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HOSA: Human G&D > Theories of Development > Flashcards

Theories of Development Flashcards

1
Q

define GROWTH

A

quantitive increase in physical size that is interdependent of development

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2
Q

define DEVELOPMENT

A

progressive acquisition of skills & capacity that is interdependent of growth & trasnational; stems from learned behavior & maturation; 3 types

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3
Q

define MATURATION

A

attainment of fully developed skill from total process of skills & independent practice/training

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4
Q

growth and development grows and what together

A

lags

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5
Q

What are the 3 types of development

A

physical, cognitive, & socio-emotional development

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6
Q

describe PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT

A

changes in size, body composition, chemical make-up, & height

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7
Q

describe COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT

A

changes in way people think from social interaction & brain development

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8
Q

describe SOCIO-EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT

A

changes in social relationships, feeling, social skills, self-esteem, gender identity, & coping methods

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9
Q

define cephalocaudal

A

begins @ head to feet

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10
Q

define proximodistal

A

from center to extremeties

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11
Q

list characteristics of growth & development

A
  • simple to complex
  • continuous slow & steady w/growth spurts
  • individualized progress rates
  • affects all systems @ different times
  • affects person physically, mentally, & socially
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12
Q

list the 3 conflicts of growth & development

A
  • nature vs nurture
  • continuity vs discontinuity
  • pedagogy vs andragogy
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13
Q

describe CONTINUITY VS DISCONTINUITY

A

slow progression vs abrupt change

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14
Q

describe PEDAGOGY VS ANDRAGOGY

A

taught by teacher vs self taught

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15
Q

define psychoanalytical theories

A

theories analyze symbolic meaning behind behavior; thought to be rooted in unconsciousness & early life experiences

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16
Q

what are two famous psychologists behind psychoanalytical theories

A

Freud & Erikson

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17
Q

describe cognitive theories

A

theories about how ppl process info, think, & learn

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18
Q

What are two famous psychologists behind cognitive theories

A

Piaget & Vygotsky

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19
Q

What are the basics of Freud’s theory?

A

there are 3 parts to awareness (conscious, subconscious, & unconscious) & 3 conflicted personality components (Id, Ego, & Superego)

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20
Q

describe Freud’s theory regarding awareness is further detail

A
  • the conscious is based in reality & logic (deals w/immediate awareness)
  • the subconscious/preconscious hold memory, thoughts, & feelings; able to be recalled to conscious
  • unconscious holds painful memories; behavior can be understood if unconscious is understood
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21
Q

describe Freud’s theory on conflicted personality in further detail

A
  • the Id controls basic primitive “I want” urgers & driven by libido
  • the Ego is the “executive” most in touch of reality that understands delayed satisfaction in relation to Id
  • the Superego understands ethics & morals; able to judge, control, & punish
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22
Q

aka: defense mechanisms

A

mental mechanisms

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23
Q

all defense mechanisms happen unconsciously except for

A

suppression

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24
Q

who thought defenses mechanisms were to protect the ego

A

Freud

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25
Q

list types of defense mechamisms

A
  • suppression
  • rationalization
  • identification
  • sublimation
  • regression
  • denial
  • displacement
  • projection
  • compensation
  • undoing
  • reaction formation/overcompensation
  • conversion
  • daydreaming
  • repression
  • withdrawl
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26
Q

define suppression

A

consciously bringing back distressing feelings to increase focus

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27
Q

define rationalization

A

justify/excuse to prevent from confronting reality; don’t learn to deal; most widely used

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28
Q

define IDENTIFICATION DEFENSE MECHANISM

A

taking on personality traits of another held in high esteem generally during sexual role identification

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29
Q

define SUBLIMATION DEFENSE MECHANISM

A

channel/redirect unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable outlets; considered positive & effective

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30
Q

what defense mechanism is considered positive & effective

A

sublimation

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31
Q

define REGRESSION DEFENSE MECHANISM

A

return to earlier, more developmentally secure stage

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32
Q

define DENIAL DEFENSE MECHANISM

A

unable to recognize event/emotions

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33
Q

define DISPLACEMENT DEFENSE MECHANISM

A

transfers emotions from something to something/someone else

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34
Q

define PROJECTION DEFENSE MECHANISM

A

blaming/rejects their own wrong thoughts/feelings & onto someone else

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35
Q

define COMPENSATION DEFENSE MECHANISM

A

make up deficiencies by excelling in 1 area; helps maintain self esteem

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36
Q

define UNDOING DEFENSE MECHANISM

A

symbolically cancels previous bad thought/action in an attempt to make up for something bad

