theories Flashcards
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Psychodynamic
Psychoanalytic psychotherapy(Freud) Analytic theory (Jung) The neo-Freudians (adler) The ego-analysis Object-relations theorist
Psycho analytic psychotherapy
Freud Personality theory -I'd -ego -superego @defense mechanisms
Undoing
Ritual to abolish the consequences of a previous action
Identification
Trying to act like another person that has been idealized
Conversion
Physical symptoms manifested from anxiety or emotional conflict
Introjection
Internalizing an imagined form of another person or object
Reaction-formation
Taking on traits that are opposite oF the individual’s original unconscious trait
Putting disturbing thoughts on other feelings or wishes that are considered more positive
Displacement
Sublimation
Being disturbingly creative because creativity is acceptable though the desires and drives of creation are not
Techniques of psychoanalytic therapy
Free association Transference/counter transference Analyzing interpreting resistance Ego analysis Dream interpretation
Analytic Theory founder and fundamental belief
Jung believed that personality was not based completed on reducing anxiety but rather develops while striving for self relaization.
Analytic theory tenets
- Personality is made up of multiple structures and systems that interact.
- The psyche has 3 structures
- consciousness, personal unconscious, and the collecive unconscious
- Life goal in to achieve individuation when thinking, feeling, sensing an intuiting unify as the unconscious become conscious.
Analytic theory techniques
Word association tests
dream analysis
symptom analysis
life history
Individual Psychology founder and fundamental beliefs
Alfred Alder suggested that personality devleops and individuals attempt to overcome inadequate feelings
Individual Psychology tenants
- Feelings of inferiority come from perceived weaknesses during childhood.
- Unhealthy individuals are self-centered, competitive and power hungry, where healthy individuals strive for common good
- Influenced by birth order family atmosphere and constellation
- Mental diosrders are a mistaken style of life characterized by overcompensation, overemphasis on personal power and underdeveloped social interest
Techniques of Personal Pyschology
- Therapist client alliance
- lifestyle investigation
- reorient attitudes
- study of dreams
- interpretation of resistances and transferences
- role playing
- giving encouragement and advice
Neo-Freudians
K. Horney
H. S. Sullivan
E. Fromm
K. Horney
Parents behaviors and interpersonal relationship with child creates basic anxiety.
E S Sullivan
Protaxic, parataxic and syntaxic
Fromm
Maladaptive behavior is a result of society inhibiting people from fulfilling human nature
Neo-freudian techniques
- Therapist as participant observer
- interpretation and insight
Ego Analysts
Imbalance of Ego and Id creates pathology. Health behavior should be under conscious control.
A. Freud, H. Hartman, Ernst Kris, David Rapaport and Erik Erikson
Object Relations Theorists tenets
- Ego is whole at birth
- satisfying relationships with object (particularly mom) keep the ego intact
- Internalization is splitting the object into 3 parts (ideal/gratifying, rejecting/depriving, exciting/ enticing)
- Mahler develop 5 stages of development based on developing internal object relations through individuation and separation.
Object Relations Therapeutic techniques
An active role by therapist
assuming the role of the object is common
Humanistic Theory Tenets
- Must understand a persons experience
- Individuals are unique
- Focus is on here an now
- potential for self-actualization and self determination
- Therapy is authentic, collaborative, and egalitarian
Humanistic/Existential Therapies
Client-Centered Gestalt transactional analysis existential therapy reality therapy
Client Centered Therapy founder
Carl Rogers
Client Centere Therapy
All people desire to self-actualize. If there’s incongruence between self and experience anxiety occurs. People use defense maneuvers to address anxiety. Defense maneuvers are counter to self actualization.
Client Centered Therapy Techniques
Therapist must provide unconditional positive regard, accurate empathetic understanding, and congruence to create right environment. Non-directive therapy. Clients are the expert of their own inner process
Gestalt Therapy founder
Fritz Perls
Gestalt Therapy tenets
- A person’s gestalts (perceptions of parts as a whole) reflect current needs.
- Two parts of personsality self (creative aspect promotes self actualization) and self image (external standards imposed that inhibit self acutalization)
- Maladaptive behavior is a result of boundaries distrubances (introjection, projection, retroflection, and confluence.
Gestalt Therapy Techniques
- Avoid Labels
- keep clients in the present (directed awareness)
- I focused language
- no questions
- games of dialogue
- assuming resposibility
- dream work
Transactional Analysis founder
Eric Berne
Tansactional Analysis tenets
- Often utilized in group therapy.
- Four life positions based on I’m OK/not - you’re OK/not (at birth OK/OK)
- Three ego states Adult (ego) Parent (superego) and Child (id)
- Script is a person’s life plan
- Unhealthy script can be created as a result of parental practices
Transactional Analysis techniques
Structural analysis
Transactional analysis
Game analysis
Script analysis
Structural Analysis
Identify the three ego states and express all three
Transactional analysis
Observing client’s interactions in a group and using the empty chair technique
Game analysis
Identify clients games
Script analysis
Identify the current script and then teach the client autonomous scriptless behavior.
Existential Therapy
man is a being in the world so how is the client being in the world. What it the client’s purpose for existence.
Extential Therapy tenets
Two types of anxiety-existential and neurotic
Help the individual achieve authentic existence
Existential techniques
- Client therapist relationship is primary curative factor
- techniques are avoided
- client therapist try to understand each other and their ways of being
Reality Therapy
identifying identity based on love and worth
Developed by William Glasser
Reality Theory Techniques
- Confrontation and intellectual
- Mental illness is rejected
- transference is detrimental
- conscious processes
- value judgments
- teach clients behaviors to fulfill their basic needs
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
Decrease Maladaptive behaviors and increase more adaptive ones. Restructuring cognition can alter a persons behaviors.
