C4 Development

Question 1

What is Developmental Psychology?

Answer 1

The study of how we grow across the phases in our life (infancy, childhood, adolescence, and adulthood)

Question 2

How does development happen in the womb?

Answer 2

Conception: a single sperm cell penetrates outer coating of egg

Question 3

Prenatal Development

Answer 3

zygote is ferilized. 14 days is when it turns into an embyro.
- at 9 weeks, an embryo turns into a fetus

Question 4

What are the three phases of Prenatal Development?

Answer 4

• Germinal Period: begins w/ conception. The zygote begins to divide rapidly into 2 cells, then 4, then 8, etc) Just after 7/8 days after fertilization implantation i walls occur + placenta begins to form.
• Embryonic Period: Week 3 - 8:
  Embryo is formed. This is a crucial part of development; the spinal cord, and all internal organs; heart, lungs, liver, kidneys, sex organs. (If the mother doesn’t receive enough nutrients, birth defects can occur)
• Fetal Period Week 9 - Birth : growing human is classified as a fetus. No new structures develop, but birth defects can still occur. (miscarriage is a threat until week 20)

Question 5

Teratogens

Answer 5

Chemicals or viruses that can enter the placenta and harm the fetus

Question 6

List of Teratogens

Answer 6

Legal Drugs: Alcohol, Nicotine, Caffeine

Recreational Drugs: Cocaine, Marijuana

Infections: German Measles, Syphillis, Zika

Environmental factors: Radiations + mercury which results in blindness

Question 7

Maturation

Answer 7

Sets the basic course of development while expierience adjusts it

EX: standing before walking, babbling before talking

6 months: sitting
8-9 months: crawling
12 months: walking
15 months: independently walking

Question 8

What are the influences of experience?

Answer 8

• Critical Periods
• Brain plasticity: learning new abilities
• Rozenweig’s rats : rats put in an enriched or impoverished environment, will they behave differently? YES

Question 9

What were Piaget’s beliefs?

Answer 9

believed that our intellectual development is our biological development as we interact w/ the world. our cognitive development is shaped by the errors we make.

Question 10

Schemas

Answer 10

mental mold where we shape our experiences

Question 11

Process of Assimilation

Answer 11

involves incorporating new expiernece into our current understanding (schema)

Question 12

Process of Accomodation

Answer 12

Adjusting a schema and modifying it.

Question 13

Sensorimotor stage (birth -2 years)

Answer 13

Expierincing world through senses/actions (looking, touching mouthing) (object permenance (out of sight out of mind) , stranger anxiety)

Piaget believed that children in this stage could not think –> research shows they can count.

Question 14

Preoperation stage ( 2-6/7 years)

Answer 14

Representing things w/ words + images. use intuitive rather than logical.
(Pretend play, egocentrism, language development)

Question 15

Egocentricism

Answer 15

Piaget concluced that preschool children are egocentric + they cannot perceive things from another’s perspective

Question 16

Concrete Operational (7-11 years)

Answer 16

thinking logically about concrate events. Grasping concrete analogies
(conservation, mathematics, transformations)
- 6-7 year olds grasp conversation problems

Question 17

Formal Operational (12- Adulthood)

Answer 17

expands from concrete to abstract reasoning. uses symbols + imagined realties to systematically reason.
(abstract logic, potential formative moral reasoning)

Question 18

Social Development

Answer 18

Halow (1971) studied monkeys attachment to mothers w/ a wire and cotton mother.
- infants bond w/ surrogate mothers bc of body contact not because of nourishment.

Question 19

Insecure Attachment

Answer 19

Harlow’s studies showed monkeys experience anxiety if cloth mother is removed.

Question 20

Secure Attachment

Answer 20

relaxed + attentive caregiving

Question 21

Deprivation of Attachment

Answer 21

prolonged deprivation leads to child being;
- withrawn
- frightened
- unable to develop speech
- physical, psychological and social problems

( Some studies suggest that extensive time in daycare may increase aggressiveness and defiance)

Question 22

List the parenting styles

Answer 22

Authouritarian: “Because I said do”

Permissive: Kid does whatever they want. Almost limitless freedom.

Authoritative: rules, limits, but willing to tell child why things are important.

Question 23

Preconventional Morality

Answer 23

before age 9, children show morality to avoid punishment or gain reward

Question 24

Conventional Morality

Answer 24

by early adolesence, social rules and laws are upheld for their own sake

Question 25

Postconventional

Answer 25

affirms peoples agreed upon rights or follows personally perceived ethical principles