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37
Q

define REACTION FORMATION DEFENSE MECHANISM

A

overcompensation; bad thoughts/feelings replaced with opposite feelings or thoughts when encountering subject of bad thoughts

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38
Q

define CONVERSION DEFENSE MECHANISM

A

converts unconscious feelings to physical symptoms

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39
Q

define DAYDREAMING DEFENSE MECHANISM

A

substitute for reality

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40
Q

define REPRESSION DEFENSE MECHANISM

A

unconsciously transfer bad feelings to unconscious which may resurface in dreams/behavior; done when feelings too strong & impair function

41
Q

define WITHDRAWAL DEFENSE MECHANISM

A

stop communicating or physically remove themselves from situation

42
Q

list the stages of Freud’s stages of psychosexual development

A
  1. oral
  2. anal
  3. phallic
  4. latency
  5. genital
43
Q

describe the ORAL STAGE of Freud’s psychosexual development

A

birth-18 months; oral erogenous area; infant separates self from environment @ end

44
Q

describe the ANAL STAGE of Freud’s psychosexual development

A

18 months-3yrs; split oral & anal erogenous areas; challenge of stage = toilet training

45
Q

describe the PHALLIC STAGE of Freud’s psychosexual development

A

3-6 yrs; genital erogenous area leading to masturbation, exhibitionism, & nudity; beginning of seuxal identity; challenge of stage = Oedipus/Electra complex

46
Q

define the OEDIPUS COMPLEX

A

son attracted to mother; resolved by taking on father’s characteristics

47
Q

define the ELECTRA COMPLEX

A

daughter attracted to father; resolved by copying mother’s role/characteristics

48
Q

describe the LATENCY STAGE of Freud’s psychosexual development

A

6-12 yrs; sexual urgers dormant to focus on intellect, sports, same-sex peer relationships

49
Q

describe the GENITAL STAGE of Freud’s psychosexual development

A

13-20 yrs; puberty awakens sexual urge & begin relationships w/opposite sex

50
Q

what is the psychosocial theory

A

Erik Erikson broadened Freud’s personality theory

51
Q

What are the stages of the psychosocial theory?

A
  1. trust vs mistrust
  2. autonomy vs shame & doubt
  3. initiative vs guilt
  4. industry vs inferiority
  5. Identity vs role confusion
  6. intimacy vs isolation
  7. generativity vs stagnation
  8. ego integrity vs despair
52
Q

describe the TRUST VS MISTRUST STAGE of psychosocial theory

A

birth-18 months; develop trust in family & world; depends on response of caregiver

53
Q

describe the AUTONOMY VS SHAME & DOUBT stage of psychosocial theory

A

18 months - 3 yrs; gain self control via self tasks

54
Q

describe the INITIATIVE VS GUILT stage of psychosocial theory

A

3-5yrs; develop purpose & ability to initiate & direct activities/interests

55
Q

describe the INDUSTRY VS INFERIORITY stage of psychosocial theory

A

6-12 yrs; learning, competition, performing, recognition, & build peer relationships; success leads to self confidence

56
Q

describe the IDENTITY VS ROLE CONFUSION stage of psychosocial theory

A

13-28 yrs; integrate tasks from previous stage to form secure sens of identity

57
Q

describe the INTIMACY VS ISOLATION stage of psychosocial theory

A

19-39 yrs; form lasting relationships

58
Q

describe the GENERATIVITY VS STAGNATION stage of psychosocial theory

A

40-65 yrs; achieve life goals & foster future generations

59
Q

describe the EGO INTEGRITY VS DESPAIR stage of psychosocial theory

A

65 yrs-death; review life events & meaning; success = death w/dignity & failure = feelings of despair & worthlessness

60
Q

what is Piaget’s theory?

