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HOSA: Human G&D > Advanced Old Age & Geriatrics > Flashcards

Advanced Old Age & Geriatrics Flashcards

1
Q

What determines if someone is “old”

A

how person thinks/feels/behaves

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2
Q

what ages are young old

A

65-74 yrs

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3
Q

what ages are old

A

75-90 yrs

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4
Q

what ages are very old

A

+90 yrs

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5
Q

what is the female life expectancy

A

81 yrs

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6
Q

what is the male life expectancy

A

76 yrs

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7
Q

define a CENTENARIAN

A

person who is at least 100 yrs old

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8
Q

define LIFE SPAN

A

maximum # of years a species is capable of living

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9
Q

what is the human lifespan

A

120 yrs

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10
Q

define AGING

A

normal, inevitable progressive process w/irreversible changes over time @ individualized rates

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11
Q

define SENESCENCE

A

symptoms of normal aging

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12
Q

define AGEISM

A

bias/unfair treatment of older adults

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13
Q

define GERONTOLOGY

A

study of aging

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14
Q

describe the CLOCKWORK THEORY

A

biological theory of aging; connective cells are programmed to stop reproducing after certain amount of time

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15
Q

describe the FREE-RADICAL THEORY

A

biological theory of aging; unstable molecules from cellular metabolism/substances cause mutation leading to aging, can be countered by antioxidants

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16
Q

describe the WEAR-&-TEAR THEORY

A

biological theory of aging; cells wear out & stop functioning after repeated injury bc metabolic waste accumulate over time, depriving cells of nutrition leading to mlafunction

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17
Q

describe the IMMUNE-SYSTEM-FAILURE THEORYA

A

biological theory of aging; decrease immune functions cause a slow response to invaders increasing risk of infection

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18
Q

describe the AUTOIMMUNE THEORY

A

biological theory of aging; weakened immune system destroys itself, increasing chance of autoimmune diseases

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19
Q

describe the DISENGAGEMENT THEORY

A

psychosocial theory of aging; individual gradually withdraws from society leading to satisfying transfer of power between old & young

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20
Q

what do critics say about the DISENGAGEMENT THEORY

A

decrease engagement leads to decrease contentment

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21
Q

describe the ACTIVITY THEORY

A

psychosocial theory of aging; achieve satisfaction from increase social activity & involvement

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22
Q

describe the CONTINUITY-DEVELOPMENTAL THEORY

A

psychosocial theory of aging; refers to belief personality & coping pattern don’t change w/age and leads to person’s response to aging

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23
Q

musculoskeletal changes in elderly

A
  • decrease in muscle mass, strength, & tone
  • poor balance
  • muscle weakness, spasms, stiffness
  • decrease flexibility & ROM
  • intervertebral disks compact
  • trunk length decrease & spinal curve increase
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24
Q

changes in body type in elderly

A
  • decrease shoulder width
  • slight increase in chest circumference
  • increase head circumference
  • nose & ears lengthen
  • slow decrease in weight after 55 yrs
  • 30% fewer cells
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25
Q

changes in cardiovascular health in elderly

A
  • heart valves thicker & more rigid
  • decrease cardiac output & reserve
  • poor blood flow w/activity
  • increased BP (from rigid blood vessels & collagen + lipofuscin buildup)
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26
Q

define LIPOFUSCIN

A

pigmented metabolic waste product

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27
Q

list changes in respiratory health in elderly

A
  • calcification of rib cage & costal cartilage
  • increase residual volume
  • decrease air capacity
  • more work to move air
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28
Q

define RESIDUAL VOLUME

A

amnt of air in lungs after forceful exhalation

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29
Q

define XEROSTOMIA

A

dry mouth

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30
Q

define DYSPHAGIA

A

difficulty swallowing

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31
Q

list changes in GI health in elderly

A
  • xerostomia & dysphagia
  • diminished gag reflex
  • decrease peristalsis
  • decrease stomach capacity, digestive juices, enzymes
  • decrease nutrient absorption
  • need fewer calories & more fluid
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32
Q

list changes of the integumentary system in elderly

A
  • skin = colder, thinner, drier, more fragile, & delayed healing
  • decrease activity of oil & sweat glands
  • nails = brittle, dyll, yellow, thick
  • prone to skin breakdown after bruise/injury
  • hair growth on eyebrows, nose, ears, & face (women)
  • decrease ability to maintain body temp & sweat increase
  • lines, wrinkles, & poor circulation
  • decrease in fat
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33
Q

define SENILE LENGTIGO/SENILE LENTIGINES/LIVER SPOTS

A

irregular dark yellow, brown gray, or black pigmentation from uneven distribution of melanocytes

