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License Prep > Lifespan > Flashcards

Lifespan Flashcards

1
Q

Gerontology

A

Study of normal aging process

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2
Q

Geriatrics

A

Branch of medicine concerned with the illnesses of old age

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3
Q

Categories of elderly
Young elderly_____
Old elderly_____
Old, old elderly

A

YE: 65-74 yo
OE: 75-84 yo
OOE: 85+

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4
Q

Leading causes of death in elderly (in order)

A 
CHD (31%)
CA (20%)
CVD
COPD
Pneumonia/flu
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5
Q

Leading causes of disability in elderly

A

Arthritis (49%)
HTN (37%)
Hearing impairment (32%)
Heart impairment (30%)

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6
Q

Genetic theory of aging

A

Aging is intrinsic.
No one gene is responsible
Premature aging syndromes are examples of faulty genetic programming

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7
Q

Hutchinson-Gilford Syndrome

A

Progeria (premature aging) in childhood

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8
Q

Werner’s Syndrome

A

Progeria of young adults

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9
Q

Doubling/biological clock theory of aging

A

Hayflick’s limit theory

Limited number of genetically planned cell replications

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10
Q

Free radical theory of aging

A

Free radicals damage cell membrane and DNA.

results in decreased O2 delivery and tissue death

Can lead to atherosclerosis, cell mutation, CA

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11
Q

Cell mutation theory of aging

A

errors in synthesis of DNA/RNA lead to aging changes

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12
Q

Hormonal theory of aging

A

Impaired hormonal functions lead to aging

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13
Q

Which 3 glands have the biggest impact on aging

A

Hypothalamus, pituitary, adrenal

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14
Q

Thyroxine (T4)

A

master hormone of the body.

controls protein synthesis

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15
Q

Increase of ______ hormones can damage the brain, including the memory center, the _____

A

stress (cortisol)
Hippocampus

Immune cells also affected

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16
Q

Immunity theory of aging

A

thymus size decreases, bone marrow efficiency decreases

These lead to impaired immune response

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17
Q

Environmental theory of aging

A

Aging is caused by accumulation of toxins such as UV light, saturated fats, heavy metals, etc

Impairs DNA synthesis

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18
Q

In the elderly, there is a selective loss of type (I/II) fibers

A

II

this leads to an increased proportion of type I (slow twtich) fibers, limiting power

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19
Q

Aging’s effect on collagen

A

Denser
More irregular
Lower water content
Lower elasticity

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20
Q

Can strength training positively impact older adults strength levels and fitness

A

You betcha

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21
Q

Which has been shown to produce quicker results in the elderly, moderate intensity or high intensity

A

High intensity (70-80% 1RM)

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22
Q

Common postural changes in the elderly

A

Forward head kyphotic T spine
Flat lumbar spine
hip/knee flexion contractures

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23
Q

What are lipofuscins?

A

finely granular yellow-brown pigment granules composed of lipid-containing residues of lysosomal digestion

increase with aging, and can cause detrimental aging effects

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24
Q

Age-related tremors (essential tremors)

A

Often in hands, head, or voice
Benign and slowly progressive
Often postural or kinetic
Rarely resting

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25
Q

Presbyopia

A

Age related visual loss
poor focus and blurry images

Due to loss of accomodation and decreased elasticity of lens

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26
Q

Cataracts

A

Opaque lens due to change in proteins

Central vision loss first

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27
Q

Glaucoma

A

Increased intraocular pressure, degneration of optic disc

loss of peripheral vision first, can progress to total blindness

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28
Q

Macular degeneration

A

loss of central vision

may progress to total blindness, or pt may retain peripheral vision

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29
Q

Diabetic retinopathy

A

Damage to retinal capillaries

Central vision impairment, complete blindness rare

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30
Q

Homonymous Hemianopsia

A

loss of half of visual field of each eye

cannot see one total half of the visual field (R/L)

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31
Q

Conductive hearing loss

A

mechanical
Damage to middle ear ossicles or exterior structures

All frequencies affected

Tinnitus may be present

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32
Q

Sensorineural hearing loss

A

Central/neural

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33
Q

Meniere’s disease

A

Episodic attacks of tinnitus and dizziness (pt may feel pressure in ears)

sensorineural hearing loss possible

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34
Q

BPPV

A 
Brief episodes (less than 1 min)
associated with position change
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35
Q

Terminal drop

A

The most significant loss of cognitive function, generally occurs in years immediately proceeding death

