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PSYC 1010 > Memory > Flashcards

Memory Flashcards

1
Q

What is attention? What effect does it have on encoding?

A

selective focus on certain input, increases encoding

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2
Q

What effect does divided attention have on encoding? What about other tasks?

A

undermines encoding and can have a negative affect of the performance of other tasks

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3
Q

What does the levels of processing theory propose?

A

deeper levels of processing result in more durable memory

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4
Q

What is elaboration? What effect does it have on encoding?

A

linking a stimulus to other information, enhances it

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5
Q

What does dual coding theory state?

A

visual imagery may facilitate memory by providing two memories instead of one

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6
Q

What are the three memory stores?

A

long term memory (LTM)
short term memory (STM)
sensory memory

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7
Q

Recall is often guided by? What is this demonstrated by?

A

partial information, tip of the tongue phenomenon

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8
Q

What is the misinformation effect?

A

occurs when details of an event is changed by misleading post event information

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9
Q

What is source monitoring?

A

process of making inferences about the origin of memories

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10
Q

How long does sensory memory preserve information?

A

preserves memory in its original sensory form for a short amount of time, fraction of a second

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11
Q

How long can short term memory store unrehearsed information?

A

10-20 seconds

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12
Q

What is the capacity of short term memory?

A

used to be 7 +-2 but not believed to be 4 +-1

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13
Q

What is working memory capacity?

A

refers to someone’s ability to hold and manipulate information in conscious attention

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14
Q

What is the capacity of long term memory and how long is it stored?

A

unlimited, indefinitely

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15
Q

What is a conceptual hierarchy?

A

multilevel classification system based on common properties among items

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16
Q

What is a schema?

A

organized cluster of knowledge about a particular object or event

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17
Q

What is a semantic network?

A

consists of nodes representing concepts, joined together by pathways that link related concepts

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18
Q

Why do we forget?

A

ineffective encoding, can be adaptive by making it easier to remember important information

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19
Q

How can retention be assessed?

A

recall measure, recognition measure, or a relearning measure

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20
Q

What does decay theory propose?

A

memory traces fade with time, decay in LTM is hard to demonstrate

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21
Q

What does interference theory propose?

A

people forget information because of competition from other material

22
Q

Are memories recovered spontaneously more reliable than memories recovered in therapy?

A

usually yes

23
Q

What is retrograde amnesia?

A

people forget memory of things prior to getting amnesia

24
Q

What is anterograde amnesia?

A

people who forget events that happen after getting amnesia

25
Q

What parts of the brain play a major role in memory?

A

hippocampus and broader medial temporal lobe

26
Q

What do memory traces consist of?

A

localized neural circuits

27
Q

What does declarative memory handle?

A

recall of factual information like names, dates, events, and ideas

28
Q

What does nondeclarative memory handle?

A

recall of actions, skills, and operation

29
Q

What is encoding? What is storage? What is retrieval?

A

Involves forming a memory code, involves maintaining encoded information in memory over time, involves recovering information from memory stores

30
Q

What is the cocktail party phenomenon? What does this suggest?

A

People hear there name mentioned in conversation they were not paying attention to

Attention involves late selection base on meaning of input

31
Q

What are people really doing when they are multitasking?

A

Switching their full attention back and forth not splitting it

32
Q

What type of encoding is involved in shallow processing? Example of question that would cause this type of processing?

A

Structural encoding which emphasizes the physical structure of the stimulus

Is the world written in capital letters

33
Q

What type of encoding is involved in intermediate processing? Example of question that would cause this type of processing?

A

Phonemic encoding which emphasizes what a word sounds like

Does the word rhyme with weight

34
Q

What type of encoding is involved in deep processing? Example of question that would cause this type of processing?

A

Semantic encoding which emphasizes the meaning of verbal input

Would the world fit in this sentence

35
Q

What is self referent encoding?

A

Deciding how or whether information is personally relevant, enhances recall

36
Q

What is iconic vs echoic memory?

A

Brief memory based on visual input or auditory input from sensory memory

37
Q

What is rehearsal?

A

The process of repetitively verbalizing or thinking about the information

38
Q

What is a chunk? Example?

A

Group of familiar stimuli stored as a single unit

When remembering student card I broke up number into 219-549-856

39
Q

What are the components of working memory?

A

Phonological loop, used when recitation is used to temporarily remember a phone number

Visuospatial sketch pad, allows people to temporarily hold and manipulate visual images

Central executive, controls deployment of attention also coordinates the other components

Episodic buffer, temporary limitless capacity store that serves as a link between working memory and LTM

40
Q

What are flashbulb memories?

A

Unusually video and detailed recollections of momentous events

41
Q

What is retroactive interference?

A

New info makes it hard to remember old info

42
Q

What is proactive interference?

A

Old info makes it hard to remember new info

43
Q

What is repression in Freudian theory?

A

Keeping distressing thoughts and feelings buried in The subconscious

44
Q

What is the serial position effect?

A

When participants have better call for items at the beginning and end of a list

45
Q

What is the link method?

A

Forming a mental image of items to be remember in a way that links them together

46
Q

What is the method of loci?

A

Involves taking an imaginary walk along a familiar path where images of items are associated with certain located

47
Q

What is hindsight bias?

A

Tendency to mound our interpretation of the past to fit how events turned out

48
Q

What is the difference between implicit and explicit memory?

A

Implicit is automatic and requires no effort explicit requires effort and is not automatic

49
Q

What helps us remember?

A

Deeper encoding, self referent encoding, imagery, mnemonics, chunking, time and spacing, hierarchy

50
Q

What parts of HM memory were intact or impaired?

A

Impaired episodic and explicit (couldn’t form new memories)

Intact semantic and procedural memory (couldn’t remembering doing a task but he still got better at it)

51
Q

What is episodic vs semantic memory?

A

Episodic is recollections of personal experiences and semantic is general knowledg

PSYC 1010 (16 decks)

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