33
Q

What does Kohlberg’s theory say?

A

Individuals progress through three levels of reasoning

Preconvential, congenital, and postconventional

34
Q

What type of reasoning is each of Kohlberg’s stages?

A

Preconventional: focus on consequences (if I get it trouble it’s bad)

Conventional: focus on rules and law (it’s bad if it’s against law)

Post conventional: working out personal code of ethics

35
Q

When does the adolescent growth spurt typically occur? What brings it on?

A

9-10 in girls and 10-12 in boys

Change in hormones

36
Q

What is puberty?

A

The stage where the primary sex characteristics develop fully

37
Q

Do adolescents go into puberty earlier? What are the possible reasons?

A

Yes

Better nutrition and healthcare

38
Q

What two age groups for girls and boys are at a greater risk for psychological and social issues because of puberty?

A

Girls who develop early and boys who develop late

39
Q

What area of the brain is the last to fully mature? When does this happen?

A

Prefrontal cortex

Early adulthood (25)

40
Q

What is the main challenge of adolescence according to Erikson’s?

A

Sense of identity

41
Q

What did Marcia believe that adolescents deal with the identity crisis?

A

Foreclosure (unquestioning adoption parental or societal values)

Identity diffusion (no struggle for identity)

Identity achievement (successfully getting identity)

Moratorium (actively struggling with identity)

42
Q

What is the relatively new developmental stage?

A

Emerging adulthood

43
Q

What do the adult years tend to bring increasing of?

A

Agreeableness, openness to experience, and conscientiousness

44
Q

What are Erikson’s three stages for adulthood?

A

Intimacy vs isolation

Generatively vs self absorption

Integrity vs despair

45
Q

What can help ease the transition into marriage? What are downsides?

A

Optimism

Also associated with steep decline in well being

46
Q

Living together before getting married used to be a good assign that the marriage would work out why isn’t it anymore?

A

More people move in together and the. Get married

47
Q

What are some changes than could happen during adulthood in terms of sensory problems?

A

Loss of vision and hearing

Can be helped with glasses or hearing aids

48
Q

When do brain tissue and weight tend to normally decline?

A

After 60

49
Q

What percent of people experience dementia? Is tho normal aging?

A

15-20%

No not normal aging process

50
Q

What are development norms?

A

The median age that individuals display various behaviour s or abilities

51
Q

What is temperament?

A

Characteristic mood, activity level, and emotional reactivity of a person

52
Q

What is the difference between a longitudinal and cross sectional design?

A

Longitudinal is when investigators observe one group of people repeatedly over a period of time

Cross sectional is when vestigators compare different groups of people at different ages at the same time

53
Q

When does cohort effects happen?

A

When differences between age groups are because of them growing up in different time periods

PSYC 1010 (16 decks)

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