paper 1-research methods Flashcards
lab experiments
highest level of control over variables
researcher can manipulate independent variable to see effect on dependant variable
field experiment
investigations carried out in natural enviorment but still manipulates IV to see change in DV
natural experiments
things experimenter cannot change
hypothesis
precise statement which clearly states relationship between variables being investigated
can be directional or non-directional
directional hypothesis
states direction of the relationship shown between variables
used when previous research has been carried out
non directional hypothesis
does not state direction of relationship shown between variables
used when no previous research has been carried out
aim
precise statement of why study is taking place
what’s being studied
what the study is trying to achieve
hypothesis
more precise then aim
predicts what is expected to happen
strengths of lab experiments
high degree of control
experimenters control all variables
leads to greater accuracy
replication-researchers can easily repeat experiments and check results
limitations of lab experiments
low ecological validity-high degree of control makes situation artifical, unlike real life
experimenters bias-particpants may be infleuned by expectaions effecting results
field experiment
experiment conducted in more natural environment
but variables are still controlled
strengths of field experiments
high ecological validity-more natural behaviours take place
weaknesses of field experiments
ethical considerations-invasion of privacy and likley to have not given informed consent
quasi experiment
experiment where IV has not been determined by researcher
instead, naturally exists
strengths of quasi experiment
high internal validity-controlled conditions hence replicable
natural experiment
iv is not brought about by researcher
would have happened even if researcher had not been there
strengths of natural experiment
high external validity-dealign with life issues
dis of natural experiments
natural occuring events-may be rare this means experiments are not liekly replicable hence hard to generalise findings
opportunity sampling
participants happen to be available at time study being carried out so recruited conveniently
anyone wanting to and willing to participate
strengths of opportunity sampling
easy way of recuriment so time saving and less costly
limitations of opportunity sampling
not representative of whole population hence lacks generalisability
researcher bias-they control who they want to select
random sampling
when every member of population has equal chance of being selected
e.g. pulling names out of a hat
adv of random sampling
no researcher bias-researcher has no influence of who is picked
dis of random sampiling
time consuming-need to have list of memebers of population and contact them takes time
volunteer bias-partipants can refuse to take part so can end up with unrepresentative sample
systematic sampling
system where every nth member is selected
e.g have target population and must pick every 4th or 3rd member
strength of systamatic sampiling
avoids research bias-researcher has no influence on results
fairly representative of population
dis of systamatic smapiling
not truly unbiased
stratified sampiling
descriptive statistics
mean
median
range
mode
inferential statistics
stats tests
sign test
Whitney rhode
all types of observation
covert and obert
event sampliling
tallying when it happens
time sampliling
contains intervals
e.g every 5 mins ill check
test-re-rest relaibility
whether test results are consistent over time
inter rater reliability
2 pschyristas assess patient sepertaely and get same disgnonis
stats tests
correlation of difference (experiment)
level of data (nominal, ordinal, interval)
related or unrelated (independent or repeated measures)
levels of data types
nominal
ordinal
interval
nominal
categories
yes or no
ordinal
stuff you can rank/order
go with this if your unsure
interval
measure
height, weight
e.g. ruler
quantitive data
data using numbers
sign test
reliability
consistency
can be internal-inside experiment e.g split half
no extraneous variables
external-outside of experiment e,g test retest and inter rater reliability
tmeproal, popultaion, ecological
extrnaous variables
identfied before experiment
comfounding varaibles
identfied after experiment
lab experiment