Classical conditioning
Unlearn connections between stimulus and maladaptive response
Systematic Desensitization
Relaxation exercises are used in combination with gradually growing exposure to anxiety producing stimulus.
Aversive Counterconditioning
pairing an aversive stimulus with unwanted behavior
Assertiveness training
Client learns to express feelings needs and demands
Operant Conditioning
Learn to express feelings, needs, and demands
Operant conditioning
Behaviors are changed by altering the consequences that follow
Positive reinforcement
reinforcing stimulus after desired response
Token Economy
Client given token after given task
Time-out
Removing reinforcements as a result of undesired behavior
Extinction
Stopping reinforcement of a response weakens the undesried behavior.
Premack principle
Using a behavior that is preferred to reinforce a behavior that would not be done otherwise (watch TV if you clean your room)
Contigency Contracts
An agreement specifying behaviors to be performed for a consequence to follow.
Rational Emotive Therapy
Founded by Albert Ellis. Neurosis is caused by repetition of common irrational ideas.
Rational Emotive techniques
modeling, problem solving, behavioral rehearsal, in vivo desensitization (doing by yourself), cognitive homework.
Cognitive restructuring Therapy
Aaron Beck. Disorders are a results of irrational thoughts about oneself and the external world. Thoughts are logical errors.
Logical Errors
Arbitrary inference-concluding without evidence
Overgeneralization-one event allows decisive conclusion
selective abstraction-paying attention to a detail and ignoring the full context.
personalization-attributing external events to yourself
polarized thinking-all or nothing / black and white
Cognitive restructuring techniques
Self-Instruction-identifying and replacing maladaptive cognitions
Thought Stopping-when a negative thought occurs yell stop or snap a rubberband
Stress inoculation-deal with stress through increasing coping skills
Self-control procedures-self-monitoring, stimulus control, self-reinforcemtn, self-punishment, biofeedback
Family Therapy elements
Open v. closed systems Wholeness Nonsummativity Equifinality Equiptnetiality Homeostasis Negative feedback Positive feedback All behavior is communication Surface and Metacommunication Double-bind
Shaping
reinforce closer approximations of the desired behavior
Extended Family Systems Theory
Murry Bowen Differentiation of Self Emotional Triangles Family protective process Emotional cutoff Multigenrational transmission process Sibling postition Societal regression
Extended family systems theory techniques
- Looks at hooks or triggers
- Genogram
- Become part of the therapeutic triangle (to free the children)
- Become the coach
Structural FAmily Therapy
Salvador Minuchin
- Family System
- Family Structure
- Subsystems
- Boundaries
Structural family therapy techniques
- Joining the family
- accomodates to the family
- Evaluates the family sturcture and derives the goals of therapy.
- Retructures the family
Communication family therapy
Jay Haly and the Palo Alto group
Change patterns of disfunctional communication (Blaming, criticizing, mindreading, and overgenarlization) that maintain symptoms.
Communication family therapy techniques
Direct Intervention-technique of “I” statements and interpreting patterns of interaction.
Indirect intervention- paradoxical prescription and relabeling.
Strategic Family Therapy
Goal is to resolve the current problem
Tenets
-System fiew of problem maintenance
-Triadic view of problem maintenance
-Systems view of intervention-improve one part improves the whole
-Circular model of causality
-two types of change -first order (superficial) and second order (baic change in structure and functioning)
Satirs’ Process Theory
Emotional needs of the members and family pain are the focus. Try to get the most pained family member off the hook.
Satirs’ process theory tenets
- Communcation styles (blaming, placating, computing, distracting, leveling)
- Games (Rescue, coalition, lethal, growth)
- Maturation-differentness as an oppurtunity to grow
- Triangles
- VAlues
- Self-esteem
Satirs’ process Theory techniques
- Therapist is active and directive
- Family simulation and communcation games
- theapist has clients experiments with roles and behaviors’
- whole family is client
Behavioral Family Therapy
Use of time, punishment and extinction used to eliminate behaviors targeted by the family as disruptive.
Positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, and shaping used to enhance desired behaviors.
Use of contingency contract to set behavior goals.
Family Myths
Behavioral family therapy- set of beliefs held by all family members concerning each other.
Covert rules
Most powerful rules of family governance according to Behaivoral family therapy because they are not clearly stated.
More Behavioral family therapy techniques
Psychodrama, Convening the family, Unhooking the identified patient.
Stages of Group therapy
Preaffiliation Power and Control Intimacy Differentiation/Development of Group Identity Separation
Forming a group
For Adults lasting change is most likely with a sexually heterogeneous group. With individuals of similar intelligence and developmental level. Children homogeneity is best.
Homogeneous groups characteristics
Gel faster have quicker symptom relief but have less impact of character structure.
Members defining the the group’s goals and norms increases the liklihood of…
Group Cohesion
Curative Factors of a Group
(Yalom) Information Hope Universality Altruism Interpersonal learning Imitation Correctional recapitulation of the primarly family group Catharsis (learning to express feelings) Group Cohesiveness Existential learning.
Psychosocial Casework
Focuses on Person in Environment (systems approach)
Therapeutic Relationship of Psychosocial Casework
Client or other centered approach
respect for self determintation
Understanding the clients problem with scientific objectivity.
Task of Psychosocial Casework
Develop an understanding with client about why the contact has been made
relationship built to help client use social workers help
Engage the client in treatment
Beginning treatemtn
Gathering data so psychosocial diagnosis can be determined.
