Prenatal Flashcards
define a ZYGOTE
single celled fertilized egg
define a KARYOTYPE
chromosomal structure of organism
define KARYOTYPING
process to predict transmission of genetic disorders
what genetic condition is more common in African Americans
sickle cell disease
what genetic condition is more common in Jewish Europeans?
Tay-Sachs disease
what is TAY-SACHS disease
recessive condition; unable to break down some fats causing them to build up & block neurotransmission leading to cognitive & physical deterioration & early death
define TERATOGENS
chemical/physical toxins to unborn
list types of teratogens
- bacterial, protozoan, & viral infections
- toxoplasmosis
- alcohol
- nicotine/cigarettes
- caffeine
- radiation/lead/mercury
- marijuana
- cocaine
- heroin
- methamphetamine
define TOXOPLASMOSIS & how to avoid
common parasite; eat well cooked meat & avoid cat litter
list results of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD)
- miscarriages
- still birth
- prenatal & postnatal growth restrictions
- CNS abnormalities
list potential results if consuming alcohol when pregnant
- facial deformities
- defective limbs & heart
- below avg intelligence
- cognitive disabilities
list potential results if consuming nicotine/cigarettes when pregnant
- low birth weight
- growth restriction
- premature birth
- congenital & cardiovascular disorgers
what is the potential result when consuming caffeine during pregnancy
miscarriage
what is the potential results when exposed to radiation/lead/mercury during pregnancy
miscarriage & congenital disorders
what are the potential results when ingesting marijuana during pregnancy
- premature birth
- low birthweight & slow weight gain
- neurological disorders
- respiratory problems
- SIDS
what are the potential results when ingesting cocaine during pregnancy
- low birth weight
- shorter birth length
- smaller head circumference
- slower motor development in infancy
- slower growth thru age 10
- excitability/irritability
- neurological, cognitive, & medical deficits
- behavioral & attention issues
what are the potential results when ingesting heroin during pregnancy
- behavior & attention issues
- withdrawal issues
- excitability/irritability
- excessive crying
- disturbed sleep
- slower motor development
what are the potential results when ingesting methamphetamine during pregnancy
- low birth weight
- higher infant mortality
- neurological & cognitive deficits
- behavior & attention issues
define OVULATION
period where the ovum matures & is released about every 28 days
define MORULA
cell mass (produced from zygote going thru cell divisions) that divides & changes as it goes from fallopian tube to uterus
define BLASTOCYTE
morula that implants into uterine wall @ point of implantation; generally 64-128 cells
define EMBRYO
multi-celled organism after implantation consisting of 3 parts that turn into various body parts
list the 3 parts of an embryo
ectoderm, mesoderm, & endoderm
What body parts are from the ectoderm of an embryo?
nervous, ears, nose, & eyes
What body parts are from the mesoderm of an embryo?
bone, muscle, circulatory, & reproductive
what body parts are from the endoderm of an embryo?
digestive & respiratory
define a FETUS
embryo w/all essential structures @ end of week 8
list the process of embryo formation starting at conception & ending @ birth
conception > zygote > morula > implantation > blastocyte > embryo > fetus > birth
about how long is pregnancy
40 weeks
How long is the 1st trimester of pregnancy
1-12 weeks
how long is the 2nd trimester of pregnancy
13-24 weeks
how long is the 3rd trimester of pregnancy
24 weeks-birth
how long is the PRE-EMBRYONIC/GERMINAL stage
fertilization - 2 weeks
how long is the EMBRYONIC stage
2 wks - 8 wks
how long is the FETAL stage
8 wks - birth
list significant developments in week 4 of pregnancy
- signs of arms & legs
- heart, liver, blood cells, & beginning of brain
list significant developments in weeks 6-8 of pregnancy
- heart chambers
- rapid brain development
- limbs, face, GI, genitals
- organogenesis finished
list significant developments in weeks 9-12 of pregnancy
- bile & kidney secretion
- enamel, dentin, & bone marrow
- distinguishing sex
- respiration reflex
- brain features
- ossification
list significant developments in weeks 13-16 of pregnancy
- active fetus
- calcified skeleton
- placenta
- circulating heart
- enzyme secretion
- increase respiration
list significant developments in weeks 17-20 of pregnancy
- heartbeat thru stethoscope
- hair & nails
- vernix caseosa
- fat deposits
list significant developments in weeks 21-24 of pregnancy
- skin wrinkled & pink
- ears
- some breathing
- increase vernix caseosa
list significant developments in weeks 25-28 of pregnancy
- looks like old man
- eyelids open
- subcutaneous fat
- testes
list significant developments in weeks 29-32 of pregnancy
- skin pink & smooth
- definition & descent of genitalia
- crease on soles
- conditioned to sound
list significant developments in weeks 33-36 of pregnancy
- increased fat
- skin thick & white
- lanugo disappears
- breast tissue
list significant developments in weeks 37-40 of pregnancy
- plump
- ears
- eye color
- antibodies
what is considered full term
at least 38 weeks
what hormones are produced during labor
progesterone, oxytocin, & prostaglandins
purpose of PROGESTERONE
maintains pregnancy & stimulates contractions
purpose of OXYTOCIN
stimulates contractions & prepares breasts
purpose of PROSTAGLANDINS
stimulates contractions
what are the 3 stages of labor
dilation, expulsion, afterbirth
describe the DILATION stage of labor
generally 12-24 hrs; regular contractions & effacement
define effacement
shortening & thinning of cervix
describe the EXPULSION stage of labor
generally 1 1/2 hours; most difficult stage; begins w/complete dilation & ends w/birth
describe the AFTERBIRTH (stage 3) stage of labor
generally 5-30 minutes; begins w/birth of baby & ends with placenta delivery
define the PLACENTA
organ that produces hormones, transports nutrients & wastes, & protects the baby
define the umbilical cord
cord of 3 blood vessels (2 arteries & vein)
the umbilical vein does what
deliver O2 & nutrients to baby
the umbilical arteries does what
delivery waste & deoxygenated blood to placenta
how much weight gain is expected if the mother was orginally at a healthy weight
25-35 pounds
what are generally in prenatal vitamins
iron, folic acid, & calcium
what are the benefits of folic acid if pregnancy
reduce brain & spine defects
what are the benefits of calcium in pregnancy
stronger bones in mom & baby
what are the benefits of iron in pregnancy
reduce chance of low birth weight
what foods should pregnant women avoid
- fish & shellfish high in mercury
- undercooked meats/poultry/eggs
- unpasteurized dairy
what are the effects of stress during pregnancy
low birth weights & premature birth
teen moms have an increase chance for
hypertension, preterm labor, low birth weight, & poorer health
moms older than 35 have an increase chance for
baby defects & abnormalities, gestational diabetes, miscarriage, issues w/C-section
in moms older than 35, _____ takes longer & there is an increased risk for _____
conception; multiples
why do babies of moms older than 35 have an increase chance of defects & abnormalities
eggs have longer exposure to environmental toxins & older they are more chance of chromosome oddities
define the lamaze method
partner helps mom keep track & time contractions while providing emotional support
in a preemie, when do they have the best chance of survival
after 28 weeks
preemies often experience what in life
developmental/milestone delays
what is a low birth weight
less than 5.8 lbs
what is a very low birth weight
less than 3.5 lbs
when is induced labor done
when there is risk to baby or mom
what are the cons to induced labor
contractions more intence & greater need for C-section
what are the causes of oxygen deprivation to baby
pressure on blood vessels or inadequate blood supply between mom & baby bc of problems w/cord or placenta
