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HOSA: Human G&D > Early Childhood > Flashcards

Early Childhood Flashcards

1
Q

avg height for a 2 & 3 year old

A

2 yr: 34”
3 yr: 37.25”

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2
Q

avg weight for a 2 & 3 yr old

A

2 yr: 27 lbs
3 yrs: 32 lbs

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3
Q

body characteristics for a 2 yr old

A

pot bellied & lordosis

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4
Q

body characteristics for a 3 yr old

A

tall, slender, more correct posture than 2 yr old

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5
Q

when does a toddler have a full set of primary teeth?

A

2 1/2 yrs

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6
Q

when does depth perception fully develop

A

preschool

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7
Q

define AMBLYOPIA

A

lazy eye causing double vision that can lead to blindness if untreated

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8
Q

list treatments for amblyopia

A
  • eye patch on stronger eye
  • corrective lenses
  • eye exericses
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9
Q

define STRABISMUS

A

crossing of eyes; common condition

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10
Q

why do toddlers have an increase chance for ear infections

A

eustachian tubes are shorter & wider than older kids

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11
Q

list healthy vitals for a toddler

A
  • 90-120 bpm
  • 20-30 respiration
  • 99-64 mmHg
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12
Q

what are the gross motor skills developed at 15 months

A
  • walk by themselves
  • limited balancing action
  • creep up stairs
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13
Q

what are the gross motor skills developed at 18 months

A
  • walk up stairs
  • sit on chairs
  • run clumsily
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14
Q

what are the gross motor skills developed at 2 yrs

A
  • walk up stairs & go down w/help
  • run & kick
  • jump in place
  • sit on chair
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15
Q

what are the gross motor skills developed at 3 yrs

A
  • hop
  • balance on 1 foot
  • stand on tip toe
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16
Q

what are the gross motor skills developed at 4 yrs

A
  • walk & run on tiptoes
  • alternate feet when descending stairs
  • hop & balance on 1 foot for 3-5 seconds
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17
Q

what are the gross motor skills developed at 5 yrs

A
  • increased muscle coordination & strength
  • jump rope, skip, catch ball, balance beam
  • sports
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18
Q

what are the fine motor skills developed at 15 months

A

insert a spoon into dish w/spillage

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19
Q

what are the fine motor skills developed at 1 yr

A

remove socks, shoes, hat, & mittens

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20
Q

what are the fine motor skills developed at 2 yrs

A
  • remove & put on clothes
  • wash part of their bodies
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21
Q

what are the fine motor skills developed at 3 yrs

A

hold crayon w/fingers & control drawings

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22
Q

what are the fine motor skills developed at 4 yrs

A
  • self-care activities
  • draw a face & cut a line
  • spoon control
  • manipulate clothing
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23
Q

what are the fine motor skills developed at 5 yrs

A
  • independent bathroom use
  • detailed drawings
  • copy letters
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24
Q

toilet training requires what two things

A

muscle maturity & maturation of senses

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25
Q

T/F: kids have bowel control before bladder control

A

true

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26
Q

when does toilet training generally happen

A

2 yrs-3 1/2 yrs

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27
Q

what are setbacks to toilet training

A
  • changes in schedule
  • emotional stress
  • fatigue/illness
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28
Q

define NEGATIVISITIC BEHAVIOR

A

temper tantrums or rebellious behaviors bc wants/needs not met immediately

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29
Q

what should caregivers do in response to negativistic behavior

A
  • leave child alone in room
  • limit onlookers
  • talk it out
  • time out 1 min for every 1 yr of age
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30
Q

what do toddlers begin to learn in relation to cognition & morals

A
  • object permanence
  • right vs wrong
  • socially acceptable behavior
  • egocentric view
  • relating time to event
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31
Q

what are characteristics of toddler communication?

