Theories of Development Flashcards
define GROWTH
quantitive increase in physical size that is interdependent of development
define DEVELOPMENT
progressive acquisition of skills & capacity that is interdependent of growth & trasnational; stems from learned behavior & maturation; 3 types
define MATURATION
attainment of fully developed skill from total process of skills & independent practice/training
growth and development grows and what together
lags
What are the 3 types of development
physical, cognitive, & socio-emotional development
describe PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
changes in size, body composition, chemical make-up, & height
describe COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
changes in way people think from social interaction & brain development
describe SOCIO-EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
changes in social relationships, feeling, social skills, self-esteem, gender identity, & coping methods
define cephalocaudal
begins @ head to feet
define proximodistal
from center to extremeties
list characteristics of growth & development
- simple to complex
- continuous slow & steady w/growth spurts
- individualized progress rates
- affects all systems @ different times
- affects person physically, mentally, & socially
list the 3 conflicts of growth & development
- nature vs nurture
- continuity vs discontinuity
- pedagogy vs andragogy
describe CONTINUITY VS DISCONTINUITY
slow progression vs abrupt change
describe PEDAGOGY VS ANDRAGOGY
taught by teacher vs self taught
define psychoanalytical theories
theories analyze symbolic meaning behind behavior; thought to be rooted in unconsciousness & early life experiences
what are two famous psychologists behind psychoanalytical theories
Freud & Erikson
describe cognitive theories
theories about how ppl process info, think, & learn
What are two famous psychologists behind cognitive theories
Piaget & Vygotsky
What are the basics of Freud’s theory?
there are 3 parts to awareness (conscious, subconscious, & unconscious) & 3 conflicted personality components (Id, Ego, & Superego)
describe Freud’s theory regarding awareness is further detail
- the conscious is based in reality & logic (deals w/immediate awareness)
- the subconscious/preconscious hold memory, thoughts, & feelings; able to be recalled to conscious
- unconscious holds painful memories; behavior can be understood if unconscious is understood
describe Freud’s theory on conflicted personality in further detail
- the Id controls basic primitive “I want” urgers & driven by libido
- the Ego is the “executive” most in touch of reality that understands delayed satisfaction in relation to Id
- the Superego understands ethics & morals; able to judge, control, & punish
aka: defense mechanisms
mental mechanisms
all defense mechanisms happen unconsciously except for
suppression
who thought defenses mechanisms were to protect the ego
Freud
list types of defense mechamisms
- suppression
- rationalization
- identification
- sublimation
- regression
- denial
- displacement
- projection
- compensation
- undoing
- reaction formation/overcompensation
- conversion
- daydreaming
- repression
- withdrawl
define suppression
consciously bringing back distressing feelings to increase focus
define rationalization
justify/excuse to prevent from confronting reality; don’t learn to deal; most widely used
define IDENTIFICATION DEFENSE MECHANISM
taking on personality traits of another held in high esteem generally during sexual role identification
define SUBLIMATION DEFENSE MECHANISM
channel/redirect unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable outlets; considered positive & effective
what defense mechanism is considered positive & effective
sublimation
define REGRESSION DEFENSE MECHANISM
return to earlier, more developmentally secure stage
define DENIAL DEFENSE MECHANISM
unable to recognize event/emotions
define DISPLACEMENT DEFENSE MECHANISM
transfers emotions from something to something/someone else
define PROJECTION DEFENSE MECHANISM
blaming/rejects their own wrong thoughts/feelings & onto someone else
define COMPENSATION DEFENSE MECHANISM
make up deficiencies by excelling in 1 area; helps maintain self esteem
define UNDOING DEFENSE MECHANISM
symbolically cancels previous bad thought/action in an attempt to make up for something bad
define REACTION FORMATION DEFENSE MECHANISM
overcompensation; bad thoughts/feelings replaced with opposite feelings or thoughts when encountering subject of bad thoughts
define CONVERSION DEFENSE MECHANISM
converts unconscious feelings to physical symptoms
define DAYDREAMING DEFENSE MECHANISM
substitute for reality
define REPRESSION DEFENSE MECHANISM
unconsciously transfer bad feelings to unconscious which may resurface in dreams/behavior; done when feelings too strong & impair function
define WITHDRAWAL DEFENSE MECHANISM
stop communicating or physically remove themselves from situation
list the stages of Freud’s stages of psychosexual development
- oral
- anal
- phallic
- latency
- genital
describe the ORAL STAGE of Freud’s psychosexual development
birth-18 months; oral erogenous area; infant separates self from environment @ end
describe the ANAL STAGE of Freud’s psychosexual development
18 months-3yrs; split oral & anal erogenous areas; challenge of stage = toilet training
describe the PHALLIC STAGE of Freud’s psychosexual development
3-6 yrs; genital erogenous area leading to masturbation, exhibitionism, & nudity; beginning of seuxal identity; challenge of stage = Oedipus/Electra complex
define the OEDIPUS COMPLEX
son attracted to mother; resolved by taking on father’s characteristics
define the ELECTRA COMPLEX
daughter attracted to father; resolved by copying mother’s role/characteristics
describe the LATENCY STAGE of Freud’s psychosexual development
6-12 yrs; sexual urgers dormant to focus on intellect, sports, same-sex peer relationships
describe the GENITAL STAGE of Freud’s psychosexual development
13-20 yrs; puberty awakens sexual urge & begin relationships w/opposite sex
what is the psychosocial theory
Erik Erikson broadened Freud’s personality theory
What are the stages of the psychosocial theory?
