theories of learning

Question 1

who is responsible for operant conditioning

Answer 1

Skinner

Question 2

what is operant conditioning

Answer 2

the use of reinforcement to ensure that correct responses are repeated

Question 3

what are the three main features that characterise operant conditioning

Answer 3

• trial and error learning
• the coach manipulating the environment when using operant conditioning
• it shapes behaviours by using reinforcement

Question 4

what basis does operant conditioning work on

Answer 4

that reinforced actions are strengthened and that incorrect actions can be weaken

Question 5

what is operant conditioning tyring to strengthen or weaken

Answer 5

the stimulus - response bond (the S-R bond)

Question 6

what is positive reinforcement

Answer 6

is when a good stimulus is given to increase the likelihood of a correct response occurring again in the future (e.g. praise when the correct action has been completed)

Question 7

what is behaviour theory

Answer 7

this attempts to explain how actions can be linked to stimuli

Question 8

what is negative reinforcement

Answer 8

promotes correct actions occurring to a stimulus by taking away a bad stimulus when the action is completed correctly (e.g. the coach doesn’t shout at the performer when the action is done right

Question 9

what is attention

Answer 9

making the demonstration attractive to the performer

Question 10

what is retention

Answer 10

remembering the demonstration and being able to recall it

Question 11

what is motor reproduction

Answer 11

the ability, to reproduce the skill

Question 12

what is motivation

Answer 12

having the drive to do the task

Question 13

what are the 4 key things to remember with observational learning ?

Answer 13

• attention
• retention
• motor reproduction
• motivation

Question 14

what is punishment

Answer 14

an unpleasant stimulus to prevent incorrect actions recurring

Question 15

what is social development

Answer 15

learning by association with others

Question 16

what is inter - phycological learning

Answer 16

learning from others externally

Question 17

what is intra-psychological learning

Answer 17

learning from within after gaining external knowledge from other

Question 18

constructivism

Answer 18

building up learning in stages, based on the current level of performance
- what can I do alone
- what can I do with help
- what can I not do yet

Question 19

zone of proximal development

Answer 19

the next stage of learning based on the performers needs, expectation and current level of performance

Question 20

what is an MKO

Answer 20

a more knowledgeable other

Question 21

what is the psychological refractory period

Answer 21

The delay in responding to the second of two closely spaced stimuli is termed the psychological refractory period

Question 22

what is the single channel theory (hypothesis)

Answer 22

• a performer can only attend to one thing at a time, so information is processed sequentially,.

Question 23

what is observational learning

Answer 23

learning, take place via watching and then imitating what is seen. Imitation, is more likely if the model is seen as relevant, and complies with social norms, and is similar in age or ability

Question 24

what makes observational learning most effective, when imitating another performer (8 possible things)

Answer 24

• high status
• successful
• relevant to performer
• complies with social norms
• similar in age
• same gender
• similar in ability
• behaviour of model reinforced

Question 25

what is insight learning

Answer 25

the learner, is involved in the process by absorbing information, from various sources, to understand the whole picture.