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research methods Flashcards

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1
Q

dv

A

vaiable which is measured

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2
Q

iv

A

altered to see effect on dv

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3
Q

extranous variables

A

any other variables which may have an effect on the DV

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4
Q

extranous variables

A

identfied before the experiment

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5
Q

confouding variables

A

any extranous variables that afre not controlledd become confounding variables
identfiied after the experiment

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6
Q

partipant varibles

A

age, past experinecs

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7
Q

sitaution variables

A

weather, climate etc

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8
Q

experimenter variables

A

appearance and body langauge, body distractions

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9
Q

control

A

other then the indepednent varibale, all other variables are held constant so chnage in the DV can only be caused by the mainputlation/change of the IV

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10
Q

randomisation

A

partcipants are randomly allocated to different conditions of the IV
e.g flipping a coin
extranous variables are liekly to affect one gorup like they are another gorup
little or no effect on DV
other things may be randomised too e.g the order of the events

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11
Q

standardisation

A

all partcipants have exact same experinece
instructions need to be standardised (same every time)
procedure needs to be standardiesed (same every time)
effects all pariciapnt in all condiitons equally

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12
Q

what ar e the ifferent types of experiments

A

LAB
QUASI
NATURAL
FIELD

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13
Q

lab experinent

A

high control over variables
done in lab setting
researcher can manipulate IV to see effect on DV
controlled enviroment

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14
Q

adv of lab experiments

A

easy replicable
method more objective
easy to establish cause and effect
ROC

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15
Q

dis of lab studies

A

low ecological validity
pps may conform to demand characteristics

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16
Q

field experiment

A

more natural environment then lab study
can still manipulate IV t change in DV
ntural enviroment

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17
Q

adv of field experiment

A

highe cological validity
no demand characterstics
Iv is still manipulated

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18
Q

dis of field experiment

A

not easily replicable
experimenter cannot control extranous variables

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19
Q

natural experiment

A

natural environment
experimenter cannot manipulate IV
natural enviroment

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20
Q

adv of natural experiment

A

high ecological validity
no demand characteristics

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21
Q

dis of natural expeirment

A

cannot infer cause and effect
cant control extraneous variables

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22
Q

quasi experiment

A

IV and DV are naturally occurring
can be measured in field or lab
controlled enviroment

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23
Q

adv of quasi experiment

A

easily replicable
cannot be randomly allocated

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24
Q

dis of quasi experminet

A

harder to establish cause and effect

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25
Q

aim

A

precise statemtn of why a study is taking place

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26
Q

hypothesis

A

more precise statement that predicts what expected to happen

experimental hypotheiss -prediction of what will happen when using experimental method

null hypotheis-states IV will have NO EFFECT on DV

Two types of experimental methods:
directional-states direction of variables (one tailed)
specific

non-directional-does not state the direction of the variables (two tailed)
less specific

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27
Q

when is non diretional hypotehsis used

A

when no past research
or past research is inconsistent

28
Q

operationalisable

A

beig abale to define varibales variables simplu and easily in order to maniupulte IV and measure DV

29
Q

what are the experimental designs

A

Repeated measures -lab
Independent groups-field
Matched pairs -natural/quasi

30
Q

repeated measures

A

all participants take part in all conditions of the experiment

31
Q

adv of repeated measures

A

particpant varibale is controlled
(high validity)

fewer particiapnats needed so less time recruting them

32
Q

dis of repeated measures

A

each partcipants has to do at least two tasks

33
Q

indepedent measures

A

partcipants allocated t different gorups ]
each gorup represents one condition

34
Q

adv of independent measures

A

less leikly to guess aims
order of effects less of an issue

35
Q

dis of indepednent measures

A

less economical

36
Q

matched pairs

A

natural/quasi
where partcipants are matched in pairs in terms of key variabes e.g age
one is the placed in control group
one placed in experimental group

37
Q

adv of matched pairs

A

only taken to one condition so demand charctersics and order of effects less of a problem

38
Q

dis of macthed pairs

A

time consuming
less economical
may be expensive

39
Q

counterbalacning

A

way of reducing order of effects
one half do the condition
oter half do same condiion second

40
Q

randomisation

A

randomsiing the order of trials
randomyl assigned whether do one condion first or second

41
Q

validity

A

measure of accuracy

42
Q

relaibility

A

measure of consistency

43
Q

what is the way to test internal reliability

A

split half method
items are split in half
scores are then both compared
if scores similar, reliable

44
Q

test external valdiity

A

test-re-test method
test it one time, test again and compare
if similar, high ecological valiiry

45
Q

different sampiling techniques

A

random
systematuc
stratified
opportunity

ROSS

46
Q

random sampiling

A

every member of target popualtion has same chnace of being chosen for the sample
e.g pulling names out of hat

47
Q

adv of random sampiling

A

free from researcher bias-researchers cant impact

48
Q

dis of random sampiling

A

diffcualt to obtain
can still lack popualtion vaility-not generlaisabke to wider popualtion only using target popualtion

49
Q

systematic sampiling

A

list of traget popualtion
member is paicked every nth term e.g 3rd or 4th member

50
Q

adv of systematic sampiling

A

free from researcher bias

51
Q

dis of systematic sampiling

A

may not be represnative of wider popualtion

52
Q

startified sampiling

A

list of each vaiable which may have effect on DV is made
work out percentage of each variable in population

53
Q

adv of stratified sampiling

A

produces representative sample

54
Q

dis of startified samppling

A

time consuming

55
Q

opportunity sampiling

A

anyone willign to or wanting to take part

56
Q

adv of opportunity sampling

A

cheap
easy to obtain

57
Q

dis of opportunity sampling

A

tend to get similar people in similar places
not generalizable to wider population

58
Q

volunteer sampiling

A

particopants chose themselves
popele who volunteer to take place

59
Q

adv of volunteer sampling

A

easy to obtain
easy to do

60
Q

dis of volunteer sampling

A

focuses on same people-lacks popualtion validity

61
Q

single blind

A

where the participants do not know under which condition they are being tested

aim-to overcome demand carcterstics

62
Q

double bind

A

both particpants and the experimenter do not know the conditions in which the partciants are tested under

aim-to overcome researcher bias/demand characteristics

63
Q

matched pairs design

A

partipcnats are matched due to relavet chacrterstics
then allocated to different conditions
aim-recue participant variable/order of effects/demand characteristics

64
Q

types of observations

A

NATURALISTIC
PARTCIPANT
CONTROLLED
NON-PARTICIPANT
OVERT
COVERT
NPCnoc

65
Q

naturalistic

A

naturally occurring behaviour

66
Q

adv of naturalistic

A

high ecological validity

mock revision psychology (17 decks)

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