Ther-ex Flashcards
Organization of a muscle (4 steps)
sarcomere, myofibril, fibers, muscles
Type 1 muscle fibers
Slow twitch
Low force
Resistant to fatigue
Type 2a muscle fibers
Fast twitch
Fatigue resistant
Characteristics influenced by training
Type 2b muscle fibers
Fast twitch
High force
Quick fatigue
Order of muscle fiber recruitment
1, 2a, 2b
How long does it take before training will lead to hypertrophy?
6-8 wks
Muscle remodeling
Muscle fibers enlarge, containg more actin/myosin, and have more sarcomeres/larger myofibrils
Average ratio of fast/slow twitch muscle fibers
1:1
Muscle training at ___% of MVC blocks blood flow due to increased____, therefore the muscle uses ____ energy source
60%, intramuscular pressure, anaerobic
How long of rest is needed following vigorous exercise to return muscle to 90%+ of preexercise levels?
3-4 min.
Advantages of using manual resistance
1) judging force in weak pts
2) can be modified to accomodate pain
3) safe resistance if movement needs monitored
4) Can be changed to incorporate variable movements (PNF, etc)
Disadvantages of using manual resistance
1) no quantitative measurements
2) difficult to maintain same resistance
3) limited by strength of PT
Benefits of mechanical resistance
1) quantitative measurements
2) can use large loads
Disadvantages of mechanical resistance
1) not easily modified in terms of movement pattern
2) may be difficult to control weights in some pts
DOMS begins _____ after vigorous ex, and peaks at ____. Soreness and stiffness can last ____
12-24 hrs, 24-48 hrs, 5-7 days
Contraindications to strengthening exercise
Inflammation: resistance can increase swelling and damagae joints/muscles.
Pain:severe pain/ pain lasting 24 hrs (may need to reduce load)
Isometric exercise develops strength at (point of training/full ROM), and can (increase/decrease) blood pressure. The Valsalva manuever (should/should not) be used to increase performance
point of training, increase (therefore use with caution for cardiac patients), should not
Which form of resistance training can vary resistance through ROM, and therefore is safer for early resistance training/rehabilitation: free weights, or machines?
machines
Isokinetic training can provide ____ resistance at all points of ROM
maximum
Which can produce higher forces, concentric or eccentric?
eccentric
Rep ranges
endurance: <70% MVC, 12-20 reps, 20-30s rest
Hypertrophy: 70-80% MVC, 8-12 reps, 30-120s rest
Strength: 80-100% MVC, 1-8 reps, 2-5 min rest
Mechanreceptors are stimulate by (open/closed) chain exercise, which adds to ___, ___, ___, and ___
closed,
joint stability, balance, coordination, agility
DeLorme method of progression
based on 10 rep max
3 sets of 10 with 1-2 min rest b/w
50%, 75%, 100%
Target heart rate to increase aerobic capacity
70% HR max
Karvonen’s formula (HRR)
THR= ((HR max-RHR) xtarget %) + RHR
Normal minute ventilation is __ liters, during exercise, it can get up to ___ liters d/t increased breathing rate and depth
6, 200
In severe pulmonary disease, cost of breathing can be up to ___% of total consumption
40
Exercise induced asthma (EIA)
acute, reversible airway obstruction that develops 5-15 min. after strenuous exercise
Following initial bronchodilation, airways constrict
What makes EIA worse
Mouth breathing
Cold, dry air
Endurance exercise
Submax exercise can be performed for ___ without exhausting O2 transport
20-60 min
Errors in aerobic training
1) lack of ex testing results in poor program
2) starting too high, leading to injury
3) increasing intensity too fast
4) too intense=anaerobic
5) insufficient warm up/cool down
6) inconsistent training
Manual stretching
15-30s (short duration, maintained less time than mechanical).
Intensity/duration depend of pt and PT tolerance
Low intensity manual stretch applied as long as possible is better tolerated with optimal improvement in weakened tissue
Prolonged, low intensity stretching
external force (5lb to 10% of BW) applied-may be maintained for 20min- hours.
Used for knee flexion contractures
Dynamic splint: duration and positioning/use
8-10 hours, positioned at end range to increase ROM
Wrist/finger contractures
Serial casting: duration, positioning, use
5-7 days, positioned at end range, triceps surae contractures
Hold Relax technique and rationale
isometric contraction of range limiting antagonist against slowly increasing resistance followed by relaxation and PASSIVE movement into increased range.
autogenic inhibition possibly from GTO
Hold-relax-active-contract
Hold relax followed by ACTIVE movement.
additional relaxation due to active contraction and reciprocal inhibition.
Contract-relax-active-contraction
isotonic movement in rotation followed by isometric hold of range limiting muscles in the antagonist pattern followed by voluntary relaxation and active movement into the the range in agonist patter
Utilize both autogenic and reciprocal inhibition
Active stretching
voluntary, unassisted movement to stretch against antagonist. 15-30s duration
T/F: a stretched or shortened muscle will add or subtract sarcomeres from its length over time
True
T/F: GTO facilitates contraction of a muscle
False (it inhibits when excessive tension develops)
Myostatic contracture
musculotendinous unit that has adaptively shortened with loss of ROM (usually in two joint muscles)
Irreversible contracture:
cannot be release without sx. normal soft tissue is replaced with bone or fibrotic tissue.
Stabilizing reversals;
isometric holds of alternating between agonist and antagonist
Rhythmic stabilization
simultaneous contraction of agonist and antagonist
Retention is improved with feedback given (frequently, sparsely
Sparsely (feedback is most likely to be retained if it is summed after a number of trials or fading with decreased frequency)
Abnormal shortening or lengthening of muscles and ligaments associated with poor posture is known as:
Postural stress syndrome
Jacobson’s progressive relaxation techniques
systematic distal to proximal progression of conscious contraction and relaxation of muscles
Cohesion (aquatics)
tendency of water molecules to adhere to each other-leads to resistance while moving through water
Hydrostatic pressure
the circumferential water pressure exerted on immersed body part
Pascal’s law
pressure on immersed body is equal on all surfaces
Temperatures above ____ have increased cardiovascular demands (aquatics)
37C, 98.6F
Temperatures below ____ patients have difficulty maintaining core temp (aquatics)
25C, 77F
Contraindications to aquatics
Bowel/bladder incontenence. Severe kidney disease. Severe epilepsy. Severe cardiac/respiratory dysfunction. Severe PVD. Large open wounds, skin infection, colonostomy. Bleeding. Water/airborne infection
Precautions to aquatics
Fear of water Heat intolerance Small wounds (can be dressed in waterproof dressing)
