skill characteristics and their impact on transfer and practice Flashcards
skill
the learned ability to bring about predetermined results with the minimum outlay of time, energy or both
open skill
a skill performed in an unpredictable environment
closed skill
a skill performed in a predictable environment
what is ACEFACE
- aesthetic
- consitent
- effortless
- fluent
- accurate
- controlled
- economical
how do we now if someone is able to perform something to a high standard
they show the qualities of ACEFACE
what is the skill continua
it is a way of grouping or classifying skill that are based on the same criteria, for example running and time trial cycling with both be continuous skills
what is a gross skill
a skill that uses large muscle groups
what is a fine skill
a skill that uses smaller muscle groups
what is an example of a closed skill
shot put
what is an example of a gross skill
a tackle in rugby
what is an example of a open skill
a pass in a team game
what is a externally - paced skill
when the performer has no control over the start and the speed of the skill
what is a self - paced skill
when the performer controls that start and the speed of the skill
what is a discrete skill
a skill that has a clear beginning and end
what is a sub - routine
the actions that from the parts of a skill such as grip, trunk rotation and arm swing in a tennis return.
what is a serial skill
a skill that contains several discrete skills in order to make a more integrated movement
what is a low organised skill
a skill that is easily broken into parts
what are the 4 types of transfer of learning
- positive transfer
- negative transfer
- zero transfer
- bilateral transfer
what is positive transfer and give one example
- when the learning of one skill helps the learning of another
- the netball pass has a similar action to that of a pass that may be taken in basketball, making that these two skills are transferable, thus meaning it is an example of a positive transfer
what is transfer of learning
the effect of the learning and performance of one skill on the learning and performance of another
what is negative transfer and give one example
- when learning of one skill hinders the learning of another skill
- the learning of a tennis serve, may have a negative impact on that of a badminton serve due to one being a wrist action and the other recurring the whole body, meaning it could detriment the ability of a badminton players serve, if they started doing tennis serves
what is zero transfer and give one example
- when the learning of one skill has no impact on the learning of another
- for example if someone was a cyclist and a tennis player none of the skills that they learn from each of the sports is going to have a positive impact on the other
what is bilateral transfer and give one example
- when the learning of one skill is passed across the body from one limb to another
- the action of a football shot, as one my take it off their right foot and be able to take it off their left foot, showing the ability of bilateral transfer
what are the steps that can be taken, by you and your coach to ensure positive transfer
ensuring, that aids, such as a tackle bag may be replaced with real people in small sided games, to encourage tackling, that is a skill that is going to be needed to be replicated in the game
what is the definition of whole practice
practising the skill in it’s entirety
what are the 6 scenarios, where the coach may choose to use whole practice
- the skill is fast, ballistic and discrete
- the skill is highly organised
- the skill is simple and does not require much thought
- the feel (kinaesthesis) of the whole task is required as the learner develops and is ready to perform the whole task
- the performer is advanced in the autonomous stage of learning,
- the links between sub - routines need to be maintained
what is a continuous skill
- A continuous skill is one which has no clear beginning or end but is more a cycle of movements repeated over and over again
what is a highly organised skill
- a skill that is not easily broken into parts
what is a simple skill and give one example
- a skill that requires few decisions when being performed
- a forward roll
what is a complex skill and give one example
- a skill that requires decision making using lots of Information When performed
- a dribble in hockey, due to the player having to focus on the position of other players, in other to realise when to go round them
what is whole-part-whole practice
assessing the skill, identifying a weakness to practise then putting the skill back together
what are advantages of whole-part-whole practice (state 3)
- can help to provide motivation, when a long standing weakness is overcome
- it provides immediate feedback
- it also helps to maintain the feel for the whole skill and the transitions between each part of it
what are the disadvantages of whole-part-whole practice (state 2)
- it can create negative transfer unless integrated back into the full skill seamlessly
- it is a more time consuming process than just practicing the whole skill
what is progressive part practice
practising the first part of the skill then adding parts gradually, sometimes called chaining
what are the advantages of progressive part practice (state 3)
- allows the learner to focus on one aspect of the task and can potentially correct specific weakness
- allows the learner to rest so fatigue does not massively impact the skill
- allows the coach or player to focus on specific issues of key aspects of the task
what are disadvantages of progressive part practice (state 3)
- can be time consuming
- may ignore the links between each sub-routine
- there is a risk that there could be negative transfer between each part of the skill.
what is massed practice
no rest intervals during the practice session
what are the advantages to massed practice (state 3 )
- it promotes fitness
- helps the performer learn how to perform the skill under high levels of fatigue
- it is a efficient use of time
what are the disadvantages of massed practice (state 2)
- can lead to high levels of fatigue
- high demands on the player, so should keep it simple
what is distributed practice
rest intervals are given during the practice session
what are the advantages of distributed practice (state 3)
- helps to take the pressure of a performer
- allows for feedback to be given in the rests
- allows the coach time to praise the performer which may help with motivation
what are the disadvantages of distributed practice (state 3)
- does not allow for fast progression
- can be time consuming
- there is a chance that negative transfer could happen after the rest interval if the coach doesn’t integrate the skill properly
what is varied practice
changing the practice type and the practice drills
what are the advantages of varied practice (state 3)
- allows the players to adapt there skills to changing environments
- the variation, stops the players becoming bored and de-motivated (eliminates tedium)
- allows sub-routines to be created
what are the disadvantages of varied practice (state 3)
- more time consuming
- increase the risk of negative transfer
- the demand on the player, may become to high increasing fatigue
what is mental practice
- going over the skill in the mind without movement
