C7 Memory Flashcards
Memory (stages)
Any indication that learning has persisted overtime.
*Store and `ieve info
Encoding -> Storage -> Retrieval
Encoding
STORED IN BRAIN
How we encode:
Encoding by meaning (semantic)
Encoding by images (Visual)
Encoding by sound (Acoustic)
Self referential encoding: personally meaningful info is recalled better
Memory Effects
Spacing effect: We retain information better when we rehearse over time
Serial Postiion Effect: When your recall is better for first (primary) and last items (recency) on a list, but poor for middle items.
Serial Position Effect
the psychological tendency to remember the first and last items in a list better than those in the middle. T
Mnemonics
a memory aid that helps people learn and remember information by associating it with something else, such as a word, sentence, or visual image
uses vivid imagery in aiding memory
Retrieval
the act of accessing stored information when it is needed
Maintaining information in Three Memory Store
Sensory input from external world (unattended info is lost) —> (attention and coding) –> Short term storage (info that is not manipulated is lost) –> (attention and coding) –> Long term storage (some info may be forgotten
Method of Loci (MNEMONICS)
List of items: Charcoal, Pens, Bed sheets, Hammer
Imagined Locations: backyard, study, bedroom, garage
an item makes you think of a location
Link Method (MNEMONICS)
List of items: Newspaper, shaving cream, pen, umbrella
this technique involves turning information into images and linking them together in a memorable way
Chunking
Organizes Info for Encoding
Organizes items into a familiar, manageable unit. (Try to remember the following numbers…)
1492 1776 1821 1941
Spacing Effect
we retain info better when we rehearse overtime
Serial Position Effect
When your recall is better for first (primacy) and last items (recency) on a list, but poor middle items.
Semantic Encoding
Deep understanding of a person’s knowledge of the world
Phonemic Encoding
the process by which verbal language (words) are translated into spelled words that follow phonetic rules and guidelin
Storage (retaining info)
The heart of memory. Three stores of memory are sensory, working, and longterm.
working memory
active processing system that allows manipulation of different types of info to keep it available for current use
short term storage
briefly holds a limited amount of info in awareness
primarily auditory, visual and semantic
sensory storage
memory storage system that very breifly holds a vast amount of info from the five senses in close to their original sensory formats.
visual, auditory, taste, smell and touch
long-term storage
stores info for access and use at a later time.
* visual and auditory
Long-Term Potentiation
refers to synaptic enhancement after learning.
an increase in neurotransmitter release or receptors on the receiving neuron indicates strenghtening of synapses
Hippocampus
A neural center in the limbic system that processes explicit memories.
Anterograde Amnesia
You remember everything before WHATEVER INCIDENT OCCURED but cannot make any new memories from after that period of time.
Stress Hormones & Memory
heightened emotions (stress-related or otherwise) make for stronger memories. Continued stress may disrupt memory
Recognition
A person must identify an item amongst other choices ( a multiple chpice test requires recognition)
recall
a person must retrieve information using effort (A fill in the blank test requires recall)
Retrieval Cues
memories are held in storage by a web of associations. These associations are like ANCHORS THAT HELP RETRIEVE MEMORY
Priming
To retrieve specific memory from the web of associations.
*You must first activate one of the strands that leads to it EX: seeing or hearing the word rabbit, acitivates the concept of a rabbit, primes spelling the broken word hair/hare as h-a-r-e
Context Effects
EX Scuba divers recall more words underwater if they learned the list underwater, while they recall more words on land if they learned that list on land.
Explicit Memory
The system for long-term (271)
Storage
The retention of info in the brain overtime
Sensory Memory (Iconic and Echoic)
Iconic and echoic memory are two types of sensory memory, which is the short-term storage of sensory information
Iconic Memory
Visual sensory memory that stores images for less than a second. Brighter images stay in iconic memory longer. An example of iconic memory is seeing lightning on a dark night.
Echoic Memory
Auditory sensory memory that stores sound for a few seconds. The brain processes echoic memories in the temporal lobe. Research suggests that echoic memory is important for learning language.
Recall
The ability to retrieve information without cues, such as when taking an essay test.
Recognition
The ability to identify information as familiar, such as when taking a multiple-choice test
Retrieval
The process of accessing stored memories and converting them into meaningful information.
Retrieval Cues (context effects etc)
Retrieval cues can help with recall by enabling the subject to access the information in memory quickly.
Proactive Interfering
a psychological phenomenon that occurs when previously learned information makes it more difficult to remember something learned more recently
EX Forgetting a friend’s new phone number after having previously learned their old number
Retroactive Interference
when new information makes it more difficult to recall previously learned information
EX A musician has trouble recalling an older piece after learning a new one
Repressed Memory Debate
The debate over repressed memories is sometimes called the “memory wars”. (1990s)
psychoanalytic theory, where repression is seen as a defense mechanism that excludes painful experiences from consciousness.
**However, the concept is now considered to be largely unsupported by research.
Memory as a construction ‘misinformation effect”
memories are not simply passively stored but are actively reconstructed and can be influenced by new information when retrieved, leading to potential distortions, particularly when exposed to misleading information, known as the “misinformation effect.”.
