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Psych Disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

Psych Disorders

A
  • 500 mil people suffering from psychological disorders
  • Depression and schizophrenia exist in ALL cultures of the world
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2
Q

Deviant Distressful & Dysfunctional

A
  • Deviant behavior (going naked) in one culture may be considered normal, while in other cultures it may lead to arrest.
  • Distress must accompany the deviant behavior.  may not be distressing to society, but distressing to the individual. Ex: severe agoraphobia
  • If a behvaior is Dysfunctional, it is clearly a disorder
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3
Q

Defining Psychological Disorders

A
  • Mental health workers view psychological disorders as persistently harmful thoughts, feelings, and actions.
  • When behavior is deviant, distressing, and dysfunctional, psychiatrists and psychologists label it as disordered
  • Dysfunctional and distkmressing behavior (being depressed after a breakup) is not considered a disorder UNLESS he causes harm to not only himself, but also to others.
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4
Q

Medical Model

A
  • When physicians discovered that syphilis led to mental disorders, they started using medical models to review the physical causes of these disorders:
    1. Etiology: Cause and development of the disorder
    2. Diagnosis: Identifying (symptoms) and distinguishing one disease from another
    3. Treatment: Treating a disorder in a psychiatric hospital
    4. Prognosis: Forecast About the disorder
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5
Q

 Biopsychosocial Model

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  • Assumes that a biological, socio-cultural, and psychological factors combine and interact to produce psychological disorders
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6
Q

 Classifying Psychological Disorders

A
  • Why do it?  Discovering common language to explain a certain disorder and the treatment steps
  • Labels may be helpful for healthcare professionals and researchers when communicating w/ one another and establishing therapies
  • “Insanity” labels raise moral & ethical questions about how society should treat people who have disorders and have committed crimes. (Can they be mentally ill and still be able to control their behavior?)
  • The American Psychiatric Association rendered a Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) to describe psychological disorders
  • Most recent edition is the DSM-V-TR:
    INCLUDING:
    o 20 disorder chapters
    o Diagnostic criteria
    o Subtypes and specifiers (i.e., Specify if:)
    o Prevalence
    o Development and Course
    o Risk Factors* NOT causes
    o Culture-Related Diagnostic Issues*
    o Suicide Risk*
    o Functional Consequences*
    o Differential Diagnosis
    o Comorbidity
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7
Q

Anxiety Disorders

A

Feelings of excessive apprehension and anxiety, physiological, cognitive and behavioral symptoms

  1. generalized anxiety disorder
  2. phobias
  3. panic disorder
  4. obsessive-compulsive disorder
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8
Q

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

A
  1. Persistent and uncontrollable tenseness and apprehension
  2. Autonomic arousal (ex: heart racing, shortness of breath, sweating, etc)
  3. Inability to identify or avoid the cause of certain feelings
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9
Q

Panic Disorder

A

Symptoms Include:
Episodes of intense dread which may include feelings of terror, chest pains, choking, or other frightening sensations

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10
Q

Phobia

A

Marked by a persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation accompanied by avoidance

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11
Q

Kinds of Phobias

A

Agoraphobia: phobia of open places

Acrophobia: phobia of heights

Claustrophobia: phobia of closed spaces

Hemophobia: phobia of blood

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12
Q

PTSD

A

Four or more weeks of the following symptoms constitute post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD):
1. flashbacks
2. nightmares
3. social withdrawl
4. jumpy anxiety
5. sleep problems

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13
Q

OCD

A

Persistence of unwanted thoughts (obsessions) and urges to engage in senseless, ritualistic behavior (compulsions) that cause distress.

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14
Q

Explaining Anxiety Disorders

A

Freud suggested that we repress our painful and intolerable ideas, feelings, and thoughts, resulting in anxiety.

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15
Q

The Learning Perspective

A

**Learning theorists suggest that fear conditioning leads to anxiety. This anxiety then becomes associated with other objects or events (stimulus generalization) and is reinforced.

**Investigators believe that fear responses are inculcated through observational learning. Young monkeys develop fear when they watch other monkeys who are afraid of snakes.

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16
Q

The Biological Perspective

A

Natural Selection has led our ancestors to learn to fear snakes, spiders, and other animals. Therefore, fear preserves the species.

Twin studies suggest that our genes may be partly responsible for developing fears and anxiety. Twins are more likely to share phobias.

Generalized anxiety, panic attacks, and even OCD are linked with brain circuits.

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17
Q

Brain Imaging

A

A PET scan of the brain of a person with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD). High metabolic activity (red) in the frontal lobe areas are involved with directing attention.

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18
Q

Mood Disorders

A
  1. Major Depressive Disorder
  2. Bipolar Disorder
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19
Q

Major Depressive Disorder

A

Depression is the “common cold” of psychological disorders. In a year, 5.8% of men and 9.5% of women report depression worldwide
(cultural/social/etc are why women is higher)

Major depressive disorder occurs when signs of depression last two weeks or more and are not caused by drugs or medical conditions.

Signs include:
1. Lethargy and fatigue
2. Feelings of worthlessness
3. Loss of interest or pleasure
4. Loss of motivation
5. Sleep or appetite disturbance

20
Q

Dysthymic Disorder

A

Dysthymic disorder lies between a blue mood and major depressive disorder. It is a disorder characterized by daily depression lasting two years or more.