A

symbolic function & meaning; 2 word sentences & repetition to form short complete sentences; use holophrases & telegraphic speech

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32
Q

define HOLOPHRASES

A

1 word to describe a whole group

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33
Q

define TELEGRAPHIC SPEECH

A

two word combinations

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34
Q

2 yrs old develop this causing them to mimic other people’s behaviors

A

self awareness & awareness of other’s emotions

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35
Q

an average 3 yr old needs how many calories/day

A

1000-1400

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36
Q

toddlers are trickle feeders, so they should be fed this amount of small meals & snacks/day

A

3 small meals & 3 snacks

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37
Q

about how many cups of whole milk/day do toddlers need

A

2

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38
Q

what are some reasons toddlers don’t eat

A

attention seeking, excitement/distraction, exhaustion/illness, lack of hunger

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39
Q

for toddlers, meal times should be what

A

consistent & socialized

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40
Q

what types of play do toddlers engage in

A

symbolic & parallel

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41
Q

about how many hours of sleep should toddlers get/night

A

10-15 hrs

42
Q

what vaccines should 12-15 months get?

A

measles, mumps, rubella, & varicella

43
Q

what is the preferred way of play for toddlers

A

parallel play

44
Q

how much media should toddlers consume per day max

A

2 hrs/day maximum

45
Q

describe symbolic play

A

mimic adult roles, incorporate imagination, imaginary friends

46
Q

which gender is more likely to have imaginary friends

A

girls

47
Q

what are the benefits of symbolic play

A
  • explore different possibilities
  • control aggression
48
Q

when should toddlers start going to the dentist?

A

2 yrs

49
Q

how much height and weight do kids gain in the preschool years? (age 3-5)

A

3-5 or 5-7 lbs/year & grow 2 1/2-3 in/year

50
Q

snacks should be low in what to prevent tooth decay

A

carbs

51
Q

describe muscle & bone development of preschoolers

A
  • rapid muscle growth
  • hips rotate in forming adducted foot position
  • fat replaces red marrow in long bones
52
Q

preschoolers gain an adducted foot position, what is the benefit of this

A

feet move to center of body causing a stead & erect gait

53
Q

what are sensory milestones in preschoolers

A

completion of depth perception, color detection, & hearing

54
Q

define POSTURAL CONTROL

A

ability to achieve & maintain balance w/activity

55
Q

purpose of preschool

A

promote cognitive, motor, & social development

56
Q

signs of readiness for preschool

A
  • toilet training
  • tolerate periods of separation from parents
  • increased communication skills
57
Q

define centration

A

focus/center of attention on 1 cue (ex: not recognizing a friend if they are wearing a mask)

58
Q

define windows of opportunity

A

time frames to optimize development of critical skills where child is most receptive learning

59
Q

what happens if a window of opportunity is missed?

A

it is more difficult to develop the ability later

60
Q

what do preschoolers begin to develop (moral)

A
  • super ego
  • emulate beliefs & values
  • capacity for self-evaluation & criticism
61
Q

what sounds can a 3 year old master

A

h, m, n, p, q

62
Q

list the milestones of communication in a 4 yr old

A
  • 3-4 word sentences
  • who, what, where questions
  • sounds: b, k, g, f
63
Q

list the milestones of communication in a 5 yr old

A
  • +5 word sentences
  • converse on phone
  • sounds: d, ng, y
64
Q

this is generally temporary and may appear in preschoolers when trying to communicate

A

hesitation & stuttering

65
Q

List/describe highlights of preschooler communication development

A
  • greater understanding of time
  • able to learn name, address, & phone number
  • begin humor & metamemory
66
Q

define METAMEMORY

A

reflection on what they remember

67
Q

what is the order of language development

A

phonology > morphology > syntax > semantics > pragmatic use

68
Q

define PHONOLOGY

A

sounds making words

69
Q

define MORPHOLOGY

A

word structure & formation (ex: go > goes/go > went)

70
Q

define SYNTAX

A

sentence structure

71
Q

define SEMANTICS

A

word meaning

72
Q

define PRAGMATICS

A

proper language use

73
Q

how many calories should 3-4 yr olds eat?

