respiratory system

Question 1

what is diffusion

Answer 1

the net movement of gas molecules from an area of high concentration or partial pressure to an area of low concentration of partial pressure.

Question 2

what is Gaseous exchange

Answer 2

the movement of oxygen from the air into the blood, and carbon dioxide from the blood into the air

Question 3

what is the order of passages, that air passes through

Answer 3

nose, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli

Question 4

inspiration and expiration table
(know it and understand it)

Answer 4

(know it and understand it)

Question 5

tidal volume

Answer 5

volume of air breathed in or out per breath

Question 6

inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

Answer 6

volume of air that can be forcibly inspired after a normal breath

Question 7

expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

Answer 7

volume of air that ca be forcibly expired after a normal breath

Question 8

residual volume

Answer 8

the amount of air that remains in the lungs after maximal expiration

Question 9

what is a spirometer used for?

Answer 9

to measure the volume of air that one can breath in and breath out (inhale and exhale)

Question 10

what is minute ventilation

Answer 10

the volume of air inhaled or exhaled from the lungs per minute. changes in minute ventilation occur during different types of exercise.

Question 11

what are the two things, that we associate with gaseous exchange.

Answer 11

• getting oxygen from the air, into the lungs, so that it can diffuse from the alveoli into the blood stream
• the removal of carbon dioxide from the blood stream, to the alveoli, to be breathed out

Question 12

concentration/diffusion gradient

Answer 12

often refer to as the concentration gradient, it explain show gases flow from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. the steeper this gradient (difference between concentration levels at high and low areas, the faster diffusion will occur

Question 13

what is the partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli and what is it in the blood vessels

Answer 13

• 60% (in the alveoli)
• 40% (in the blood)

Question 14

why does the partial pressure have to lower at the tissues than in the blood

Answer 14

to allow there to be a concentration gradient to allow diffusion to occur.

Question 15

what are the three factors involved in regulation of pulmonary ventilation

Answer 15

• neuronal control
• chemical control
• hormonal control

Question 16

what is the order of neural/ chemical control for expiration

Answer 16

receptors -> medulla -> intercostal nerve -> abdominals and internal intercostals.

Question 16

what is the order of neural/ chemical control for inspiration?

Answer 16

receptors -> medulla -> phrenic nerve -> diaphragm and external intercostals

Question 17

what are cilia?

Answer 17

cilia are microscopic hair-like projections that help to sweep away fluids and particles.

Question 18

COPD

Answer 18

is a chronic and debilitating disease and is the name for a collection of disease such as emphysema. the main cause of emphysema is smoking. it is a long-term, progressive disease of the lungs that causes shortness of breath.

Question 19

what damage can smoking cause to the alveoli?

Answer 19

it can cause there walls to break down and join together, forming larger air spaces than normal.

Question 20

what are 3 adaptions of the alveoli for gaseous exchange

Answer 20

• large surface area to volume ratio
• thin diffusion distance
• good blood supply (to maintain concentration gradient)
• moist (allows gases to diffuse quicker

Question 21

Vagus nerve

Answer 21

runs from the medulla oblongata to the Sino atrial node, and is responsible for parasympathetic stimulation

Question 22

accelerator nerve

Answer 22

runs from the medulla oblongata to the Sino atrial node, and is responsible, for sympathetic stimulation