Therapies

Question 1

Therapy

Answer 1

The Psychological Therapies
Psychoanalysis
Humanistic Therapies
Behavior Therapies
Cognitive Therapies
Group and Family Therapies

Question 2

History of Treatment

Answer 2

Maltreatment of the mentally ill throughout the ages was the result of irrational views. Many patients were subjected to strange, debilitating, and downright dangerous treatments.

Philippe Pinel in France and Dorthea Dix in America founded humane movements to care for the mentally ill.

Question 3

Psychoanalysis

Answer 3

(Developed by Sigmund Freud)

Since psychological problems originate from childhood repressed impulses and conflicts, the aim of psychoanalysis is to bring repressed feelings into conscious awareness where the patient can deal with them.

When energy devoted to id-ego-superego conflicts is released, the patient’s anxiety lessens.

Question 4

Psychoanalysis methods

Answer 4

Dissatisfied with hypnosis, Freud developed the method of FREE ASSOCIATION to unravel the unconscious mind and its conflicts

The patient lies on a couch and speaks about whatever comes to his or her mind.

Question 5

Psychoanalysis methods part 2

Answer 5

the patient edits his thoughts, resisting his or her feelings to express emotions. Such resistance becomes important in the analysis of conflict-driven anxiety.
Eventually the patient opens up and reveals his or her innermost private thoughts, developing positive or negative feelings (TRANSFERENCe) towards the therapist.

Question 6

Psychodynamic Therapies

Answer 6

Influenced by Freud, in a face-to-face setting, psychodynamic therapists understand symptoms and themes across important relationships in a patient’s life.

Question 7

Humanistic Therapies

Answer 7

Humanistic therapists aim to boost self-fulfillment by helping people grow in self-awareness and self-acceptance.

Question 8

Person-Centered Therapy

Answer 8

Developed by Carl Rogers, person-centered therapy is a form of humanistic therapy.

The therapist listens to the needs of the patient in an accepting and non-judgmental way, addressing problems in a productive way and building his or her self-esteem.

Question 9

Necessary Conditions

Answer 9

Genuineness
Unconditional Positive Regard (acceptance)
Empathy

Question 10

Humanistic Therapy

Answer 10

The therapist engages in active listening and echoes, restates, and clarifies the patient’s thinking, acknowledging expressed feelings.

Question 11

Behavior Therapy

Answer 11

Therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors.

To treat phobias or sexual disorders, behavior therapists do not delve deeply below the surface looking for inner causes.

Question 12

Behavior Therapy (PEOPLE)

Answer 12

Watson
Mary Cover Jones
Wolpe

Question 13

Classical Conditioning Techniques

Answer 13

COUNTERCONDITIONINGrg is a procedure that conditions new responses to stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviors.

It is based on classical conditioning and includes exposure therapy, systematic desensitization and aversive conditioning.

Question 14

Exposure Therapy

Answer 14

Expose patients to things they fear and avoid. Through repeated exposures, anxiety lessens because they habituate to the things feared.

Exposure therapy involves exposing people to fear-driving objects in real or virtual environments.

Question 15

Systematic Desensitization

Answer 15

A type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant, relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli commonly used to treat phobias.

Question 16

Aversive Conditioning

Answer 16

A type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state with an unwanted behavior. With this technique, temporary conditioned aversion to alcohol has been reported.

Question 17

Operant Conditioning

Answer 17

Operant conditioning procedures enable therapists to use behavior modification, in which desired behaviors are rewarded and undesired behaviors are either ignored or punished.

Question 18

Token Economy

Answer 18

In institutional settings therapists may create a token economy in which patients exchange a token of some sort, earned for exhibiting the desired behavior, for various privileges or treats.

Question 19

Cognitive Therapy

Answer 19

“there is nothing either good or bad, but thinking makes it so”
Hamlet (II. 2)

1. You feel what you think
2. Negative thinking - negative feeling & behaving
3. You can change what you think

Question 20

What does Cognitive Therapy teach people?

Answer 20

Teaches people adaptive ways of thinking and acting based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions.

Question 21

Proponents (people)

Answer 21

Albert Ellis (RET)
Aaron Beck (CBT)
Donald Meichenbaum

Question 22

Cognitive-Behavior Therapy

Answer 22

Cognitive therapists often combine the reversal of self-defeated thinking with efforts to modify behavior.

**AIM: Cognitive-behavior therapy aims to alter the way people act (behavior therapy) and alter the way they think (cognitive therapy).

Question 23

Group Therapy

Answer 23

Group therapy normally consists of 6-9 people attending a 90-minute session that can help more people and costs less. Clients benefit from knowing others have similar problems.

Question 24

Family Therapy

Answer 24

Family therapy treats the family as a system. Therapy guides family members toward positive relationships and improved communication.

Question 25

Evaluating Therapies

Answer 25

Who do people turn to for help with psychological difficulties?

Question 26

Evaluating Psychotherapies

Answer 26

Within psychotherapies cognitive therapies are most widely used, followed by psychoanalytic and family/group therapies.

Question 27

Is Psychotherapy Effective?

Answer 27

It is difficult to gauge the effectiveness of psychotherapy because there are different levels upon which its effectiveness can be measured.

1. Does the patient sense improvement?
2. Does the therapist feel the patient has improved?
3. How do friends and family feel about the patient’s improvement?

Question 28

Commonalities Among Psychotherapies

Answer 28

1. A hope for demoralized people
2. A new perspective
3. An empathetic, trusting and caring relationship

Question 29

Culture & Values in Psychotherapy

Answer 29

Psychotherapists may differ from each other and from clients in their personal beliefs, values, and cultural backrounds

Question 30

Biomedical Therapies

Answer 30

1. drug treatments
2. surgery
3. electric-shock therapy

Question 31

Double-Blind Procedures

Answer 31

To test the effectiveness of a drug, patients are tested with the drug and a placebo. Two groups of patients and medical health professionals are unaware of who is taking the drug and who is taking the placebo.

Question 32

Antipsychotic Drugs

Answer 32

1. Classical antipsychotics [Chlorpromazine (Thorazine)]: Remove a number of positive symptoms associated with schizophrenia such as agitation, delusions, and hallucinations.

2.Atypical antipsychotics [Clozapine (Clozaril)]: Remove negative symptoms associated with schizophrenia such as apathy, jumbled thoughts, concentration difficulties, and difficulties in interacting with others.

Question 33

Antianxiety Drugs

Answer 33

Antianxiety drugs (Xanax and Ativan) depress the central nervous system and reduce anxiety and tension by elevating the levels of the Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurotransmitter.

Question 34

Antidepressant Drugs

Answer 34

Antidepressant drugs like Prozac, Zoloft, and Paxil are Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) that improve the mood by elevating levels of serotonin by inhibiting reuptake.

Question 35

Mood-Stabilizing Medications

Answer 35

Lithium Carbonate, a common salt, has been used to stabilize manic episodes in bipolar disorders. It moderates the levels of norepinephrine and glutamate neurotransmitters.

Question 36

Brain Stimulation

Answer 36

Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
ECT is used for severely depressed patients who do not respond to drugs. The patient is anesthetized and given a muscle relaxant. Patients usually get a 100 volt shock that relieves them of depression.

Question 37

Psychological Disorders are Biopsychosocial in Nature