principles and theories of learning and performance Flashcards
what is learning
a permanent change in behaviour as a result of pratice
performance
a temporary occurrence that can change from time to time because of many external and internal influences
what is the cognitive stage of learning
the first stage of learning used by a novice. understanding and sub-routines are explored by trial and error
what is the associative stage of learning
the second stage of learning as motor programmes are developed and performance is smoother
what is the autonomous stage of learning
the final stage of learning used by an expert when movements detailed and specific
what is the purpose of feedback
to allow performer to identify there strengths and weakness, so that they can work on them in order to improve their sporting peformance
what is feedback
information to aid error correction
what is positive feedback
encouragment
what is negative feedback
error correction
what is extrinsic feedback
from an outside source
what is intrinsic feedback
from within
what is knowledge of results
concerns with the outcome
what is knowledge of performance
about the technique
what would one use with someone in the cognitive stage of learning (feedback type and knowledge of…
extrinsic feedback and knowledge of results, due to the novice, not knowing what a successful performance should feel like
what should the coach do before giving feedback
recognise what is appropriate based on what stage of learning the performer is at
what is a plateau
a period of no improvement
what is stage 1 of the learning curve
where the rate of learning is slow due to the performance level being poor, this is because the performer is new to the skill
what is stage 2 of the learning curve
there is a rapid increase in the rate of learning, due to the perform learning how to master the task, and they have gain some success whilst doing the skill
stage 3 of the learning curve
there is no improvement in the rate of learning and the performer has reached a plateau
state 6 things that lead to the plateau in peformance
- lack of motivation
- boredom
- coaching
- limit of your ability
- targets set to low
- fatigue
state 3 possible solutions to the plateau effect
- the task could be increased in difficulty to create a challenge for the performer
- the player could experiment with a different coach
- they could add more variety to the task, to eliminate the amount of boredom
what is visual guidance
guidance that can be seen, for example this could be a demonstration of a basketball pass
state 2 advantages and 2 disadvantages of visual guidance
- can be used to highlight a specific weakness (ADV
- creates a mental image of what the perfect model looks like (ADV)
- the demonstration must be accurate and match that of the skill level of the performer (DIS)
- the demonstration could lead to the performer becoming further confused about how to perform the skill (DIS)
what is verbal guidance
using words to explain the task
state 1 advantages and 2 disadvantages of verbal guidance
- verbal guidance, can also overlap with a coach giving feedback (ADV)
- the performer may loose concentration and not pick up key bits of information, unless the coach keeps it clear and concise (DIS)
- it must be relevant to the skill being performer in order to make sense to the performer (DIS)
what is manual guidance
physically supporting/manipulating a performer during a movement
state 2 advantages and 2 disadvantages of manual guidance
- has the ability to eliminate the danger from a task (ADV)
- it helps the performer build confidence before performing the skill without assistance (ADV)
- allows performer to understand how the skill should feel (ADV)
- if over used it can have a largely negative impact on the athlete’s ability to perform the skill (DIS)
- requires the coach to physically manipulate the performer which some people may not be comfortable with (DIS)
what is mechanical guidance
using artificial aids to help a performance
state 2 advantages and 2 disadvantages of mechanical guidance
- eliminates danger (ADV)
- allows disable athletes or injured athletes to try skills whilst unable to do them unassisted (ADV)
- the performer may loose motivation when unable to perform the skill without the mechanical aid (DIS)
- the performer could become over reliant on it which would lead to difficulty when tyring to perform the skill without the use of the aid
what is punishment
an unpleasant stimulus to prevent incorrect actions recurring
who is responsible for operant conditioning
Skinner
what is operant conditioning
the use of reinforcement to ensure that correct responses are repeated
what are the three main features that characterise operant conditioning
- trial and error learning
- the coach manipulating the environment when using operant conditioning
- it shapes behaviours by using reinforcement
what basis does operant conditioning work on
that reinforced actions are strengthened and that incorrect actions can be weaken
what is operant conditioning tyring to strengthen or weaken
the stimulus - response bond (the S-R bond)
what is positive reinforcement
is when a good stimulus is given to increase the likelihood of a correct response occurring again in the future (e.g. praise when the correct action has been completed)
what is behaviour theory
this attempts to explain how actions can be linked to stimuli
what is negative reinforcement
promotes correct actions occurring to a stimulus by taking away a bad stimulus when the action is completed correctly (e.g. the coach doesn’t shout at the performer when the action is done right
what is attention
making the demonstration attractive to the performer
what is retention
remembering the demonstration and being able to recall it
what is motor reproduction
having the mental and physical ability to do the task
what is motivation
having the drive to do the task
what are the 4 key things to remember with observational learning ?
- attention
- retention
- motor reproduction
- motivation
what is punishment
an unpleasant stimulus to prevent incorrect actions recurring
what is social development
learning by association with others
what is inter - phycological learning
learning from others externally
what is intra-psychological learning
learning from within after gaining external knowledge from other
constructivism
building up learning in stages, based on the current level of performance
- what can I do alone
- what can I do with help
- what can I not do yet
zone of proximal development
the next stage of learning based on the performers needs, expectation and current level of performance
what is an MKO
a more knowledgeable other
