recover of research methods Flashcards
extraneous variable
any other varibale that may affect DV
if not controlled, becomes confoudnign varaible
comfounding variable
identified after exoeriment is conducted
extraneous variable
identified before experiment is conducted
aim
statement of why study is taking place
hypothesis
more precise then aim
predictes what is expected to happen
may be directional or non-directional
what are the two types of hypothesisies
alternative hypotheisis
null hypothesis
(AN)
alternantive/experimental hypothesis
statement of predicted outcome when using experimental method
null hypothesis
states IV will have NO effect on DV
what are the two types of experimental hypothesies
directional (one tail)-more specific about diraction of the result
non-diractional (two tailed)=less specific about direction of the result
used if no past reaesrch or the epast research is not consistent
operationalisation
being able to define variables easily in order to manipulate them
ewhat are the types of experimental designs
Repeated measures -lab
Independent groups-field
Matched pairs -natural
repeated measures
all participants take part in all conditions of the experiment
adv of repeated measures
fewer participants are needed (less time spent recruiting them)
high conol over partipant variable meaning high validity
dis of repeated measures
each participant has to do at least two tasks
order of effects
demand charcteristics-cues that may indicate studys aims to participants
indepednent groups
participants allocated to different groups
each group represents one experimental condition
adv of independent groups
less likely to guess aims
order effects are not a problem
dis of independent groups
not the same in terms of partipant variable
matched pairs
where participants are matched on relevant characteristics and then allocated to different conditions
adv of matched pairs
participants only take part in single condition
order effects and demand charctersicts less of a problem
counterbalancing
strategy to reduce order effects
half participants doing one condiditon first
other half doing same condition second
order of effects are then balanced
randomisation
randomising the order of trials
rather then partcipamts alternating, randomly assign whetherr they do one or another condidion first
reliability
measuring consistency
method to test internal reliability
split half method
tests scores divided into half
each compared
if test scores similar=reliable
method to test external reliability
test-re-test method comparing results at test of one time with results of test at another time
if simialr=reilable
valdity
how true something is
what are the 4 sampiling techniques
systematic
stratified
random
opportunity
ROSS
random sampiling
every member of target population have same chance of being chosen
e.g pulling name out of hat
adv of random sampiling
free from researcher bias
dis of random smapiling
difficult to obtain
could still lack population validity
opportuninty sampiling
anyone willing and avalibale to take part
adv of ooportunity sampiling
easy to obtain
cheap
easy to carry out
dis of opportunity sampilign
tend to get similar people in similar places
not generalisable to wider popualtion
systematic sampiling
where you have a system, list of target population
choose every nth member (3rd or 4th)
adv of systematic samplining
free from researcher bias
dis of systamtic sampling
may not be representative to wider population
stratified sampling
list is made of each variable which may have effect on research
percentage then worked out of each variable in population
adv of stratified sampiling
produces representative sample
dis of stratified sampling
time consuming
not perfect, hard to identify all different sub groups
volunteer sampling
people who volunteer to take place
participants chose themselves
adv of volunteer sampiling
easy to obtain
easy to do
dis of volunteer sampling
lacks population validity-focuses on same types of people
single blind
participants do not know under which condition they are being tested
double blind
experimenter also does not know which condition participants are being tested under
matched pairs design
where participants are matched on relevant characteristics and then allocated to different conditions
observational techniques
covert
overt
controlled
naturalalistic
non-participant
participant
c
covert observation
do not know they are being watched
overt observation
know they are being watched
participant
researcher takes part and is directly involved in observation
non-participant
researcher is purely an observer
