Infant Flashcards
define a NEONATE
birth - 1 month
define APGAR TEST
test given 1 min & 5 min after birth to test general health of baby; 5 categories with score of 0-2 in each
what is a healthy/good APGAR score
6-7 @ 1 min & 8-10 @ 5 min
if there a score at or less than 7 at 5 min, what should the provider do?
retest @ 10 minutes
what are the categories of the APGAR test
heart rate, respiratory rate, muscle tone, reflex irritability, slap to sole of foot, color
what qualifies as a 0 score in each APGAR category
- heart rate & respiratory = absent
- reflex & slap to sole = none
- color = blue/pale
- muscle tone = limp
what qualifies as a 1 score in each APGAR category
- heart rate = < 100
- respiratory = slow & irregular
- muscle tone = some flexion
- reflex & slap to sole = grimace
- color = pink body & blue extremeties
what qualifies as a 2 score in each APGAR category
- heart rate = > 100
- respiratory = good & crying
- muscle tone = active motion
- reflex = cough/sneeze
- slap to sole = cry & withdraw foot
- color = pink
define the Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale
test shortly after birth that measures reflex, response to light/sound/touch, & observe baby’s attention & ability to be soothed
what is the average head circumference of a newborn?
13-14 in (33-35.5 cm)
when does the anterior fontanel close
12-18 months
when does the posterior fontanel close
4 months
define MOLDING in a newborn
head appears misshaped due to passing thru birth canal; temporary & resolves on its own
what is the normal length for an infant
19-21” (48-53 cm)
what is the average weight for an infant
7.5 lbs
what is the average growth rate for infants
about 1 in/month
how much weight loss does a newborn experience and why?
lose 5-10% first few days bc baby doesn’t eat few hours after birth
give healthy vitals of a newborn
- 120-160 bpm
- 65/40 mmHg
- 30-60 respiration
- slightly low body temp
newborn skin is generally
thin & pale
newborns sometimes have temporary acrocyanosis. define TEMPORARY ACROCYANOSIS
blueness of extremities bc of poor peripheral circulation that resolves in hours
define a MONGOLIAN SPOT
flat, irregular pigmented area of lumbar-sacral region that goes away at about 4 yrs
define LANUGA
covering of fine hair in a newborn that goes away in days
define VERNIX CASEOSA
oily secretion protecting fetus skin
define MILIA
small clusters of pearly white spots on face from sebaceous glands & disappear
define physiological jaundice
48-72 hrs after birth; fairly normal
physiological jaundice is also called what
icterus neonatorum
define pseudomenstruation
blood-tinged mucous vaginal discharge that will eventually disappear
what becomes swollen in both genders & eventually disappears
breasts
what should be administered to baby to prevent eye infections from chlamydia/gonorrhea
eye drops
when does permanent eye color develop
3-6 months
when do tears form in infants?
4 weeks
if an infant has a flat nose & receding chin, what should you check for
cleft palate
primary/baby teeth are also called what
decidous teeth
when do baby teeth first erupt & finish?
erupt @ 6-7 months & end @ 1 yr
when should you give your baby their first bath
after the navel heals (gen after 10th day)
should you give your infant whole milk?
no
define meconium
1st stool that is thick, green-black, tarry, & odorless; appears about 10 hrs after birth
stool of a breastfed baby generally appears…
light or seeded-mustard
stool of a formula baby generally appears..
semisolid & tan/yellowish
if an infant has an extra gluteal fold, it can lead to what condition?
congenital hip dysplasia
in what order do the senses develop?
hear, touch/taste/smell, & vision
what colors/visuals do infants prefer?
bright lights, yellow, green, pink, & large shapes
when do infants develop depth perception?
7-9 months
define nystagmus
temporary condition where eyes cross/1 drifts when focusing
when do neural pathways peak in infants & all of human?
4 months
define the MORO REFLEX
sudden movement/jarring causes limb extension & adduction
when does the MORO REFLEX disappear?
3-4 months
define the TONIC NECK REFLEX
if head of supine baby turned to 1 side, the baby will extend arm & leg on that side
when does the TONIC NECK REFLEX disappear?
