things I got wrong in the mock

Question 1

factors affecting attraction: self disclosure

Answer 1

revealing personal information about yourself
romantic partners reveal more about themselves as relationship develops

Question 2

social penetration theory

Answer 2

gradual process of revealing more bbout your inner self to someone else

involves recipriocal exchange
one partner reveals personal info signalling I trust you
other partner must also reveal senstive info
more and more they disclose to eachother, more they penetrate into eachothers lives

Question 3

onion analogy

Answer 3

as relatiosnhip progresses, more and more layers of onion are removed represnting deeper and more meaningful info being diclosed
only likely to occur if reciprocol

Question 4

breadth and depth of self disclosure

Answer 4

as both increase, become more committed to each other
what we first reveal is superficial
type of low risk info we would reveal to anyone
breadth of disclosure is narrow as most things are off limit
if reveal too much too soon, may get response of TMI (too much information)
thretning relationship before its really started
eventually, able to reveal high risk info such as painful memories
key to maintaining a intimate relsitonhip is the right balance between breadth and depth

Question 5

recipricoty of self disclosure

Answer 5

reis and shaver
point out that for relatiosnhip to develop, as well as increase in both depth and breadth, relatiosnhip also needs to have element of recipriocal to disclosure

Question 6

factors affecting attraction:physical attractiveness

Answer 6

shackelfood and larsen
gound people are more attracted to symmetrical faces.beacuse it may be honest signal of genetic fitness
people also attracted to baby face features such as widely speated large eyes, delicate chin and small nose as trigger a protective and caring instinct, valuable resource for women wanting to reproduce

Question 7

halo effect

Answer 7

we have a tendancy to associate attractive people with preconcieved disportionately positive charcteristics, including personality and wealth even tho they may not be linked

therefore, asssoicate attractive people as kind, sociable rather then unattractive people
belief that good lookign epople have these charcteristics makes us even more attracted to them-self fulfilling prospheracy

Question 8

matching hypothesis

Answer 8

people choose romantic partners of a similar attractiveness to each other
we desire most attractive but balance this against the wish to avoid being rejected
someone out of our league
someone who is very unlikely to consider us physically attractive
diffreence in what we would like in ideal partner and what we are willing to settle for

Question 9

factors affectign attraction:filter theory

Answer 9

explantion of relatiosnhip formation
suggests there are several filters we sift through to get through potential partners and choose the right one

Question 10

what are the three stages of fiter theory

Answer 10

SSC
social demogrpahy
similarity in attitudes
complemetatity

Question 11

social demography

Answer 11

refers to wide range of favtors that influence partners meeting in first place
e.g geographical locations ‘ethnic gorup ‘religion

Question 12

similarity in attitudes

Answer 12

tend to go for the partners who have similair basic values to our own
this increases communicaiton therefore self-disclosure

Question 13

complementarity

Answer 13

concerns ability to meet eachothers needs
similairty becomes less imporant and is replaced by the need for your partner to balance out traits with your own

Question 14

theories of romantic relationships:social exchange theory (SET)

Answer 14

ecnomoic theory of how realtiosnhips form and develop
claims that partners strive to maximise rewards and minimise costs

Question 15

rewards, costs and profits

Answer 15

ideas of costs and rewards are subjective
what one person sees as costly, other may see as low cost or even rewards
value of rewards and costs maty change, at start may be rewarding and costly then may chnage as relatiosnhip progresses

Question 16

comparison level

Answer 16

based on persons idea of how much rewards they should recieve in relationship
preception ebcomes more accuratel with experinece
can also be infleuned by social and cultural factors e.g books and tv porgrammes
person with high self esteem will have higher experctions of rewards then person with low self esteem
only consier persuing if comparison leevl is equal to or above comparison level

Question 17

comparison level with alternatives

Answer 17

persons percepton of whether staying on their own or being in different resltiosnhip would be more rewarding
only will stay if ore rewarding then the alternatives

Question 18

equity theory

Answer 18

economic theory which suggests that partners are concerned about fairness in relatiosnhips
fairness is achieved when person feels they are getting what they deserve in relatiosnship

Question 19

role of equity

Answer 19

equity means fairness
what matters is both partners have rougly the same profit (rewards-costs)
if lack of equity, one partner over benefits, another partner underbenefits
recipe for unhapiness
underbenfiteed partner will feel disatisfied
over benefited artner will feel guilt

Question 20

equality and equity

Answer 20

not size of rewards an costs that matter, its about ratio of the two to eachotber
if partner puts lots into a relaitosnhip, but also gets lot out of realtisonip then fair enough
rewards are distributed fairnly noy neccesarily equally

Question 21

definition of Parasocial relationships

Answer 21

prefix para means resembling so parasocial relationships are those which are similar to normal relationships but lack a key element. They are one sided relationships where one person spends considerable emotional energy, interest and time although the other people usually a celebrity is completely unaware of their existence

Question 22

celebrity worship syndrome

Answer 22

has been described as a obsessive-addictive disorder where an individual becomes overly involved (completely obsessed) with the details of a celebrity’s life

Question 23

entertainment social

Answer 23

least intense level of celebrity worship
at this level celebrities viewed as sources of entertainment

Question 24

intense personal

Answer 24

an immediate level. reflects a greater personal involvement in a PSR with a celebrity

Question 25

borderline pathological

Answer 25

strongest level of celebrity worship
featuring uncontrollable fantasies and extreme behaviour

Question 26

absorption addiction model

Answer 26

individuals can become psychologically absorbed with a celebrity to establish a sense of fulfilment.

Question 27

Bowlby’s attachment theory

Answer 27

Ainsworth identified two types associated with unhealthy emotional development-insecure resistance and insecure avoidant

Question 28

insecure resistant

Answer 28

types are more likely to form PSRs as adults
this is because they need to have unfulfilled needs met

Question 29

insecure avoidant

Answer 29

prefers to avoid the pain and rejection of relationships altogether

Question 30

strength-research support for absorption and addiction model

Answer 30

Maltby et al investigated the relationship between celebrity worship and body image in males and females aged 14-16 years. Of particular interest were females reporting an intense personal PSR with a female celebrity

Question 31

weakness-there are methodological issues concerning Parasocial relationships

Answer 31

most studies on PSRs use self-report methods to collect data, for example interviews and questionaires

Question 32

strength-research into celebrity worship has proven that its a universal phenomenon

Answer 32

Schmid and Klimmt recognised a tendency for some people to form a PSR with Harry potter, an entirely fictional character

Question 33

weakness-problems associated with absorption addiction model

Answer 33

is better suited to describing levels of celebrity worship that explain how people develop these attitudes

Question 34

androcentrism

Answer 34

male centred approach
it suggests male behaviour is the standard that all behaviour should be. Male behaviour is seen to be normal/acceptable
female behaviour is seen as abnormal/unacceptable

Question 35

holism definition

Answer 35

focuses on the whole system or person

Question 36

reductionism definition

Answer 36

focuses on the consistent parts, or smaller similar aspects

Question 37

nomothetic approach definition

Answer 37

where general laws apply to large groups of people

Question 38

limitation of the nomothetic approach

Answer 38

less meaningful as it tends to use quantitive measures

Question 39

nature

Answer 39

view that behaviour is a product of innate (biological and genetic) factors

Question 40

nurture

Answer 40

view that behaviour is a product of environmental influences

Question 41

determinism definition

Answer 41

view individuals behaviour is shaped or controlled by internal or external factors rather then an individuals will to do something

Question 42

environmental determinism

Answer 42

belief that behaviour is caused by features of the environment (such as systems of reward and punishment\0 that we cannot control