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mock revision psychology > paper 1-research methods 2 > Flashcards

paper 1-research methods 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

experimental method

A

concerns the manipulation of an independent variable to have effect on dependant variable
experiments can be lab, field, natural and quasi

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2
Q

aim

A

general statement made by researcher
tells us what the purpose of the study is

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3
Q

hypothesis

A

statement clearly stating the relationship between the variables being investigated
used when research has been carried out before which relates

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4
Q

directional hypothesis

A

states direction of relationship that will be shown between the variables
straight to point
used when research has already been carried out

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5
Q

non directional hypothesis

A

does not state the direction
used when there has been no research carried out which relates
states it will have an effect

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6
Q

independant variables

A

something that is maniupualted/changes to bring about change in dv

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7
Q

dependant variable

A

variable which is measured
has been caused from the change in IV

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8
Q

operationalisation

A

act of a researcher clearly defining the variables in terms of how they are being measured
variables should be measurable
always better to include in a hypothesis
can be even more operationalised e.g numbers given on test

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9
Q

what are the two types of control variables

A

extraneous variables
confounding variables
in experiment, only aspect affecting DV should be IV
any other variables that may interfere, should be removed or controlled

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10
Q

extraneous variables

A

any other variable that may have effect on DV
are identified before experiment is conducted

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11
Q

confounding variable

A

any extraneous variable which is not controlled can become confounding variable as can confound and be confusing

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12
Q

demand characteristics

A

any cue the researcher or research situation may give which makes participant feel like they can guess the aim of the investigation
can cause participant to act differently

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13
Q

what is participant reactivity

A

participant reacts differently to how they normally would in normal situation due to clocking on what the aim of the study is about

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14
Q

what is the please u effect and the screw you effect

A

please u effect-where participant reacts way they think researcher wants them
screw u effect-where participant intentionally underperforms to sabotage study’s results

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15
Q

investigators effects

A

any unwanted infleunce from researchers, behaviour on dv measured

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16
Q

randomisation

A

minimise effects of confounding variables or extraneous variables
randomly allocating participants to different conditions of the iv
e.g. flipping a coin
-reduces effects of bias

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17
Q

standardisation

A

using exact same procedures and instructions for every single participant involved in research participant
every participant has exact same experience
effects all participants in conditions equally

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18
Q

lab experiments

A

takes place in special environment e.g lab
variables are controlled

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19
Q

strengths of lab experiments

A

high control of variables-leads to greater accuracy
replication-researchers can easily repeat experiments and check results

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20
Q

limitations of lab study

A

low ecological validity-high control of variables makes situation artificial, unlike real life
experimenters bias-participants may be influenced by expectations
(two e)

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21
Q

field experiment

A

more natural environment
not in lab
still control of variables

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22
Q

strengths of field experiments

A

high ecological validity-like real life, more natural behaviours

controlled iv

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23
Q

limitations of field experiments

A

ethical considerations-invasion of privacy and likely no conformed consent

loss of control over extraneous variables , precise replication may not be possible

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24
Q

quasi experiment

A

Iv is naturally occurring
DV may also be naturally occurring
can be measured in field or lab

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25
Q

strength of quasi experiments

A

high ecological validity-natural behaviour to take place
high internal validity

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26
Q

limitations of quasi experiment

A

so confounding variables may be present
harder to conclude that IV caused the DV

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27
Q

natural experiment

A

iv is not brought about by researcher
would have happened even if the researcher was not present

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28
Q

strengths of natural experiments

A

high external validity-dealing with real life issues

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29
Q

limitations of natural experiment

A

natural occurring events meaning rare meaning not replicable meaning hard to generalise findings

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30
Q

opportunity sampling

A

anyone who is willing to take part/ wanting to take part

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31
Q

adv of opportunity sampiling

A

easy to obtain
cheap
easy to carry out

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32
Q

dis of opportunity sampling

A

tend to get similar people in similar places

not representative of whole population

researcher bias-they can control who they want to select

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33
Q

random sampling

A

each member of population has equal chance of being selected
e.g name pulled out of hat

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34
Q

adv of random sampling

A

no researcher bias-researcher has no influence on who is picked

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35
Q

dis of random sampling

A

time consuming-need to have list of members and ones chosen need to be contacted

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36
Q

systematic sampiling

A

where you have list of target population
pick every nth term
3rd or 4th member

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37
Q

adv of systamatic sampling

A

no researcher bias-resarchers has no infleunce on who is picked

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38
Q

dis of systamtic smapiling

A

not truly unbiased
may not be representative to wider population

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39
Q

stratified sampling

A

researcher makes sub groups from target population
then work out percentage of each variable in population

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40
Q

adv of stratified sampling

A

no rsearcher bias-done randomly
represntative to wider population

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41
Q

dis of stratified sampiling

A

time consuming

42
Q

volunteer sampiling

A

involves self selection
participant offers to take part either in response to advert or when asked to

43
Q

adv of volunteer sampiling

A

easy to do
easy to obtain

44
Q

dis of volunteer sampling

A

lacks population validity-only focuses on same types of people
advert most likely to interest the same types of people

