Early Childhood Flashcards
avg height for a 2 & 3 year old
2 yr: 34”
3 yr: 37.25”
avg weight for a 2 & 3 yr old
2 yr: 27 lbs
3 yrs: 32 lbs
body characteristics for a 2 yr old
pot bellied & lordosis
body characteristics for a 3 yr old
tall, slender, more correct posture than 2 yr old
when does a toddler have a full set of primary teeth?
2 1/2 yrs
when does depth perception fully develop
preschool
define AMBLYOPIA
lazy eye causing double vision that can lead to blindness if untreated
list treatments for amblyopia
- eye patch on stronger eye
- corrective lenses
- eye exericses
define STRABISMUS
crossing of eyes; common condition
why do toddlers have an increase chance for ear infections
eustachian tubes are shorter & wider than older kids
list healthy vitals for a toddler
- 90-120 bpm
- 20-30 respiration
- 99-64 mmHg
what are the gross motor skills developed at 15 months
- walk by themselves
- limited balancing action
- creep up stairs
what are the gross motor skills developed at 18 months
- walk up stairs
- sit on chairs
- run clumsily
what are the gross motor skills developed at 2 yrs
- walk up stairs & go down w/help
- run & kick
- jump in place
- sit on chair
what are the gross motor skills developed at 3 yrs
- hop
- balance on 1 foot
- stand on tip toe
what are the gross motor skills developed at 4 yrs
- walk & run on tiptoes
- alternate feet when descending stairs
- hop & balance on 1 foot for 3-5 seconds
what are the gross motor skills developed at 5 yrs
- increased muscle coordination & strength
- jump rope, skip, catch ball, balance beam
- sports
what are the fine motor skills developed at 15 months
insert a spoon into dish w/spillage
what are the fine motor skills developed at 1 yr
remove socks, shoes, hat, & mittens
what are the fine motor skills developed at 2 yrs
- remove & put on clothes
- wash part of their bodies
what are the fine motor skills developed at 3 yrs
hold crayon w/fingers & control drawings
what are the fine motor skills developed at 4 yrs
- self-care activities
- draw a face & cut a line
- spoon control
- manipulate clothing
what are the fine motor skills developed at 5 yrs
- independent bathroom use
- detailed drawings
- copy letters
toilet training requires what two things
muscle maturity & maturation of senses
T/F: kids have bowel control before bladder control
true
when does toilet training generally happen
2 yrs-3 1/2 yrs
what are setbacks to toilet training
- changes in schedule
- emotional stress
- fatigue/illness
define NEGATIVISITIC BEHAVIOR
temper tantrums or rebellious behaviors bc wants/needs not met immediately
what should caregivers do in response to negativistic behavior
- leave child alone in room
- limit onlookers
- talk it out
- time out 1 min for every 1 yr of age
what do toddlers begin to learn in relation to cognition & morals
- object permanence
- right vs wrong
- socially acceptable behavior
- egocentric view
- relating time to event
what are characteristics of toddler communication?
symbolic function & meaning; 2 word sentences & repetition to form short complete sentences; use holophrases & telegraphic speech
define HOLOPHRASES
1 word to describe a whole group
define TELEGRAPHIC SPEECH
two word combinations
2 yrs old develop this causing them to mimic other people’s behaviors
self awareness & awareness of other’s emotions
an average 3 yr old needs how many calories/day
1000-1400
toddlers are trickle feeders, so they should be fed this amount of small meals & snacks/day
3 small meals & 3 snacks
about how many cups of whole milk/day do toddlers need
2
what are some reasons toddlers don’t eat
attention seeking, excitement/distraction, exhaustion/illness, lack of hunger
for toddlers, meal times should be what
consistent & socialized
what types of play do toddlers engage in
symbolic & parallel
about how many hours of sleep should toddlers get/night
10-15 hrs
what vaccines should 12-15 months get?
measles, mumps, rubella, & varicella
what is the preferred way of play for toddlers
parallel play
how much media should toddlers consume per day max
2 hrs/day maximum
describe symbolic play
mimic adult roles, incorporate imagination, imaginary friends
which gender is more likely to have imaginary friends
girls
what are the benefits of symbolic play
- explore different possibilities
- control aggression
when should toddlers start going to the dentist?