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36
Q

Aging effects on pulmonary function

A

Decreased total lung capacity
Increased residual volume
Decreased vital capacity

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37
Q

Osteoporosis

A

BMD at hip/spine that is 2.5 SD or more below mean

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38
Q

Osteopenia

A

BMD at hip/spine that is 1-2.5 SD below mean

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39
Q

Diseases impacting bone health

A 
Hyperthyroid
DM
Hyperparathyroid
SLE
Celiac disease
gastric bypass
pancreatic disease
MM
sickle cell
ESRD
Paget's
CA
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40
Q

Medications affecting bone loss

A 
Corticosteroids
Chemo
Thyroid hormone
estrogen antagonists
anticonvulsents
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41
Q

Risk factors for low BMD

A 
Family history
White/Asian
Early menopause
Smoking
Small frame
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42
Q

Common locations of osteoporotic fx’s

A

Vertebrae
Femoral neck
Radius
Humerus

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43
Q

Medicine options for low BMD

A

Bisphosphonates
Calcitonin
Estrogens

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44
Q

Calcium and Vitamin D recommendations

A

Ages of 50:
Calcium: 1200 mg
Vit D: 800-1000 IU

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45
Q

Verbal ability peaks at____ but is well maintained until____

A

30, 60’s

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46
Q

Numeric abilities peak _____ and are well maintained till _____

A

mid 40’s, 60’s

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47
Q

Intellect changes do not typically show until___. but declines are not significant in every day life until____

A

60’s, 80’s

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48
Q

Interventions for low BMD

A 
weight bearing exercises
postural corrections
functional balance
tai chi
gait training
education-fall risk, fracture prevention
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49
Q

Hip fracture mortality rate in the elderly

A

20%

50
Q

What percent of elderly with hip fracture do not reach premorbid functional level

A

50%

51
Q

vertebral fractures are often caused by (trauma, routine activity)

A

routine activity

52
Q

Interventions for OA

A 
ROM
Strengthen support joints, limit imbalances
Aerobic conditioning
Aquatics
Education
AD training
53
Q

What is the most common cause of adult disability in the US

A

Stroke

54
Q

What percentage of stroke patients will die during acute phase?

A

30%, another 30-40% will have severe disability

55
Q

Delerium

A

Acute, potentially reversible confusion and loss of mental function

can be from drug toxicity, systemic illness, O2 deprivation, sensory deprivation

alertness may be high or low

56
Q

Dementia

A

Loss of intellect/memory

Alertness usually normal

57
Q

Reversible Dementia

A

10-20% of dementias

d/t drugs, nutrition disorders, psychiatric disorders, or toxins

58
Q

Primary degenerative dementia, Alzheimer’s type

A

50-70% of dementias
leading cause of institutionalization-up to 50% of nursing home.
Generalized atrophy of brain with decreased neurotransmitters

59
Q

Types of Alzheimer’s dementia

A

Senile: over 60 yo at onset
presinle: 40-60 at onset

60
Q

Multi-infarct dementias

A

20-25% of dementias
Sudden onset
Patchy distribution of deficits
Emotional lability

often have hx of stroke

61
Q

Dementia and Parkinsons

A

dementia can be seen in late stages of PD

62
Q

MMSE

A

lower than 24/30 is indicative of mental decline/dementia

63
Q

Geriatric Depression Scale

A

30 item yes/no. greater than 8=depression

64
Q

Angina in elderly

A

anginal pain may not be best indicator of ischemia: shortness of breath and ST segment depression may be more reliable

65
Q

Acute MI in elderly

A

may present with sudden dyspnea, acute confusion, syncope

66
Q

Maturationist Hierarchical theory of development

A
  • Genetically and biologically dertermined

- Aspects of behavior are inate

67
Q

Empiricist theory of development

A

Source of behavior is the environment

68
Q

Behaviorist theory of development

A

Environment reinforces cognitive and motor behavior

Used in behavior modification

69
Q

1 month development

A

Head turned to side

Hands fisted with indwelling thumb

70
Q

2 months development

A

astasia/abasis

prone on elbows

71
Q

3 months development

A

prone on elbows, wt on forearms
coos and chuckles
optical and labyrinthine head righting

