paper 1-research methods

Question 1

lab experiments

Answer 1

highest level of control over variables
researcher can manipulate independent variable to see effect on dependant variable

Question 2

field experiment

Answer 2

investigations carried out in natural enviorment but still manipulates IV to see change in DV

Question 3

natural experiments

Answer 3

things experimenter cannot change

Question 4

hypothesis

Answer 4

precise statement which clearly states relationship between variables being investigated
can be directional or non-directional

Question 5

directional hypothesis

Answer 5

states direction of the relationship shown between variables
used when previous research has been carried out

Question 6

non directional hypothesis

Answer 6

does not state direction of relationship shown between variables
used when no previous research has been carried out

Question 7

aim

Answer 7

precise statement of why study is taking place
what’s being studied
what the study is trying to achieve

Question 8

hypothesis

Answer 8

more precise then aim
predicts what is expected to happen

Question 9

strengths of lab experiments

Answer 9

high degree of control
experimenters control all variables
leads to greater accuracy

replication-researchers can easily repeat experiments and check results

Question 10

limitations of lab experiments

Answer 10

low ecological validity-high degree of control makes situation artifical, unlike real life

experimenters bias-particpants may be infleuned by expectaions effecting results

Question 11

field experiment

Answer 11

experiment conducted in more natural environment
but variables are still controlled

Question 12

strengths of field experiments

Answer 12

high ecological validity-more natural behaviours take place

Question 13

weaknesses of field experiments

Answer 13

ethical considerations-invasion of privacy and likley to have not given informed consent

Question 14

quasi experiment

Answer 14

experiment where IV has not been determined by researcher
instead, naturally exists

Question 15

strengths of quasi experiment

Answer 15

high internal validity-controlled conditions hence replicable

Question 16

natural experiment

Answer 16

iv is not brought about by researcher
would have happened even if researcher had not been there

Question 17

strengths of natural experiment

Answer 17

high external validity-dealign with life issues

Question 18

dis of natural experiments

Answer 18

natural occuring events-may be rare this means experiments are not liekly replicable hence hard to generalise findings

Question 19

opportunity sampling

Answer 19

participants happen to be available at time study being carried out so recruited conveniently
anyone wanting to and willing to participate

Question 20

strengths of opportunity sampling

Answer 20

easy way of recuriment so time saving and less costly

Question 21

limitations of opportunity sampling

Answer 21

not representative of whole population hence lacks generalisability
researcher bias-they control who they want to select

Question 22

random sampling

Answer 22

when every member of population has equal chance of being selected
e.g. pulling names out of a hat

Question 23

adv of random sampling

Answer 23

no researcher bias-researcher has no influence of who is picked

Question 24

dis of random sampiling

Answer 24

time consuming-need to have list of memebers of population and contact them takes time

volunteer bias-partipants can refuse to take part so can end up with unrepresentative sample

Question 25

systematic sampling

Answer 25

system where every nth member is selected
e.g have target population and must pick every 4th or 3rd member

Question 26

strength of systamatic sampiling

Answer 26

avoids research bias-researcher has no influence on results
fairly representative of population

Question 27

dis of systamatic smapiling

Answer 27

not truly unbiased

Question 28

stratified sampiling

Question 29

descriptive statistics

Answer 29

mean
median
range
mode

Question 30

inferential statistics

Answer 30

stats tests
sign test
Whitney rhode

Question 31

all types of observation

Answer 31

covert and obert

Question 32

event sampliling

Answer 32

tallying when it happens

Question 33

time sampliling

Answer 33

contains intervals
e.g every 5 mins ill check

Question 34

test-re-rest relaibility

Answer 34

whether test results are consistent over time

Question 35

inter rater reliability

Answer 35

2 pschyristas assess patient sepertaely and get same disgnonis

Question 36

stats tests

Answer 36

correlation of difference (experiment)
level of data (nominal, ordinal, interval)
related or unrelated (independent or repeated measures)

Question 37

levels of data types

Answer 37

nominal
ordinal
interval

Question 38

nominal

Answer 38

categories
yes or no

Question 39

ordinal

Answer 39

stuff you can rank/order
go with this if your unsure

Question 40

interval

Answer 40

measure
height, weight
e.g. ruler

Question 41

quantitive data

Answer 41

data using numbers

Question 42

sign test

Question 43

reliability

Answer 43

consistency
can be internal-inside experiment e.g split half
no extraneous variables

external-outside of experiment e,g test retest and inter rater reliability
tmeproal, popultaion, ecological

Question 44

extrnaous variables

Answer 44

identfied before experiment

Question 45

comfounding varaibles

Answer 45

identfied after experiment

Question 46

lab experiment