- trust vs mistrust
- autonomy vs shame & doubt
- initiative vs guilt
- industry vs inferiority
- Identity vs role confusion
- intimacy vs isolation
- generativity vs stagnation
- ego integrity vs despair
describe the TRUST VS MISTRUST STAGE of psychosocial theory
birth-18 months; develop trust in family & world; depends on response of caregiver
describe the AUTONOMY VS SHAME & DOUBT stage of psychosocial theory
18 months - 3 yrs; gain self control via self tasks
describe the INITIATIVE VS GUILT stage of psychosocial theory
3-5yrs; develop purpose & ability to initiate & direct activities/interests
describe the INDUSTRY VS INFERIORITY stage of psychosocial theory
6-12 yrs; learning, competition, performing, recognition, & build peer relationships; success leads to self confidence
describe the IDENTITY VS ROLE CONFUSION stage of psychosocial theory
13-28 yrs; integrate tasks from previous stage to form secure sens of identity
describe the INTIMACY VS ISOLATION stage of psychosocial theory
19-39 yrs; form lasting relationships
describe the GENERATIVITY VS STAGNATION stage of psychosocial theory
40-65 yrs; achieve life goals & foster future generations
describe the EGO INTEGRITY VS DESPAIR stage of psychosocial theory
65 yrs-death; review life events & meaning; success = death w/dignity & failure = feelings of despair & worthlessness
what is Piaget’s theory?
theory of intellectual development; involves 3 organization concepts & 4 stages
What are the 3 concepts of Piaget’s theory
Schema, Assimilation, & Accommodation
define SCHEMA
patterns consisting of # of ideas that grow w/experience & act as guide
define ASSIMILATION
ability to absorb new info into existing schemas
define ACCOMMODATION
new experiences that don’t assimilate into existing schemas cause schemas to change & merge w/new info
what are the 4 stages of Piaget’s theory
- sensorimotor
- preoperational
- concrete operational
- formal operational
describe the SENSORIMOTOR stage of Piaget’s theory
birth-2 yrs; separate self from environment; begin object permanence
define object permanence
understanding that object still exists even if not visible
describe the PREOPERATIONAL stage of Piaget’s theory (list some characteristics)
2-6 yrs; increase language use, symbolic gestures, object permanence; egocentrism; animistic thinking; centration/centering; lack of concentration & struggle w/reversability
define egocentrism
inability to consider other ppl’s perspectives
define animistic thinking
inanimate objects have feelings/motives
define centration/centering
tendency to focus on 1 aspect of something seen
define concentration
ability to follow viewed transformations
describe CONCRETE OPERATIONAL stage of Piaget’s theory
6-12 yrs; begin logic, understand reversibility & spatiality; differentiate & classify
describe the FORMAL OPERATIONAL stage of Piaget’s theory
12-15 yrs; abstract & hypothetical logic, scientific reasoning & problem solving, reach cognitive maturity & metacognition
define metacognition
think about thinking
what stage was added to Piaget’s theory by LaBouvie-Vief?
Postformal
describe the later added “POSTFORMAL” stage of Piaget’s theory
+15 yrs; better @ abstract, cause & effect predictions, analogies/metaphors; entertain what ifs; pick solutions based on context
what is Vygotsky’s Sociocultural theory
challenges Piaget’s theory; suggests that cognitive development is through social interaction & not inherent
Vygotsky’s theory consists of 2 concepts. What were they?
scaffolding & zone of proximal development
define SCAFFOLDING
helping a child by instruction or provision of resources
define ZONE OF PROXIMAL DEVELOPMENT (ZPD)
level a child can learn w/help; the more a child does a task, the scaffolding will be removed forming a new ZPD
what is the Human Needs Theory?
created by Abraham Maslow; certain needs to be met before other things can happen (hierarchy of needs)
List the hierarchy of needs from the human needs theory from the bottom up
- physiological
- safety
- belonging
- self esteem
- self actualization
define ecological theory
assign traits & behaviors based on environment
define ETHOLOGICAL THEORY
assign traits & behaviors based on biology
define SOCIAL COGNITIVE THEORY
created by Bandura; people’s reaction to reward stem from own perception, thoughts, & motivations because people watch & imitate others
define OPERANT CONDITIONING
created by Skinner; behavior repeated when reinforced & over time reinforcements are removed
define CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
created by Pavlov; behaviors are associated w/emotional response
what is the Theory of Moral Development?
Kohlberg expands Piaget’s theory; morals are developed w/logic; 3 stages
what are the 3 stages of Theory of Moral Development?
- preconventional
- conventional
- postconventional
describe the PRECONVENTIONAL stage of the theory of moral development?
4-10 yrs; Punishment & obedience + instrumental relativist orientation
define instrumental relativist orientation
motivation from egocentrism & self concern
describe the CONVENTIONAL stage of the theory of moral development?
10-13 yrs; interpersonal concordance + law & order orientation
define interpersonal concordance
motivated by expectations of others, approval, & acceptance (based on desire to be perceived good/bad)
describe POSTCONVENTIONAL stage of the theory of moral developmental
+14; social contract legalistic orientation + universal ethical principle orientation
define social contract legalistic orientation
motivated by respect for universal laws & morals
define universal ethical principle orientation
motivated by internalized principles; conscious behavior
what is Gilligan’s Theory of Moral Development
believed women developed differently than men & were more focused on the group; same 3 concepts as Kohlberg
what are the 3 stages of Gilligan’s Moral theory & describe them
- preconventional: self-centered
- conventional: interest & concern for others
- postconventional: socially responsible
