paper 2-biophyschology

Question 1

flight or fight response

Answer 1

person experiences stressful situation
body reacts in specific ways
heart beat faster, breathing rate faster
reactions collectively known as flight or fight response
bodily chnages allow individual to fight off threat or flee for safety

Question 2

example of flight response

Answer 2

running races
being chased

Question 3

example of fight response

Answer 3

being attacked/protecting yourself

Question 4

flight or fight response to stress

Answer 4

amygdala and hypothalamus
someone faced with stress, area of brain amygdala is mobalised
asssoiates sensory signals with emotions such as fear, anger

Question 5

first stage of response to acute (sudden) stressors

Answer 5

SAM
sympathetic nervous system-SNS triggered, begins to prepare body for either fight or flight
SNS sends signal to adrenal medulla which releases hormone, adrenaline

Question 6

second stage of SAM

Answer 6

adrenaline
as adrenaline goes round the body, causes number of psychological changes
e.g heart beats faster, pushing blood to muscles and blood pressure increases
also triggers release of blood sugar (glucose) and fats
supplying energy to parts of body associated with fight or flight

Question 7

third stage oof SAM

Answer 7

parasympathetic nervous system
dampens down stress response
slows heart rate down and reduces blood pressure
after SNS inhibited, digestio starts again

Question 8

response to chronic stressors

Answer 8

HPA
if brain continues to percieve something as threating, second system kicks in
hypothalumus activates stress response system called HPA axis
consists of Hypothalumus Pitutory and adrenal glands

Question 9

first stage of HPA

Answer 9

hypothalumus
releases chemical messenger, releasing hormone CRH which released in bloodstream

Question 10

second stage of HPA

Answer 10

pituitary gland
CRH causes pituitary to produce and release ACTH
from pituatory, ACTH is transported in bloodstream to rarget sites in adrenal glands

Question 11

thirs stage of HPA

Answer 11

adrenal gland
stimulates adrenal cortex to release barious hormones
e.g cortisol
cortisol reposnible for several affects in the body important in flight or fight response
some postibe somee negative

Question 13

what do chronic stressors mean

Answer 13

ongoing

Question 14

what do acute stressors mean

Answer 14

sudden

Question 15

what is localisation

Answer 15

our physical and psychological abilities all come from specific brain areas
before discovery, holistic approached was believed which assumed whole brain is responsible for all brain processes

Question 16

what seperates the brain into two halves

Answer 16

hemispheres
each hemisphere is dominant for different abilities=lacterilisation
left=dominant in language processing
right=dominant in spatial processing
they are also contralacteral=right controls left and left controls right

Question 17

what is the outer layers of the hemispheres called

Answer 17

cerebral cortex
grey matter which splits animals and humans intellectually

Question 18

what are the names of the 4 lobes

Answer 18

frontal
temporal
pariental
occupital
face time po

Question 19

language areas of the brain-Brocas area

Answer 19

language restricted to left side of brain
paul broca-identified small area in left frontal lobe responsible for speech production
therfore called brocas area
damage to area=broncas aphasia-characterised by lack in fluency

Question 20

language areas of brain-wernickes area

Answer 20

identified different area of brain in eft temporal love
he belived was repsonsible for language comprehension
when damaged=wernickes aphasia
produces nonsense words

Question 21

what is plasticity

Answer 21

how flexible something is
e.g msucles in biceps are very flexible

Question 22

brain plasticity

Answer 22

brain constantly chnages throughout life due to experiences
very adaptiable to new situations

Question 23

what is pruning

Answer 23

where connections are lost due to lack of use

Question 24

what is bridging

Answer 24

where new connections made due to use
pb-personal best

Question 25

limit to plasticity

Answer 25

such changes were restrictedd to choldhood (critical period|)
thought that aduult brain was fixed in terms of structure and function
now, sugegsts neural connectiosn change all the time
you can gain new neural connectiosn through eexperiences-plasticity

Question 26

maguire et al-study of plsaticity

Answer 26

used london cab drivers
all passed knowledge test of recalling streets and possible routes
due to this learning, structure of their brain was altered
more volume of grey matter in posterior hippocampuss
part of brain associated with spatial and navigational skills

Question 27

hemispheric lateralisation

Answer 27

assumption that two halves or hemispheres are functionally different

Question 28

ways of investigating the brain

Answer 28

spatial resoltuion-level of accuracy in identifying exact location of brain activity in space
temproal resoultion-level of accuracy in identifying exact location of brain structure in time

Question 29

what are the 4 methods of investigating the brain

Answer 29

FMRI
EEG
ERP
post-mortems
FEEP

Question 30

FMRI

Answer 30

works by detecting changes in blood oxygenation and flow
when brain more active, requires more oxygen due to damnd in oxygenated blood where most active
produces 3D maps