recover of research methods

Question 1

extraneous variable

Answer 1

any other varibale that may affect DV
if not controlled, becomes confoudnign varaible

Question 2

comfounding variable

Answer 2

identified after exoeriment is conducted

Question 3

extraneous variable

Answer 3

identified before experiment is conducted

Question 4

aim

Answer 4

statement of why study is taking place

Question 5

hypothesis

Answer 5

more precise then aim
predictes what is expected to happen
may be directional or non-directional

Question 6

what are the two types of hypothesisies

Answer 6

alternative hypotheisis
null hypothesis
(AN)

Question 7

alternantive/experimental hypothesis

Answer 7

statement of predicted outcome when using experimental method

Question 8

null hypothesis

Answer 8

states IV will have NO effect on DV

Question 9

what are the two types of experimental hypothesies

Answer 9

directional (one tail)-more specific about diraction of the result

non-diractional (two tailed)=less specific about direction of the result
used if no past reaesrch or the epast research is not consistent

Question 10

operationalisation

Answer 10

being able to define variables easily in order to manipulate them

Question 11

ewhat are the types of experimental designs

Answer 11

Repeated measures -lab
Independent groups-field
Matched pairs -natural

Question 12

repeated measures

Answer 12

all participants take part in all conditions of the experiment

Question 13

adv of repeated measures

Answer 13

fewer participants are needed (less time spent recruiting them)
high conol over partipant variable meaning high validity

Question 14

dis of repeated measures

Answer 14

each participant has to do at least two tasks
order of effects
demand charcteristics-cues that may indicate studys aims to participants

Question 15

indepednent groups

Answer 15

participants allocated to different groups
each group represents one experimental condition

Question 16

adv of independent groups

Answer 16

less likely to guess aims
order effects are not a problem

Question 17

dis of independent groups

Answer 17

not the same in terms of partipant variable

Question 18

matched pairs

Answer 18

where participants are matched on relevant characteristics and then allocated to different conditions

Question 19

adv of matched pairs

Answer 19

participants only take part in single condition
order effects and demand charctersicts less of a problem

Question 20

counterbalancing

Answer 20

strategy to reduce order effects
half participants doing one condiditon first
other half doing same condition second
order of effects are then balanced

Question 21

randomisation

Answer 21

randomising the order of trials
rather then partcipamts alternating, randomly assign whetherr they do one or another condidion first

Question 22

reliability

Answer 22

measuring consistency

Question 23

method to test internal reliability

Answer 23

split half method
tests scores divided into half
each compared
if test scores similar=reliable

Question 24

method to test external reliability

Answer 24

test-re-test method comparing results at test of one time with results of test at another time
if simialr=reilable

Question 25

valdity

Answer 25

how true something is

Question 26

what are the 4 sampiling techniques

Answer 26

systematic
stratified
random
opportunity
ROSS

Question 27

random sampiling

Answer 27

every member of target population have same chance of being chosen
e.g pulling name out of hat

Question 28

adv of random sampiling

Answer 28

free from researcher bias

Question 29

dis of random smapiling

Answer 29

difficult to obtain
could still lack population validity

Question 30

opportuninty sampiling

Answer 30

anyone willing and avalibale to take part

Question 31

adv of ooportunity sampiling

Answer 31

easy to obtain
cheap
easy to carry out

Question 32

dis of opportunity sampilign

Answer 32

tend to get similar people in similar places
not generalisable to wider popualtion

Question 33

systematic sampiling

Answer 33

where you have a system, list of target population
choose every nth member (3rd or 4th)

Question 34

adv of systematic samplining

Answer 34

free from researcher bias

Question 35

dis of systamtic sampling

Answer 35

may not be representative to wider population

Question 36

stratified sampling

Answer 36

list is made of each variable which may have effect on research
percentage then worked out of each variable in population

Question 37

adv of stratified sampiling

Answer 37

produces representative sample

Question 38

dis of stratified sampling

Answer 38

time consuming
not perfect, hard to identify all different sub groups

Question 39

volunteer sampling

Answer 39

people who volunteer to take place
participants chose themselves

Question 40

adv of volunteer sampiling

Answer 40

easy to obtain
easy to do

Question 41

dis of volunteer sampling

Answer 41

lacks population validity-focuses on same types of people

Question 42

single blind

Answer 42

participants do not know under which condition they are being tested

Question 43

double blind

Answer 43

experimenter also does not know which condition participants are being tested under

Question 44

matched pairs design

Answer 44

where participants are matched on relevant characteristics and then allocated to different conditions

Question 45

observational techniques

Answer 45

covert
overt
controlled
naturalalistic
non-participant
participant
c

Question 46

covert observation

Answer 46

do not know they are being watched

Question 47

overt observation

Answer 47

know they are being watched

Question 48

participant

Answer 48

researcher takes part and is directly involved in observation

Question 49

non-participant

Answer 49

researcher is purely an observer