C7 Memory

Question 1

Memory (stages)

Answer 1

Any indication that learning has persisted overtime.
*Store and `ieve info
Encoding -> Storage -> Retrieval

Question 2

Encoding

Answer 2

STORED IN BRAIN
How we encode:
Encoding by meaning (semantic)

Encoding by images (Visual)

Encoding by sound (Acoustic)

Self referential encoding: personally meaningful info is recalled better

Question 3

Memory Effects

Answer 3

Spacing effect: We retain information better when we rehearse over time

Serial Postiion Effect: When your recall is better for first (primary) and last items (recency) on a list, but poor for middle items.

Question 4

Serial Position Effect

Answer 4

the psychological tendency to remember the first and last items in a list better than those in the middle. T

Question 5

Mnemonics

Answer 5

a memory aid that helps people learn and remember information by associating it with something else, such as a word, sentence, or visual image
uses vivid imagery in aiding memory

Question 6

Retrieval

Answer 6

the act of accessing stored information when it is needed

Question 7

Maintaining information in Three Memory Store

Answer 7

Sensory input from external world (unattended info is lost) —> (attention and coding) –> Short term storage (info that is not manipulated is lost) –> (attention and coding) –> Long term storage (some info may be forgotten

Question 8

Method of Loci (MNEMONICS)

Answer 8

List of items: Charcoal, Pens, Bed sheets, Hammer

Imagined Locations: backyard, study, bedroom, garage
an item makes you think of a location

Question 9

Link Method (MNEMONICS)

Answer 9

List of items: Newspaper, shaving cream, pen, umbrella

this technique involves turning information into images and linking them together in a memorable way

Question 10

Chunking

Answer 10

Organizes Info for Encoding
Organizes items into a familiar, manageable unit. (Try to remember the following numbers…)
1492 1776 1821 1941

Question 11

Spacing Effect

Answer 11

we retain info better when we rehearse overtime

Question 12

Serial Position Effect

Answer 12

When your recall is better for first (primacy) and last items (recency) on a list, but poor middle items.

Question 13

Semantic Encoding

Answer 13

Deep understanding of a person’s knowledge of the world

Question 14

Phonemic Encoding

Answer 14

the process by which verbal language (words) are translated into spelled words that follow phonetic rules and guidelin

Question 15

Storage (retaining info)

Answer 15

The heart of memory. Three stores of memory are sensory, working, and longterm.

Question 16

working memory

Answer 16

active processing system that allows manipulation of different types of info to keep it available for current use

Question 17

short term storage

Answer 17

briefly holds a limited amount of info in awareness
primarily auditory, visual and semantic

Question 18

sensory storage

Answer 18

memory storage system that very breifly holds a vast amount of info from the five senses in close to their original sensory formats.
visual, auditory, taste, smell and touch

Question 19

long-term storage

Answer 19

stores info for access and use at a later time.
* visual and auditory

Question 20

Long-Term Potentiation

Answer 20

refers to synaptic enhancement after learning.
an increase in neurotransmitter release or receptors on the receiving neuron indicates strenghtening of synapses

Question 21

Hippocampus

Answer 21

A neural center in the limbic system that processes explicit memories.

Question 22

Anterograde Amnesia

Answer 22

You remember everything before WHATEVER INCIDENT OCCURED but cannot make any new memories from after that period of time.

Question 23

Stress Hormones & Memory

Answer 23

heightened emotions (stress-related or otherwise) make for stronger memories. Continued stress may disrupt memory

Question 24

Recognition

Answer 24

A person must identify an item amongst other choices ( a multiple chpice test requires recognition)

Question 25

recall

Answer 25

a person must retrieve information using effort (A fill in the blank test requires recall)

Question 26

Retrieval Cues

Answer 26

memories are held in storage by a web of associations. These associations are like ANCHORS THAT HELP RETRIEVE MEMORY

Question 27

Priming

Answer 27

To retrieve specific memory from the web of associations.
*You must first activate one of the strands that leads to it EX: seeing or hearing the word rabbit, acitivates the concept of a rabbit, primes spelling the broken word hair/hare as h-a-r-e

Question 28

Context Effects

Answer 28

EX Scuba divers recall more words underwater if they learned the list underwater, while they recall more words on land if they learned that list on land.

Question 29

Explicit Memory

Answer 29

The system for long-term (271)

Question 30

Storage

Answer 30

The retention of info in the brain overtime

Question 32

Sensory Memory (Iconic and Echoic)

Answer 32

Iconic and echoic memory are two types of sensory memory, which is the short-term storage of sensory information

Question 33

Iconic Memory

Answer 33

Visual sensory memory that stores images for less than a second. Brighter images stay in iconic memory longer. An example of iconic memory is seeing lightning on a dark night.

Question 34

Echoic Memory

Answer 34

Auditory sensory memory that stores sound for a few seconds. The brain processes echoic memories in the temporal lobe. Research suggests that echoic memory is important for learning language.

Question 35

Recall

Answer 35

The ability to retrieve information without cues, such as when taking an essay test.

Question 36

Recognition

Answer 36

The ability to identify information as familiar, such as when taking a multiple-choice test

Question 37

Retrieval

Answer 37

The process of accessing stored memories and converting them into meaningful information.

Question 38

Retrieval Cues (context effects etc)

Answer 38

Retrieval cues can help with recall by enabling the subject to access the information in memory quickly.

Question 39

Proactive Interfering

Answer 39

a psychological phenomenon that occurs when previously learned information makes it more difficult to remember something learned more recently
EX Forgetting a friend’s new phone number after having previously learned their old number

Question 40

Retroactive Interference

Answer 40

when new information makes it more difficult to recall previously learned information
EX A musician has trouble recalling an older piece after learning a new one

Question 41

Repressed Memory Debate

Answer 41

The debate over repressed memories is sometimes called the “memory wars”. (1990s)
psychoanalytic theory, where repression is seen as a defense mechanism that excludes painful experiences from consciousness.
**However, the concept is now considered to be largely unsupported by research.

Question 42

Memory as a construction ‘misinformation effect”

Answer 42

memories are not simply passively stored but are actively reconstructed and can be influenced by new information when retrieved, leading to potential distortions, particularly when exposed to misleading information, known as the “misinformation effect.”.