2 yrs
how much height and weight do kids gain in the preschool years? (age 3-5)
3-5 or 5-7 lbs/year & grow 2 1/2-3 in/year
snacks should be low in what to prevent tooth decay
carbs
describe muscle & bone development of preschoolers
- rapid muscle growth
- hips rotate in forming adducted foot position
- fat replaces red marrow in long bones
preschoolers gain an adducted foot position, what is the benefit of this
feet move to center of body causing a stead & erect gait
what are sensory milestones in preschoolers
completion of depth perception, color detection, & hearing
define POSTURAL CONTROL
ability to achieve & maintain balance w/activity
purpose of preschool
promote cognitive, motor, & social development
signs of readiness for preschool
- toilet training
- tolerate periods of separation from parents
- increased communication skills
define centration
focus/center of attention on 1 cue (ex: not recognizing a friend if they are wearing a mask)
define windows of opportunity
time frames to optimize development of critical skills where child is most receptive learning
what happens if a window of opportunity is missed?
it is more difficult to develop the ability later
what do preschoolers begin to develop (moral)
- super ego
- emulate beliefs & values
- capacity for self-evaluation & criticism
what sounds can a 3 year old master
h, m, n, p, q
list the milestones of communication in a 4 yr old
- 3-4 word sentences
- who, what, where questions
- sounds: b, k, g, f
list the milestones of communication in a 5 yr old
- +5 word sentences
- converse on phone
- sounds: d, ng, y
this is generally temporary and may appear in preschoolers when trying to communicate
hesitation & stuttering
List/describe highlights of preschooler communication development
- greater understanding of time
- able to learn name, address, & phone number
- begin humor & metamemory
define METAMEMORY
reflection on what they remember
what is the order of language development
phonology > morphology > syntax > semantics > pragmatic use
define PHONOLOGY
sounds making words
define MORPHOLOGY
word structure & formation (ex: go > goes/go > went)
define SYNTAX
sentence structure
define SEMANTICS
word meaning
define PRAGMATICS
proper language use
how many calories should 3-4 yr olds eat?
1000-1400 cal
how many calories should 4-5 yr olds eat?
1200-1600 cal
what are the most common food allergies?
peanuts, tree nuts, milk, eggs, soy, wheat, fish/shellfish
what are the MY PLATE RECOMMENDATIONS for preschoolers
- 5 oz grain
- 1 1/2 cups each veggies & fruits
- 2 1/2 cups dairy
- 4 oz protein
what are the limits for sodium, saturated fat, & added sugars for preschoolers according to My Plate?
- sodium: 1900 mg
- saturated fat: 16 g
- added sugars: 35 g
how much sleep should preschoolers get per night
11-13 hrs
describe night terrors
extreme nightmare leading to screaming, rapid breathing & heart rate, profuse sweating, & inconsolable while sleeping; don’t represent stress & child unable to recall when awake
what types of play do preschoolers engage in
associative, imaginative, functional, constructive, symbolic, & cooperative
define ASSOCIATIVE PLAY
game w/no common goal & limited rules; kids able to share & take turns
define FUNCTIONAL PLAY
begin about 3 yrs; perform repetitive motions
define CONSTRUCTIVE PLAY
begins at about 4 yrs; building, put things together, create art
define COOPERATIVE PLAY
play w/others w/common goal
what vaccines should preschoolers have
- diphtheria
- pertussis
- tetanus (DTaP)
- polio (TOPV)
- measles, mumps, & rubella (MMR)
- varicella (VAR)
- flu
list common childhood illnesses
- bronchitis
- chicken pox (varicella)
- colds
- ear infection
- flu
- measles, mumps, & rubella
- meningitis
- pink eye (conjunctivitis)
- whooping cough (pertussis)
- strep throat
- scarlet fever
what are common fears of preschoolers
dark, mutilation, & abandonment
when does the fear of mutiliation occur
after injury or hospitalization
what are common behavior concerns for preschoolers
thumb sucking & bed wetting
define punishment
consequence for bad behavior
t/f: punishment is the same as discipline
false
what are the 3 main types of discipline
power assertion/corporal punishment, love withdrawal, induction
describe POWER ASSERTION/CORPORAL PUNISHMENT discipline
relies on fear; demonstrates negative way to handle emotion; can be abusive; likely to transfer to other relationships
describe LOVE WITHDRAWAL discipline
threaten to remove love causing stress & instability for child; encourages belief that love is conditional & power tool; includes the silent treatment
describe the INDUCTION discipline
use logic to explain & address behavior; ineffective 1st year of life but changes over time
define GENDER IDENTITY
sense of being male or female
define GENDER ROLES
predetermined expectation of actions, interests, & emotions based on gender
describe AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER
complex developmental disorder from something interfering w/brain development before or after birth; more common in men
s/s of autism
- difficulty communicating
- repetitive behaviors
- discomfort/inability to function in social settings
- avoid eye contact
- resistant to change
- overstimulation from colo/sound/activity
s/s of ADHD
- difficulty focusing
- impulsiveness
- hyperactivity
- eager to speak
- lack attention to detail
- don’t listen when directly addressed
what is the preferred treatment method for ADHD in preschoolers
therapy
what does ADHD stand for
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
