C6 Learning

Question 1

Learning

Answer 1

a change of behavior, resulting in experience
We learn by ASSOCIATION

Question 2

What did Watson say about learning?

Answer 2

observable behavior was the only valid indicator of psychological activity

–> learning is determined by enviorment and its effects on animals/humans

Question 3

habituation

Answer 3

a DECREASE in BEHAVIORAL response after lengthy or repeated exposure to a stimulus

Question 4

sensitization

Answer 4

an INCREASE in behavioral response after lengthy/repeated exposure to a stimulus

*EX a person becoming highly alert to loud noises after experiencing a traumatic event, a heightened startle response after witnessing a frightening situation, or developing a strong aversion to a particular food after experiencing food poisoning

Question 5

classical conditioning (stimulus-stimulus learning)

Answer 5

when we learn a STIMULIS predicts another STIMULUS (NEUTRAL OBJECT ELICITS RESPONSE THAT ALR HAPPENED) leads to a certain outcome

Question 6

operant conditioning (response consequence learning)

Answer 6

when we learn that a BEHAVIOR after watching a person engage in that behavior

Question 7

modeling

Answer 7

displaying a behavior that imitates a previously observed behavior

Question 8

vicarious conditioning (thinking about if you want to do it or not)

Answer 8

learning to engage in a behavior or not, after seeing others being rewarded or punished for performing that action

Question 9

Unconditioned Reponse and Stimulus
(BOTH NOT LEARNED)

Answer 9

Unconditioned stimulus: a stimulus that elicits a response that is innate (doesnt require prior learning)
Unconditioned Reponse: a reponse that does not have to be learned ( a reflex )

Question 10

Conditioned Reponse and Stimulus
(LEARNED)

Answer 10

Conditioned Stimulus: something that prompts a reaction only after learning has occurred.
Conditioned response: a reaction that is elicited only after learning has occurred.

Question 11

Acquisition

Answer 11

The intial stage in classical condi. in which an association between a neutrak stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus takes place.
neutral stimulus needs to come before the unconditioned stimulus

Question 12

Extinction

Answer 12

*EX If a dog is trained to shake hands and is rewarded with praise or a treat when it does, it will eventually stop if the reward is no longer given

CONDITIONED RESPONSE is weakened when the CONDITIONED STIMULUS is repeated W/O THE UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS

Question 13

Little Albert

Answer 13

loud sound (US) led to fear (UR)
The pairing w/ the rat (CS) w/ the loud noise (US) led to the rat alone producin a fear (CR)

Question 14

Counter Conditioning

Answer 14

used to reduce phobias!
CS–> CR (fear) turns into CS –> CR2 (relaxation)

Question 15

Shaping

Answer 15

(Operant Conditioning technique)
Consists of reinforcing behaviors that are increasingly similar to the desired behavior. (can be used to train animals to do unusual behaviors)

Question 16

Stimulus Generalization

Answer 16

tendency to respond to similar to the CS is called generalization
EX: boyfriend breaks up w u and u assume all men are bad

Question 17

Stimulus Discrimination

Answer 17

learned ability to distinguish between a CONDITIONED STIMULUS and other stimuli that do not signal an UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS

*EX Employees may complete work tasks more often or for a longer duration when a manager is present

Question 18

Cognitive processes

Answer 18

early behaviorists believed that learned behaviors of various animals could be reduced to mindless mechanisms —-> later shown that animals learn expectancy or awareness of a stimulus

Question 19

Biological predispositions

Answer 19

Garcia showed that for some stimuli the duration between the CS and the US may be long (hours) but results in conditioning.
A biologically adaptive CS (taste) led to conditioning and not to others (light or sound)

Question 20

Skinners Expieriments

Answer 20

extended Thorndikes thinking; law and effect
this law states that rewarded behavior is likely to occur again
*developed an operant chamber (skinner box) bar/key reinforcers

Question 21

Reinforcers

Answer 21

any event that strengthens the behavior it follows
Ex: heatlamp positively effets meerkat in the cold

Question 22

Positive Reinforcement

Answer 22

ADD a desireable stimulus
—> getting a huge, recieving a paycheck
–> giving milo a treat for sitting

Question 23

Negative Reinforcement

Answer 23

REMOVE an aversive stimulis
—> fastening seatbelt to turn off beeping
—> giving a kid candy to stop them from crying
—>Stopping nagging: A parent might stop nagging a child who completes their chores.

Question 24

Primary Reinforcer

Answer 24

an innately reinforcing stimulus like food or drink

Question 25

Secondary Reinforcer

Answer 25

A learned reinforcer that gets its power through association w/ the primary reinforcer

Question 26

Immediate Reinforcer

Answer 26

occurs instanly after a behavior

Question 27

Delayed Reinforcer

Answer 27

delayed in time for a certai behvaior
* a paycheck that comes @ end of week

Question 28

Partial Reinforcement Schedule

Answer 28

reinforces a response only part of the time

Question 29

Continous Reinforcement Schedule

Answer 29

reinforced the desired response each time it occurs

Question 30

Fixed Ratio Schedule

Answer 30

Reinforces a response only agter a specified number of responses

Question 31

Variable Ratio Schedule

Answer 31

reinforces a response at a unpredictable time intervals, produces slow, steady responses

Question 32

Positive Punishment

Answer 32

Administer an aversive stimulus
(spanking, parking ticket)

Question 33

Negative Punishment

Answer 33

withdrawn a desirable stimulus (time out from privledges