things I got wrong in the mock Flashcards
factors affecting attraction: self disclosure
revealing personal information about yourself
romantic partners reveal more about themselves as relationship develops
social penetration theory
gradual process of revealing more bbout your inner self to someone else
involves recipriocal exchange
one partner reveals personal info signalling I trust you
other partner must also reveal senstive info
more and more they disclose to eachother, more they penetrate into eachothers lives
onion analogy
as relatiosnhip progresses, more and more layers of onion are removed represnting deeper and more meaningful info being diclosed
only likely to occur if reciprocol
breadth and depth of self disclosure
as both increase, become more committed to each other
what we first reveal is superficial
type of low risk info we would reveal to anyone
breadth of disclosure is narrow as most things are off limit
if reveal too much too soon, may get response of TMI (too much information)
thretning relationship before its really started
eventually, able to reveal high risk info such as painful memories
key to maintaining a intimate relsitonhip is the right balance between breadth and depth
recipricoty of self disclosure
reis and shaver
point out that for relatiosnhip to develop, as well as increase in both depth and breadth, relatiosnhip also needs to have element of recipriocal to disclosure
factors affecting attraction:physical attractiveness
shackelfood and larsen
gound people are more attracted to symmetrical faces.beacuse it may be honest signal of genetic fitness
people also attracted to baby face features such as widely speated large eyes, delicate chin and small nose as trigger a protective and caring instinct, valuable resource for women wanting to reproduce
halo effect
we have a tendancy to associate attractive people with preconcieved disportionately positive charcteristics, including personality and wealth even tho they may not be linked
therefore, asssoicate attractive people as kind, sociable rather then unattractive people
belief that good lookign epople have these charcteristics makes us even more attracted to them-self fulfilling prospheracy
matching hypothesis
people choose romantic partners of a similar attractiveness to each other
we desire most attractive but balance this against the wish to avoid being rejected
someone out of our league
someone who is very unlikely to consider us physically attractive
diffreence in what we would like in ideal partner and what we are willing to settle for
factors affectign attraction:filter theory
explantion of relatiosnhip formation
suggests there are several filters we sift through to get through potential partners and choose the right one
what are the three stages of fiter theory
SSC
social demogrpahy
similarity in attitudes
complemetatity
social demography
refers to wide range of favtors that influence partners meeting in first place
e.g geographical locations ‘ethnic gorup ‘religion
similarity in attitudes
tend to go for the partners who have similair basic values to our own
this increases communicaiton therefore self-disclosure
complementarity
concerns ability to meet eachothers needs
similairty becomes less imporant and is replaced by the need for your partner to balance out traits with your own
theories of romantic relationships:social exchange theory (SET)
ecnomoic theory of how realtiosnhips form and develop
claims that partners strive to maximise rewards and minimise costs
rewards, costs and profits
ideas of costs and rewards are subjective
what one person sees as costly, other may see as low cost or even rewards
value of rewards and costs maty change, at start may be rewarding and costly then may chnage as relatiosnhip progresses
comparison level
based on persons idea of how much rewards they should recieve in relationship
preception ebcomes more accuratel with experinece
can also be infleuned by social and cultural factors e.g books and tv porgrammes
person with high self esteem will have higher experctions of rewards then person with low self esteem
only consier persuing if comparison leevl is equal to or above comparison level
comparison level with alternatives
persons percepton of whether staying on their own or being in different resltiosnhip would be more rewarding
only will stay if ore rewarding then the alternatives
equity theory
economic theory which suggests that partners are concerned about fairness in relatiosnhips
fairness is achieved when person feels they are getting what they deserve in relatiosnship
role of equity
equity means fairness
what matters is both partners have rougly the same profit (rewards-costs)
if lack of equity, one partner over benefits, another partner underbenefits
recipe for unhapiness
underbenfiteed partner will feel disatisfied
over benefited artner will feel guilt
equality and equity
not size of rewards an costs that matter, its about ratio of the two to eachotber
if partner puts lots into a relaitosnhip, but also gets lot out of realtisonip then fair enough
rewards are distributed fairnly noy neccesarily equally
definition of Parasocial relationships
prefix para means resembling so parasocial relationships are those which are similar to normal relationships but lack a key element. They are one sided relationships where one person spends considerable emotional energy, interest and time although the other people usually a celebrity is completely unaware of their existence
celebrity worship syndrome
has been described as a obsessive-addictive disorder where an individual becomes overly involved (completely obsessed) with the details of a celebrity’s life
entertainment social
least intense level of celebrity worship
at this level celebrities viewed as sources of entertainment
intense personal
an immediate level. reflects a greater personal involvement in a PSR with a celebrity
borderline pathological
strongest level of celebrity worship
featuring uncontrollable fantasies and extreme behaviour
absorption addiction model
individuals can become psychologically absorbed with a celebrity to establish a sense of fulfilment.
Bowlby’s attachment theory
Ainsworth identified two types associated with unhealthy emotional development-insecure resistance and insecure avoidant
insecure resistant
types are more likely to form PSRs as adults
this is because they need to have unfulfilled needs met
insecure avoidant
prefers to avoid the pain and rejection of relationships altogether
strength-research support for absorption and addiction model
Maltby et al investigated the relationship between celebrity worship and body image in males and females aged 14-16 years. Of particular interest were females reporting an intense personal PSR with a female celebrity
weakness-there are methodological issues concerning Parasocial relationships
most studies on PSRs use self-report methods to collect data, for example interviews and questionaires
strength-research into celebrity worship has proven that its a universal phenomenon
Schmid and Klimmt recognised a tendency for some people to form a PSR with Harry potter, an entirely fictional character
weakness-problems associated with absorption addiction model
is better suited to describing levels of celebrity worship that explain how people develop these attitudes
androcentrism
male centred approach
it suggests male behaviour is the standard that all behaviour should be. Male behaviour is seen to be normal/acceptable
female behaviour is seen as abnormal/unacceptable
holism definition
focuses on the whole system or person
reductionism definition
focuses on the consistent parts, or smaller similar aspects
nomothetic approach definition
where general laws apply to large groups of people
limitation of the nomothetic approach
less meaningful as it tends to use quantitive measures
nature
view that behaviour is a product of innate (biological and genetic) factors
nurture
view that behaviour is a product of environmental influences
determinism definition
view individuals behaviour is shaped or controlled by internal or external factors rather then an individuals will to do something
environmental determinism
belief that behaviour is caused by features of the environment (such as systems of reward and punishment\0 that we cannot control