A

1000-1400 cal

74
Q

how many calories should 4-5 yr olds eat?

A

1200-1600 cal

75
Q

what are the most common food allergies?

A

peanuts, tree nuts, milk, eggs, soy, wheat, fish/shellfish

76
Q

what are the MY PLATE RECOMMENDATIONS for preschoolers

A
  • 5 oz grain
  • 1 1/2 cups each veggies & fruits
  • 2 1/2 cups dairy
  • 4 oz protein
77
Q

what are the limits for sodium, saturated fat, & added sugars for preschoolers according to My Plate?

A
  • sodium: 1900 mg
  • saturated fat: 16 g
  • added sugars: 35 g
78
Q

how much sleep should preschoolers get per night

A

11-13 hrs

79
Q

describe night terrors

A

extreme nightmare leading to screaming, rapid breathing & heart rate, profuse sweating, & inconsolable while sleeping; don’t represent stress & child unable to recall when awake

80
Q

what types of play do preschoolers engage in

A

associative, imaginative, functional, constructive, symbolic, & cooperative

81
Q

define ASSOCIATIVE PLAY

A

game w/no common goal & limited rules; kids able to share & take turns

82
Q

define FUNCTIONAL PLAY

A

begin about 3 yrs; perform repetitive motions

83
Q

define CONSTRUCTIVE PLAY

A

begins at about 4 yrs; building, put things together, create art

84
Q

define COOPERATIVE PLAY

A

play w/others w/common goal

85
Q

what vaccines should preschoolers have

A
  • diphtheria
  • pertussis
  • tetanus (DTaP)
  • polio (TOPV)
  • measles, mumps, & rubella (MMR)
  • varicella (VAR)
  • flu
86
Q

list common childhood illnesses

A
  • bronchitis
  • chicken pox (varicella)
  • colds
  • ear infection
  • flu
  • measles, mumps, & rubella
  • meningitis
  • pink eye (conjunctivitis)
  • whooping cough (pertussis)
  • strep throat
  • scarlet fever
87
Q

what are common fears of preschoolers

A

dark, mutilation, & abandonment

88
Q

when does the fear of mutiliation occur

A

after injury or hospitalization

89
Q

what are common behavior concerns for preschoolers

A

thumb sucking & bed wetting

90
Q

define punishment

A

consequence for bad behavior

91
Q

t/f: punishment is the same as discipline

A

false

92
Q

what are the 3 main types of discipline

A

power assertion/corporal punishment, love withdrawal, induction

93
Q

describe POWER ASSERTION/CORPORAL PUNISHMENT discipline

A

relies on fear; demonstrates negative way to handle emotion; can be abusive; likely to transfer to other relationships

94
Q

describe LOVE WITHDRAWAL discipline

A

threaten to remove love causing stress & instability for child; encourages belief that love is conditional & power tool; includes the silent treatment

95
Q

describe the INDUCTION discipline

A

use logic to explain & address behavior; ineffective 1st year of life but changes over time

96
Q

define GENDER IDENTITY

A

sense of being male or female

97
Q

define GENDER ROLES

A

predetermined expectation of actions, interests, & emotions based on gender

98
Q

describe AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER

A

complex developmental disorder from something interfering w/brain development before or after birth; more common in men

99
Q

s/s of autism

A
  • difficulty communicating
  • repetitive behaviors
  • discomfort/inability to function in social settings
  • avoid eye contact
  • resistant to change
  • overstimulation from colo/sound/activity
100
Q

s/s of ADHD

A
  • difficulty focusing
  • impulsiveness
  • hyperactivity
  • eager to speak
  • lack attention to detail
  • don’t listen when directly addressed
101
Q

what is the preferred treatment method for ADHD in preschoolers

A

therapy

102
Q

what does ADHD stand for

A

attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

HOSA: Human G&D (15 decks)

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