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PSYC 1010 > Learning > Flashcards

Learning Flashcards

1
Q

What is classical conditioning? Examples?

A

type of learning where a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response originally caused by another stimulus

fears, sexual arousal, etc

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2
Q

How was classical conditioning created?

A

Ivan Pavlov

experiment with dogs, salivation, food, and a tone

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3
Q

What is UCR, UCS, CS, CR?

A

unconditioned response, unconditioned stimulus, conditioned stimulus, conditioned response

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4
Q

How does classical conditioning work?

A

a CS and an UCS are paired together which gradually results in a CR

hear tone, get food, eventually starts salivating before food comes out

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5
Q

What is extinction in classical conditioning?

A

when a CS is repeatedly presented alone and it no longer causes a CR

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6
Q

What is spontaneous recovery in classical conditioning?

A

reappearance of an extinct response after a period of nonexposure to CS

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7
Q

What is generalization in classical conditioning?

A

a CR is caused by different stimulus that resembles the original CS (little albert)

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8
Q

What is discrimination in classical conditioning?

A

when a CR is not caused by a new stimulus that resembles the original CS

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9
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

type of learning where responses are controlled by consequences

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10
Q

How was operant conditioning created?

A

Skinner found that rats and birds repeated responses that were followed by favourable outcomes

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11
Q

What is reinforcement?

A

occurs after an event following a response that increases an organisms likelihood of doing that response

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12
Q

Responses controlled through operant conditioning are said to be what? What are CR called?

A

emitted

Elicited

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13
Q

What is extinction in operant conditioning?

A

when a response gradually slows or stops after reinforcement is stopped

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14
Q

What is intermittent reinforcement?

A

when a response is only reinforced some of the time

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15
Q

In ratio schedules what happens?

A

reinforcer is given after a fixed (FR) or variable (VR) number of nonreinforced responses

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16
Q

In interval schedules what happens?

A

reinforcer is given for first response that occurs after a fixed (FI) or variable (VI) time interval has passed

17
Q

What is positive reinforcement?

A

response is followed by the presentation of a rewarding stimulus

18
Q

What is negative reinforcement?

A

response if followed by the removal of an unpleasant stimulus

19
Q

What is punishment?

A

occurs when an event following a response weakens the tendency to make that response

20
Q

Is physical punishment useful?

A

no its associated with negative outcomes

21
Q

What is preparedness?

A

explain why people acquire phobias to ancient sources of threat rather than modern sources of threat

22
Q

What is observational learning?

A

occurs when an organism’s responding is influenced by the observation of others (models)

23
Q

What types of conditioning can happen through observational learning?

A

operant and classical

24
Q

What are phobias? How are they caused?

A

Irrational fears of specific objects or sotuations

Classical conditioning

25
Q

What is the unconditioned stimulus and unconditioned response?

A

USC is a stimulus that causes a response that was not conditioned

UCR is a response that is not learned and occurs without previous conditioning

26
Q

What is a conditioned stimulus and conditioned response?

A

CS is a previously neutral stimulus that through conditioning has been able to cause a CR

CR is a learned reaction to a CS that occurs because of conditioning

27
Q

What is a trial in classical conditioning?

A

Consists of any presentation of a stimulus or pair of stimuli

28
Q

What is evaluative conditioning? What is it used for?

A

Changes in liking of a stimulus that result from pairing that stimulus with other positive or negative stimuli

Adverts

29
Q

What is acquisition?

A

The initial stage of learning something

30
Q

What is spontaneous recovery?

A

Reappearance of an extinguished response after a period of not being exposed to the CS

31
Q

What is the renewal effect?

A

If response is extinguished in a different environment than where it was learned the response will reappear when our back into that environment

32
Q

What is higher order conditioning? Example?

A

Conditioned stimulus functions as an UCS

Two phase process, first time tone makes saliva, second phase light is paired with a tone to make saliva

33
Q

What is the two process theory of phobias?

A

Classical conditioning of fear and operant conditioning of avoidance

34
Q

What are primary vs secondary reinforcers?

A

Primary directly influence biological needs (warmth, food, removal of pain)

Secondary indirectly influence biological needs (money)

PSYC 1010 (16 decks)

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