A

theory of intellectual development; involves 3 organization concepts & 4 stages

61
Q

What are the 3 concepts of Piaget’s theory

A

Schema, Assimilation, & Accommodation

62
Q

define SCHEMA

A

patterns consisting of # of ideas that grow w/experience & act as guide

63
Q

define ASSIMILATION

A

ability to absorb new info into existing schemas

64
Q

define ACCOMMODATION

A

new experiences that don’t assimilate into existing schemas cause schemas to change & merge w/new info

65
Q

what are the 4 stages of Piaget’s theory

A
  1. sensorimotor
  2. preoperational
  3. concrete operational
  4. formal operational
66
Q

describe the SENSORIMOTOR stage of Piaget’s theory

A

birth-2 yrs; separate self from environment; begin object permanence

67
Q

define object permanence

A

understanding that object still exists even if not visible

68
Q

describe the PREOPERATIONAL stage of Piaget’s theory (list some characteristics)

A

2-6 yrs; increase language use, symbolic gestures, object permanence; egocentrism; animistic thinking; centration/centering; lack of concentration & struggle w/reversability

69
Q

define egocentrism

A

inability to consider other ppl’s perspectives

70
Q

define animistic thinking

A

inanimate objects have feelings/motives

71
Q

define centration/centering

A

tendency to focus on 1 aspect of something seen

72
Q

define concentration

A

ability to follow viewed transformations

73
Q

describe CONCRETE OPERATIONAL stage of Piaget’s theory

A

6-12 yrs; begin logic, understand reversibility & spatiality; differentiate & classify

74
Q

describe the FORMAL OPERATIONAL stage of Piaget’s theory

A

12-15 yrs; abstract & hypothetical logic, scientific reasoning & problem solving, reach cognitive maturity & metacognition

75
Q

define metacognition

A

think about thinking

76
Q

what stage was added to Piaget’s theory by LaBouvie-Vief?

A

Postformal

77
Q

describe the later added “POSTFORMAL” stage of Piaget’s theory

A

+15 yrs; better @ abstract, cause & effect predictions, analogies/metaphors; entertain what ifs; pick solutions based on context

78
Q

what is Vygotsky’s Sociocultural theory

A

challenges Piaget’s theory; suggests that cognitive development is through social interaction & not inherent

79
Q

Vygotsky’s theory consists of 2 concepts. What were they?

A

scaffolding & zone of proximal development

80
Q

define SCAFFOLDING

A

helping a child by instruction or provision of resources

81
Q

define ZONE OF PROXIMAL DEVELOPMENT (ZPD)

A

level a child can learn w/help; the more a child does a task, the scaffolding will be removed forming a new ZPD

82
Q

what is the Human Needs Theory?

A

created by Abraham Maslow; certain needs to be met before other things can happen (hierarchy of needs)

83
Q

List the hierarchy of needs from the human needs theory from the bottom up

A
  1. physiological
  2. safety
  3. belonging
  4. self esteem
  5. self actualization
84
Q

define ecological theory

A

assign traits & behaviors based on environment

85
Q

define ETHOLOGICAL THEORY

A

assign traits & behaviors based on biology

86
Q

define SOCIAL COGNITIVE THEORY

A

created by Bandura; people’s reaction to reward stem from own perception, thoughts, & motivations because people watch & imitate others

87
Q

define OPERANT CONDITIONING

A

created by Skinner; behavior repeated when reinforced & over time reinforcements are removed

88
Q

define CLASSICAL CONDITIONING

A

created by Pavlov; behaviors are associated w/emotional response

89
Q

what is the Theory of Moral Development?

A

Kohlberg expands Piaget’s theory; morals are developed w/logic; 3 stages

90
Q

what are the 3 stages of Theory of Moral Development?

A
  1. preconventional
  2. conventional
  3. postconventional
91
Q

describe the PRECONVENTIONAL stage of the theory of moral development?

A

4-10 yrs; Punishment & obedience + instrumental relativist orientation

92
Q

define instrumental relativist orientation

A

motivation from egocentrism & self concern

93
Q

describe the CONVENTIONAL stage of the theory of moral development?

A

10-13 yrs; interpersonal concordance + law & order orientation

94
Q

define interpersonal concordance

A

motivated by expectations of others, approval, & acceptance (based on desire to be perceived good/bad)

95
Q

describe POSTCONVENTIONAL stage of the theory of moral developmental

A

+14; social contract legalistic orientation + universal ethical principle orientation

96
Q

define social contract legalistic orientation

A

motivated by respect for universal laws & morals

97
Q

define universal ethical principle orientation

A

motivated by internalized principles; conscious behavior

98
Q

what is Gilligan’s Theory of Moral Development

A

believed women developed differently than men & were more focused on the group; same 3 concepts as Kohlberg

99
Q

what are the 3 stages of Gilligan’s Moral theory & describe them

A
  1. preconventional: self-centered
  2. conventional: interest & concern for others
  3. postconventional: socially responsible

HOSA: Human G&D (15 decks)

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