5 months
when does the ROOTING REFLEX disappear
4-6 months
define the ROOTING REFLEX
cheek strokes cause the baby’s head to turn toward side & open mouth
define the SUCKLING REFLEX
sucking movements when anything touches the lip/tongue of baby
when does the SUCKLING REFLEX disappear
6 months
when does the BABINSKI REFLEX disappear
sole stroked causing toes to hyperextend & fan outward & big toe turns up
when does the BABINSKI REFLEX disappears
3 months
when does the Palmar grasp disappear
3 months
define PROXIMODISTAL DEVELOPMENT
learn core muscle control before muscles further from abdomen
define cephalocaudal development
develop from top of head to extremities; not a rigid process & can have exceptions
what are the gross motor skills that infants develop
- head control
- rolling
- sitting up
- changing position
- crawling/army shuffle
- creeping
- walking
what is the difference between crawling & creeping
crawling = dragging on floor
creeping = stomach off the floor
what are the fine motor skills that infants develop
palmar grasp & pincer grasp
define the pincer grasp
pick up w/thumb & forefinger
when do infants gain head control
2-4 months
when do infants gain the ability to roll
4 months
when do infants gain the ability to sit
6 months
when do infants gain the ability to change position
10 months
when do infants gain the ability to crawl
9 months
when do infants gain the ability to creep
10-11 months
when do infants gain the ability to walk
12-15 months
define MATERNAL DEPRIVATION
lack of attachment between mom and baby
what are possible effects of maternal deprivation
- decrease intelligence
- aggression
- depression
- delinquency
- unable to form/show affection
define ENGROSSMENT
process of bonding
what are the components of attachment
safe haven, secure base, proximity maintenance, separation distress/anxiety
define SAVE HAVEN
basic needs provided for & parent responds to child
define SECURE BASE
child has freedom for exploring while supervised
define PROXIMITY MAINTENANCE
parent can be out of sight and baby still feels secure
define SEPARATION DISTRESS/ANXIETY
baby upset when separated, creates trust between baby & parent; happens @ about 8 months
describe STRANGER ANXIETY
happens at 9-12 months & is developmental milestone
define TEMPERAMENT
unique, inborn individual differences in the way ppl interact with the world
what are the 3 types of temperament
easy, difficult, slow to warm up
_____ is inborn & ____ is created
temperament; personality
define the EASY TEMPERAMENT
adaptable
define the DIFFICULT TEMPERAMENT
adjusts slowly or negatively
define the SLOW-TO-WARM UP TEMPERAMENT
adapts slowly
define RECEPTIVE LANGUAGE
ability to understand language before being able to form words
how do infants communicate
crying, gestures, babbling, cooing, & single words
what does a high-pitched and shrill cry generally mean?
CNS injury
when do babies begin to respond w/gestures & cooing?
2-5 months
when do babies being to babble?
3-6 months
when do babies begin to say single words?
7-12 months
list signs of development delay
- moro reflex after 4 months
- infant doesn’t smile to mom’s voice after 3 months
- doesn’t respond to loud sounds
- tonic reflex after 5 months
- cannot point @ 1 yr
- delayed gross motor skill development
- doesn’t reach or grasp @ 4 months
when is breastfeeding recommended
at least for the 1st 6 months
define COLOSTRUM
precursor to breast milk w/protein, salt, carbohydrates, less fat, & immunoglobulins
benefits of breastfeeding
- promote bonding
- speed up placenta delivery
- control bleeding
- low in saturated fat
- milk more easily digested than formula
what should you do when your first beginning bottle feeding?
don’t give anything for 1st few hours & for first bottle give glucose & water, then transition to formula
define bottle-mouth syndrome
cavities from sugar in milk or juice
what solid foods should infants avoid for the first year
egg whites, citrus, & wheat
what food should infants first be given at 5-6 months?
iron-fortified instant rice cereal
what foods can infants eat at 7-8 months
- plain, strained fruits & veggies
- plain yogurt
- strained meat
- toast & crackers
- iron-fortified rice cereal
what foods can infants eat at 9-10 months
- bite-sized finger foods
- soft fresh/canned foods
- yogurt
- cottage cheese
- iron-fortifed rice cereal
what foods can infants eat at 11-12 months
- soft table foods
- dry unsweetened cereals
- cheese slices
- noodles
sudden infant death syndrome is also called what
crib death
define SUDDEN INFANT DEATH SYNDROME
most common at 1-4 months; unknown cause but thought to be associated w/sleep
what are things to do to prevent SIDS
- sleep on back/sides
- sleep w/pacifier
- avoid co-sleeping
- have a crib w/safety standards
- no soft materials in crib
what are potential effects of lead poisoning
hyperactivity, irritability, aggression, attention disorders
describe the normal infant sleep pattern
- 4-5 hrs/day in 20 min cycles
- eyes closed, normal respirations, occasional jerking
describe the irregular infant sleep pattern
12-15 hrs/day in 45 min cycles
- eyes closed, respiration irregular, jerky movements, & occasional groaning
how many hours do infants remain sleep and awake in 1 cycle
3 hours of sleep & awake for 1
what happens (physiologically) when a baby has shaken baby syndrome
blood vessels rupture causing swelling & increase pressure in brain
what are potential results of shaken baby syndrome
seizures, cerebral palsy, paralysis, & death
at 6 months, infants are temporarily immune to…
measles (rubella), mumps, poliomyelitis, diphtheria, & scarlet fever
what types of play do infants participate in
unoccupied & solitary
define UNOCCUPIED PLAY
baby observes & focuses on object/activity
define SOLITARY PLAY
play by themselves
describe POSTPARTUM DEPRESSION
affects 10-20% of women; intense sadness & emotional withdrawal postpartum bc of a huge hormone shift, fatigue, & stress
define POSTPARTUM PSYCHOSIS
rare condition w/delusions, hallucinations, hyperactivity, paranoia, rapid mood swings; needs medical care