45
Q

independent groups design

A

partipants only peform in 1 codition of IV

46
Q

pilot study

A

small scale version of investigation which is carried out before real investigation
carried out to allow potential problems of study to be identified
allows money and time to be saved in long run

47
Q

single blind procedure

A

where participants do not know which condition they are being tested

48
Q

double bind procedure

A

where neither researcher or participants know conditions of which they are being tested

49
Q

naturalistic

A

measure naturally occurring behaviour

50
Q

strengths of naturalistic

A

high ecological validity
high external validity-done in natural environment

51
Q

limitations of naturalistic

A

low ecological validity-if participants become aware that they are being watched

replication can be difficult

52
Q

controlled observations

A

watching and recording behaviour in structureed enviorment e,g lab setting

53
Q

strengths of controlled observations

A

high control over variables
easily replicable

54
Q

dis of controlled observations

A

more liekly to be observing unnatural behaviour as takes place in unnatural environment
demand charcterisrics pesnt
loww mudane realism
low ecological validity

55
Q

overt

A

know they are being watched

56
Q

adv of overt observations

A

ethically acceptable-informed consent is given

57
Q

dis of overt observation

A

more liekly to be recoding unnatural behaviour
demand characteristics more liekly to be present

58
Q

covert observation

A

participnats are unaware that their behaviour is being watched and recorded

59
Q

adv of covert observation

A

natural behaviour-high internal validity

60
Q

dis of covert observation

A

ethical issues may be presnt-dont have informed consent

61
Q

participant observations

A

researcher plays a part
directly involved in the observation

62
Q

adv of partipant observations

A

can be more insightful
increases validity of findings

63
Q

dis of participant observations

A

behaviour may chnage is partipants figure out they are being watched

64
Q

non-participant observation

A

researcher is purely an observer

65
Q

dis of non-participant observations

A

rsearcher may lose valuable insight

66
Q

what are the 3 experimental designs

A

repeated measures
independent groups
matched pairs

67
Q

repeated measures

A

ALL participants take part in ALL conditions of the experiment

68
Q

adv of repeated measures

A

dont need as many participant, eliminates participant variables

not as time consuming

69
Q

dis of repeated measures

A

order effects-boredom may mean second condition done participant does not do as well on task

70
Q

independent groups

A

participants are allocated to different groups
where each group represents one condition

71
Q

adv of independent groups

A

no order of effects
participants are less likely to guess aims of study

72
Q

dis of indepednent groups

A

no control over participant variables
less economical

73
Q

matched pairs

A

pairs of participants matched on some variable that has been found to affect DV
one member of each pair does one condition
and the other does another

74
Q

adv of matched pairs

A

no order of effects
no demand characteristics

75
Q

dis of matched pairs

A

time consuming
expensive to match participants

76
Q

unstructured design

A

continious recording where researcher writes everything they can see during observation

77
Q

adv of unstructured design

A

depth of detail

78
Q

dis of unstructured design

A

qualitative data
harder to analyse

79
Q

structured design

A

researcher quantifies what they are observing using predetermined list of behaviorus and sampiling methods

80
Q

adv of structured design

A

quantitive data analysed so easily collected
easier to analyse
less risk of observer bias

81
Q

dis of structured design

A

not much depth of detail

82
Q

time sampling

A
83
Q

event sampling

A
84
Q

what are the 4 ethical guidelines

A

DIPP
deception
infromed consent
protection of ps from harm
privacy confedentiality

85
Q

deception

A

deliberately misleading infroamtion from partipants at any stage of investigation

86
Q

informed consent

A

making partipants aware of the aims of the study, the procedures, their rights, what their data will be used for

87
Q

dealing with informed consent

A

particpants should be given consent letter
with relevent info and if happy will continue

88
Q

protection from PS from harm

A

partipants should not be put at any more risk then they would in their daily lives

89
Q

dealing with protection from ps from harm

A

participants should be given a full debrief at end of study

90
Q

privacy confidentiality

A

partipants have right to contol info about themselves
right for privacy

91
Q

dealing with privacy confidentiality

A

if personal details are held, they must be protected

92
Q

control

A

where all extraneous variables are held constant so the only variable manpulating dv is iv
all are controlled, any changes must be from iv

93
Q

experimental hypothesis

A

statement of predicted outcome when using experimental method

94
Q

null hypothesis

A

states that IV will have no effect on DV

95
Q

reliability

A

measurement of consistency

96
Q

how do you test internal relaiability

A

split half method
test items divided into half
scores om both halves compared
scores should be similt if test is relaible

97
Q

how do you test external vaildity

A

test-re-test method
compare results of test at one time
with results of test at another time
results should be simialr if external validity

98
Q

what is the target population

A

group of people who are the focus of the researchers interest

99
Q

what is a sample

A

small gorup of poeple, represing the traget popualtion of the study

100
Q

event sampling

A

counting the number of times a particular event occurs

101
Q

time sampiling

A

recording behaviour in pre-estabilished timeframe
e.g making note of what a footballer is doing every 30 seconds

102
Q

what is a correlation

A

method of data analysis

mock revision psychology (17 decks)

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