72
Q

4 months development

A

no head lag in pull to sit
unsupported sit
roll to sidelying
ulnar palmar grasp

73
Q

5 months development

A

rolls prone to supine

weight shift in prone

74
Q

6 months development

A

rolls supine to prone

75
Q

7 months development

A

trunk rotation in sitting

pivot prone

76
Q

8-9 months development

A

belly crawl
transfer objects hand to hand
cruises sideways
unsupported stand

77
Q

10-15 months development

A

unassisted walk
creeps up/down stairs
self feeding

78
Q

20 months

A

step to pattern for stairs

79
Q

2 years

A

runs well

reciprocal stair pattern

80
Q

Piagetian theory of development

A

interaction of environment and neural maturation

spiraling of development

81
Q

Neuromaturation theory of motor development

A

CNS control

82
Q

Dynamic Systems theory of motor control

A

varying control centers depending on task

cocontraction decreases with maturation

83
Q

Principles of motor development

A
  • cephalocaudal, proximal to distal
  • unrefinded to refined
  • stability to controlled mobility
  • periods of equilibrium/disequilibrium
84
Q

Normal gestation period

A

38-42 weeks

85
Q

Gestational age

A

age of fetus/newborn from first day of mothers last normal menstrual period

86
Q

TIMP

A

used for 32 weeks post conceptual age to 3.5 months postterm

spontaneous and evoked movement

87
Q

APGAR

A 
Appearance
Pulse
Grimace
Activity
Respiration

checked at 1, 5, 10 and every 5 minutes after if having difficulty

7 or higher is considered good

88
Q

Galant

A

stroke along paravertebrals causes lateral flexion toward

0-2 months

89
Q

Moro

A

sudden extension of neck=flexion and ABD of shoulder, extension of elbows, followed by shoulder ADD and elbow flexion

0-4 mo

90
Q

Neonatal neck righting

A

neck on body-turn neck, body follows

0-6 months

91
Q

Rooting

A

0-3 mo

92
Q

Sucking

A

0-6 mo

93
Q

TLR

A

Prone=flexor tone, supine=extensor tone

0-6 mo

94
Q

STNR

A

neck extension=UE extension, LE flexion
neck flexion=UE flexion, LE extension

6-8 mo

95
Q

Denver Developmental Screening Test II

A

birth to 6 yrs

Screens for social, fine motor, gross motor, language

96
Q

AIMS

A

observational gross motor milestones

birth-walking independently

97
Q

Movement Assessment of Infants

A

birth-1 year

98
Q

PDMS

A

birth-42 months

99
Q

GMFM

A

measure change in gross motor in CP, also used with Downs

All items can be accomplished by typical 5yo

100
Q

BOT2

A

4.5-21 yo

gross/fine motor

101
Q

Sensory integration and praxis test

A

sensorimotor

4-9 yo with mild/mod learning impairment

102
Q

Bayley

A

motor/mental scores birth-42 months

103
Q

Early intervention programs

A

0-3 years old

104
Q

NDT utilizes what as primary intervention strategy?

A

therapeutic handling

105
Q

Is advanced didactic and clinical experience required to work with premature infants

A

yup

106
Q

Meconium Aspiration syndrome

A

near term or term infant inhales bowel movement.
can cause respiratory distress
20% present with developmental delays up until age 3

107
Q

Respiratory distress syndrome

A

aka hyaline membrane disease
d/t atelectasis
may lead to bronchopulmonary dysplasia
may require O2 supplementation and surfactant administration

108
Q

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia

A

Chronic

Predisposes child to frequent respiratory infections

109
Q

Periventricular leukomalacia

A

necrosis of white matter

may result in CP

110
Q

Periventricualar-intraventricular hemorrhage

A

graded I-IV

Grades II-IV may result in CP

111
Q

Retinopathy of prematurity

A

combination of low birthweight and high O2 levels

Can range from insignificance to blindness

112
Q

Necrotizing enterocolitis

A

ischemia results in inflammatory, infected bowel

113
Q

Patent ductus arteriosis

A

Temporary vessel b/w aorta and pulmonary artery fails to close

nonO2 blood is circulated

114
Q

Intervention guidelines for peds

A

supervised SL and tummy time
sleep in supine to avoid SIDS
avoid activities that may increase extensor tone (infant jumpers/walkers

115
Q

CP

A

group of disorders
non-progressive encephalopathy
associated with pre-term birth

116
Q

Spastic CP

A

increased tone-lesion of motor cortex or projections from

mass flexion/extension patterns
imbalance of tone may cause contractures (hip FADIR, knee flexion, PF)
Crouched gait

117
Q

athetosis

A

Lesion of basal ganglia, writhing movements with fluctuating tone

generalized low tone

poor visual tracking
ATNR

118
Q

Ataxia

A

lesion of cerebellum

ataxia follows initial hypotonia

119
Q

dystonia

A

involuntary movements

120
Q

Gross motor classification for CP

A

1: walk without restriction
2: walk without AD
3: walk with AD
4: use power chair outdoors
5: mobility severely limited

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