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34
Q

what are recommendation for elderly to maintain their skin health

A
  • mild soaps, bath oils, & moisturizers
  • shower 2-3 times/week & partial baths
  • no hot water bottles/heating pads
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35
Q

list changes of the nervous system in elderly

A
  • 5-10% neurons atrophy by 70 & increase from there
  • brain lose 7% weight by 80
  • cerebral blood flow decrease
  • slowed motor response & reaction time
  • nerve endings less sensitive
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36
Q

t/f: memory & learning issues can be caused by aging

A

false. they can only come from a specific disease

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37
Q

list changes in vision health in elderly

A
  • sensitivity to glare increase
  • blue & green differentiation decrease
  • cataracts, glaucoma, macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy
  • blockage of lacrimal ducts & eye watering
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38
Q

list changes in hearing in elderly

A
  • talk low pitched & moderately loud
  • thickening of tympanic membrane & calcification of bone
  • accumulation of cerumen
  • presbycusis
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39
Q

s/s: of cerumen accumulation

A

fullness, itching, tinnitus

40
Q

reasons for hearing loss

A
  • obstruction/reduction of passage in inner ear
  • nerve atrophy
  • circulatory changes
41
Q

changes in genital health in elderly women

A
  • sex organs atrophy after menopause
  • vaginal walls thinner & rigid
  • protective vaginal secretions decrease
  • deepening of voice, pubic hair, atrophy of breast
42
Q

changes in genital health in elderly men

A
  • gradual decrease in testicular tissue after 50
  • takes longer for erection
  • less semen @ ejaculation
  • testosterone & sperm count decrease
  • hypertrophy of prostate
43
Q

changes in urinary health in elderly

A
  • kidneys decrease in size & lose some nephrons
  • decrease ability to filter, concentrate, & dilute urine
  • bladder lose some elasticity & volume
44
Q

changes in endocrine health in elderly

A
  • secretory cells replace dw/connective cells
  • diabetes mellitus & thyroid dysfunction
  • increase parathormone & TSH
  • decrease in thyroxin, estrogen, progesterone, & insulin
45
Q

what counts as hypertension

A

systolic > 130 & diastolic at least 80

46
Q

how much physical activity should elderly get

A

150 min/week or as much as ability & comfort allows

47
Q

why are divorces more common in elderly

A

debilitating illnesses, disabilities, marrital distress

48
Q

what are the phases of retirement

A
  1. remote phase
  2. near phase
  3. honeymoon period
  4. disenchantment
  5. reorientation phase
  6. stability phase
  7. terminates
49
Q

define the REMOTE PHASE of retirement

A

denial period where the individual prepared little

50
Q

define the NEAR PHASE of retirement

A

some planning goes into retirement

51
Q

define the HONEYMOON PERIOD of retirement

A

euphoria bc do all activities could not do previously

52
Q

define the DISENCHANTMENT of retirement

A

reality sets in & come to terms w/expectations

53
Q

define the REORIENTATION PHASE of retirement

A

re-establish goals & change lifestyles

54
Q

define the STABILITY PHASE of retirement

A

adjustment to reality

55
Q

define the TERMINATES PHASE of retirement

A

person resumes to work or becomes ill/disabled

56
Q

cognitive characteristics of elderly

A
  • more reluctant to try/learn new things
  • gen happier
  • difficulty concentrating
  • increase losses in short term memory
57
Q

s/s: confusion

A
  • talking incoherently
  • not knowing their own name/recognizing others
  • wandering aimlessly
  • lacking awareness of time/place
  • display hostile & combative behavior
  • less attention to personal hygiene
  • can’t respond to simple command/instruction
58
Q

causes of confusion

A
  • delirium
  • CVAs
  • arteriosclerosis & atherosclerosis
  • dementia
  • alzheimer’s
  • transient ischemic attacks
59
Q

what vitamins/minerals do elderly need more of

A

Calcium, vitamin D & B12, potassium water, & fiber

60
Q

how many calories do men 51-75 yrs need/day

A

2000-2300

61
Q

how many calories do men +76 yrs need/day

A

1650-2000

62
Q

how many calories do women 51-75 yrs need/day

A

1600-1680

63
Q

how many calories do women +76 yrs need/day

A

1500-1600

64
Q

how much of an elderly’s diet should be carbs

A

60%

65
Q

define KETOSIS

A

accumulation of ketones when fats improperly metabolized, disturbing acid0base balance

66
Q

how much of the elderly’s diet is protein?