21
Q

Biological Perspective

A

**Mood disorders run in families. Depression rate is higher in identical (50%) than fraternal twins (20%)
*Linkage analysis and association studies link possible genes and dispositions for depression

22
Q

Neurotransmitters & Depression

A

Reduction of norepinephrine and serotonin has been found in depression

Drugs that alleviate mania reduce norepinephrine

23
Q

The Depressed Brain

A

Pet scans show that brain energy consumption rises & falls w/ manic & depressive episodes

24
Q

Social-Cognitive Perspective

A

Suggests that depression arises partly from self-defeating beliefs & negative explanatory styles

25
Q

Depression Cycle

A
  1. Negative stressful events.
  2. Pessimistic explanatory style.
  3. Hopeless depressed state.
  4. These hamper the way the individual thinks and acts, fueling personal rejection.
26
Q

Bipolar Disorder

A

Formerly called manic-depressive disorder.
An alternation between depression & mania signals Bipolar Disorder

*Depressive symptoms:
gloomy, withdrawn, inability to make decisions, tired, slowness of thought

*Manic symptoms:
elation/euphoria, flight of ideas, pressured speech(talking very fast), hyperactivity, grandiosity (I can take on god mindset)/irritability

27
Q

Suicide

A

1 million people commit suicide worldwide each year

Suicide statistics:
1. National differences
2. Racial differences
3. Gender differences
4. Age differences
5. Other differences

28
Q

Risk Factors & Signs

A

1.history of attempts/gestures
2. feelings of hopelessness
3. preoccupation with suicide
4. giving away possessions
5. recent loss
6. physical problems
7. substance use
8. etc.

29
Q

Schizophrenia

A

***Nearly 1 in a 100 suffer from schizophrenia, and throughout the world over 24 million people suffer from this disease (WHO, 2002).

***Schizophrenia strikes young people as they mature into adults. It affects men and women equally, but men suffer from it more severely than women.

30
Q

Symptoms of Schizophrenia

A

“Split mind”

  1. Disorganized & delusional
  2. Disturbed perceptions
  3. Inappropriate emotions & actions
31
Q

Disordered Thinking

A
  1. loose associations
  2. word salad
  3. clang associations
  4. cognitive flooding/stimulus overload
  5. inability to selectively attend
32
Q

Disorganized & Delusional Thinking

A

Someone who illustrates fragmented, bizarre thinking and distorted beliefs called delusions

EX: “This morning when I was at Hillside [Hospital], I was making a movie. I was surrounded by movie stars … I’m Marry Poppins. Is this room painted blue to get me upset? My grandmother died four weeks after my eighteenth birthday.”

33
Q

Examples of Delusions

A
  1. Delusions of persecution
  2. Delusions of grandeur
  3. Delusions of reference
34
Q

Disturbed Perceptions

A

A schizophrenic person may perceive things that are not there, AKA HALLUCINATIONS
such hallucinations are auditory and lesser visual, somatosensory(sensing), olfactory(smelling), or gustatory (taste)

35
Q

Innapropriate Emotions & Actions

A

Someone w/ schizophrenia may contionually rub an arm, rock a chair, or remain motionless for hours (catatonia)

36
Q

Subtypes of schizophrenia

A

Paranoid: Preoccupation w/ delusions or hallucinations, often w/ themes of persecution or grandiosity
Disorganized: Disorganized speech or behavior, or flat/innapropriate emotion
Undifferentiated: Many and varied symptoms
Residual: Withdrawal after hallucinations and delusions have disappeared.

37
Q

Positive & Negative Symptoms

A

**Schizophrenia have inappropriate symptoms (hallucinations, disorganized thinking, deluded ways) that are not present in normal individuals (POSITIVE SYMPTOMS)

**Schizophrenics lack appropriate behaviors (BEHAVIOR SYMPTOMS), such as apathy, anhedonia, blunted or flat affec, poor social relatedness, etc.

38
Q

Chronic and Acute Schizophrenia

A

*When schizophrenia is slow to develop (chronic/process) recovery is doubtful. Such schizophrenics usually display negative symptoms.

*When schizophrenia rapidly develops (acute/reactive) recovery is better. Such schizophrenics usually show positive symptoms.

39
Q

Understanding Schizophrenia

A

Schizophrenia is a disease of the brain exhibited by the symptoms of the mind.

Brain Abnormalities
Dopamine Overactivity: Researchers found that schizophrenic patients express higher levels of dopamine D4 receptors in the brain.

40
Q

Abnormal Brain Activity

A

Brain scans show abnormal activity in the frontal cortex, thalamus, and amygdala of schizophrenic patients. Adolescent schizophrenic patients also have brain lesions.

41
Q

Abnormal Brain Morphology

A

Schizophrenia patients may exhibit morphological changes in the brain like enlargement of fluid-filled ventricles.

42
Q

Genetic Factors

A

The likelihood of an individual suffering from schizophrenia is 50% if their identical twin has the disease (Gottesman, 1991).

The following shows the prevalence of schizophrenia in identical twins as seen in different countries. (risk is higher in indentical)

43
Q

Psychological Factors

A

Psychological and environmental factors can trigger schizophrenia if the individual is genetically predisposed (Nicols & Gottesman, 1983).

44
Q

Personality Disorders

A

Personality disorders are characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social and occupational functioning.

45
Q

Antisocial Personality Disorder

A

A disorder in which the person (usually men) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members. Formerly, this person was called a sociopath or psychopath.

46
Q

Understanding Antisocial Personality Disorder

A

PET scans of 41 murderers revealed reduced activity in the frontal lobes. In a follow-up study repeat offenders had 11% less frontal lobe activity compared to normals (Raine et al., 1999; 2000).

47
Q

Risk and Protective Factors of antisocial personaltiy disorder

A

risk factors:
academic failure, birth complications, caring for chinrically ill or patients w/ dementia, child abuse/neglect, chronic insomnia, chonric pain, family disorganization, low birth weight

protective factors:
aerobic exercise, community offering empowerment, opportunity and security, economic independence, feelings of security, feelings of mastery and control, good parenting, literacy, positive attachment and early bonding

Psychology (15 decks)

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