memory models Flashcards
what is the simple information processing model
input -> decision making -> output -> feedback
what is an input
a stimulus from the environment that is received via the senses of the peformer
what is decision making
the process where the performer, uses a combination of recognition, perception and memory processes to select an appropriate response to the demands of the situation
what is output
where a response is given by the player
what is feedback
feedback occurs because the player, perceives the outcome of his or her response and this in turn becomes part of the input for the basis of further decision making
what are the 5 senses
- touch
- sight
- smell
- sound
- taste
where does the body send the information down
the central nervous system (CNS)
what are the 3 parts of perception
(the DCR)
- detection
- comparison
- recognition
what are the 3 parts of attention
- amount of information
- selective attention
- relevance of information
what is attention
amount of information we can cope with, since the amount of information that we can attend to is limited
what is selective attention
this is the process of sorting out relevant bits of information from the many which are received.
state 7 way’s to develop selective attention
- lots of relevant practice
- increase the intensity of the stimulus
- use verbal or kinaesthetic cues to focus on important information
- use visualization or mental rehearsal techniques without movement
- watch performers video replays to refine technique
- observe and copy the behaviour of a player who plays in the same position as the subject
what are 3 benefits to selective attention
- reduces performers potential memory overload
- helps regulate performers arousal and anxiety levels
- improves performers reaction time
what are the 3 parts of the simple memory model
- short term sensory store
- short term memory
/\ \/ - long term memory
how long for and how much information can the short term sensory store hold
around 5-9 pieces of information and it can only hold them for 20-30
what is the Baddeley and Hitch model
a basic version of working memory, which can be defined as a temporary storage system under attentional control that underpins our capacity for complex thought. this therefore replaces the short term memory in the memory system theory systems, so far dealt with
know the Baddeley and Hitching model
.
what does the central executive system do
it allocates memories to the phonological and visuospatial sketch pad
what is visuospatial sketchpad
the VSSP system receives and sorts out visual information ready for processing in the long term memory
what is the phonological loop
- an articulatory loop - which voices information, that you are rehearsing
- a primary acoustic store - which just hold onto the memory of sounds
what is the episodic buffer
it works between and the phonological loop and VSSP and brings elements of information together into patterns or stories into the long term memory. it is a temporary storage system that is able to combine information from the loop, the sketchpad, long term memory or indeed from perceptual input, into a coherent episode
what is Whittlings information processing model
what is the perceptual mechanism
the part of the brain which perceives the surroundings and gives them meaning
what is the translatory mechanism
consist of the part of the brain which makes decisions and sorts out and processes the few relevant bits of information from the many inputs from the surroundings
what is the effector mechanism
the part of the brain which carries out the decisions and sends messages to the limbs and parts of the body via the nervous system
what does output involve (Whiting’s model)
it involves the effector mechanism and the muscular system. The nerves send messages to the muscles which move in order for the ball to be caught
what is feedback data
the information which is used during and after an action or movement which enables a performer to adjust or change performance according to this new information
what is reaction time
reaction time is the time between the onset of a stimulus and the start of the response.
what is response time
response time is the time it takes to process information and then to make a response. response time = reaction time + movement time
what is movement time
movement time, is the time it takes to complete the onset of a movement
what is the definition of onset
the length of time it takes of something to start to work.
state 5 factors that may affect reaction time
- age
- gender
- height
- stimulus intensity
- arousal levels
what is anticipation
the ability to predict future events from early signals or past events
what is temporal anticipation
is pre-judging when the future event will occur
what is spatial anticipation
is pre - judging where and what the future event will be
what is the phycological refractory period
is about what happens when following an initial stimulus (may cause a reaction) there is a presentation of a second stimulus
the PRP is the time lag that occurs in responding to the second of the two stimuli which occur close together, because a response to the first stimulus is still being processed
state 3 ways of improving reaction time
- detecting the cues (when you may need to start the response time)
- decision making
- controlling anxiety
Hick’s law
Reaction time increases as the number of choices increases
what is the single channel hypothesis
The Single Channel Hypothesis states that once a stimulus has been recognised and is in the process of being dealt with any secondary stimuli must wait until the first has been dealt with before it can be processed. We can only process one piece of information at a time.
what is inter - psychological learning
learning, from others externally
what is Intra - psychological learning
Learning from within after gaining external knowledge from others
what is the zone of proximal development
the next stage of learning based on the performers needs, expectations and current level of performance