A

12-13%

67
Q

how much of the elderly’s diet is fat

A

30%

68
Q

s/s: dehydration

A
  • confusion sunken eyes
  • dry mouth & tongue
  • dry, loose skin
  • urine specific gravity > 1.030
  • urine output is less than 500 mL/day
69
Q

how alcohol beneficial for elderly

A

reduces coronary heart disease

70
Q

s/s: malnutrition

A
  • weight loss & muscle wasting
  • poor healing
  • cognitive impairment
  • visual disturbances
71
Q

define nocturia

A

nighttime urination

72
Q

how much sleep should elderly get/night

A

7-9 hrs

73
Q

what vaccines should elderly have

A

tetanus, shingles, pneumococcal pneumonia, flu

74
Q

purpose of using GINGKO

A

improve circulation & brain blood flow

75
Q

purpose of using SAW PALMETTO

A

prevent/treat prostate enlargement

76
Q

purpose of using ST. JOHN’S WART

A

relieve stress, anxiety, & depression

77
Q

purpose of using EVENING PRIMROSE

A

menopause & dry skin

78
Q

purpose of using BLACK COHOSH

A

menopause

79
Q

purpose of using CHONDROITIN SULFATE & GLUCOSAMINE

A

cartilage

80
Q

purpose of using CELERY SEED

A

treat gout & arthritis

81
Q

purpose of using garlic

A

decrease BP & cholesterol & prevent blood clots

82
Q

purpose of using VITAMIN E

A

prevent heart attacks & dementia

83
Q

purpose of using VITMAIN C

A

reduce cold severity

84
Q

define delirium

A

acute impairment in cognition & attention that can happen at any age

85
Q

s/s: delirium

A
  • disorientation
  • emotional lability
  • hallucinations & delusions
  • disturbance of sleep-wake cycle
  • restlessness, hyperactivity, hypoactivity
86
Q

potential causes of delirium

A

systemic, mechanical, & psychosocial

87
Q

define dementia

A

loss of cognitive abilities caused by over 70 diseases & diagnosed by Mini-Mental State Examination

88
Q

purpose of Mini-Mental State Examination

A

test memory, judgment, abstract thinking, attention, & calculation w/some control & routine

89
Q

define polypharmacy

A

use of multiple medications & can cause pseudodepression

90
Q

describe Alzheimer’s

A

form of dementia leading to change in brain cells; lack of neurotransmitters lead to death of neurons, development of amyloid plaques, & neurofibrillary tangles

91
Q

possible causes of Alzehimer’s

A
  • genetic defect
  • missing enzyme
  • virus
  • faulty metabolism of glucose
  • toxic affects of aluminum
92
Q

when is alzheimer’s considered terminal

A

lasting 3-10 yrs

93
Q

s/s: early alzheimer’s

A
  • self-centeredness
  • decrease interest in social activities
  • memory loss
  • anxiety, depression, agitation
  • mood & personality changes
  • poor judgment
  • inability to plan & complete daily tasks
  • confusion about time place
94
Q

s/s: progressive Alzheimer’s

A
  • nighttime restlessness & wandering
  • frequent mood swings
  • ignore personal hygiene
  • severe confusion & forgetfulness
  • perseveration/repetitive behaviors
  • decrease ability to understand other/speak coherently
  • weight fluctuations
  • increase paranoia & hallucinations
95
Q

s/s: terminal Alzheimer’s

A
  • total disorientation regarding person, time & place
  • incoherent & can’t communicate w/words
  • loss of bladder & bowel control
  • seizures
  • weight loss despite balanced diet
  • total dependency on caretaker
  • coma & death

HOSA: Human G&D (15 decks)

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