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Human Anatomy > The Upper Limb > Flashcards

The Upper Limb Flashcards

1
Q

associated with the lateral side of the neck and thoracic wall

A

the upper limb

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2
Q

composed of the shoulder, arm, forearm, and hand

A

the upper limb

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3
Q

what is the upper limb attached to the body by?

A

by muscles and by a small skeletal attachment at the sternoclavicular joint

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4
Q

significant transitions between the different parts of the limb

A

The axilla, cubital fossa, and carpal tunnel

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5
Q

irregularly shaped triangle formed by muscles and bones of the shoulder and the lateral surface of the thoracic wall

A

Axilla

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6
Q

triangular shaped depression formed by muscles anterior to the elbow

A

cubital fossa

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7
Q
  • the gateway to the palm

- Formed by carpal bones and flexor retinaculum

A

carpel tunnel

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8
Q

used for positioning the hand in space

A

the upper limb

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9
Q

changes the position of the glenohumeral joint

A

Movement of the scapula on the thoracic wall

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10
Q

protraction and retraction

A

sliding

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11
Q

abduction and adduction

A

rotating

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12
Q

can move in 3 axes

A

glenohumeral joint

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13
Q

what are the movements at the glenohumeral joint?

A
  • flexion
  • extension
  • adduction
  • abduction
  • medial rotation
  • lateral rotation
  • circumduction
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14
Q

major movements of the elbow

A

flexion and extension

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15
Q

supinated or pronated by flipping the radius over the ulna at the distal end

A

the forearm

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16
Q

what are the movements of the wrist?

A
  • abduction
  • adducted
  • flexed
  • extended
  • circumducted
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17
Q

allow the hand to be put into a wide range of positions

A

The combined movements of the shoulder, arm, and forearm

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18
Q

used to grip and manipulate objects generally by flexing fingers against the thumb

A

the hand

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19
Q

pads of the palmer aspect of the hand have a high density of somatic sensory receptors

A

the hand as a sensory tool

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20
Q

consist of the scapula, clavicle, and the proximal end of the humerus

A

bones of the shoulder

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21
Q

articulates medially with the manubrium and laterally with the acromion of the scapula

A

the clavicle

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22
Q
  • the bone of the arm

- the distal end forms the elbow joint (hinge joint) with the bones of the forearm

A

the humerus

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23
Q
  • the bones of the forearm

- the distal ends form the wrist

A

The radius (lateral) and ulna (medial)

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24
Q

make up the bones of the hand

A

The carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges

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25
Q

movement between which bones is limited?

A

the 8 carpal bones is limited, thus they work as a unit

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26
Q

the primary skeletal foundation of the palm

A

The 5 metacarpals

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27
Q

has greater mobility than the other carpometacarpal joints

A

The joint of the thumb

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28
Q

saddle joint

A

the thumb joint

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29
Q

lacks a ligamentous connection to the neighboring metacarpal of the index finger

A

the metacarpel of the thumb

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30
Q

are distally connected via strong ligaments

A

Metacarpals II-V

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31
Q

biaxial condylar joints

A

Metacarpophalangeal joints

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32
Q

what are the movements of the Metacarpophalangeal joints?

A
  • abduction
  • adduction
  • lexion
  • extension
  • circumduction
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33
Q

what movements do interphalangeal joints allow?

A

flexion and extension

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34
Q

what are the muscles that attach the scapula and clavicle to the trunk?

A
  • trapezius
  • levator scapulae
  • rhomboids
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35
Q

what do other muscles attach?

A

attach the scapula, clavicle, and body wall to the proximal end of the humerus- pectoralis major and minor, latissimus dorsi, teres major, and deltoid

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36
Q

subscapularis, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, and teres minor connect scapula to humerus and provide support for the glenohumeral joint

A

the rotator cuff

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37
Q

what compartments are the muscles of the arm and forearm separated into?

A
  • anterior (flexor compartment)

- posterior (extensor compartment)

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38
Q

separated by the humerus and medial and lateral intermuscular septa

A

Compartments of the arm

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39
Q

separated by a lateral intermuscular septum, radius, ulna, and interosseous membrane

A

Compartments of the forearm

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40
Q

formed by intrinsic muscles that move the thumb

A

The thenar eminence of the hand

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41
Q

directly related to the neck

A

upper limb

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42
Q

lies on each side of the superior thoracic aperture

A

axillary inlet

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43
Q

pass through the axillary inlet

A

The major artery, vein, and nerves of the arm

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44
Q
  • *formed by:
  • Lateral margin of rib 1
  • Posterior surface of clavicle
  • Superior margin of scapula
  • Medial surface of coracoid process of scapula
A

relationship of upper limb to neck

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45
Q

associated with the back and thoracic wall

A

Muscles that attach the bones of the shoulder to the trunk

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46
Q

what are the muscles that attach the bones of the shoulder to the trunk?

A
  • trapezius
  • levator scapulae
  • rhomboid major rhomboid minor latissimus dorsi
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47
Q

overlays the pectoralis major which forms most of the anterior wall of the axilla

A

the breast

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48
Q

often extends up into the axilla

A

axillary process of the breast

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49
Q

where does the Lymphatic drainage from the lateral and superior sides of the breast drain into?

A

the axilla

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50
Q

arise from major axillary vessels

A

arteries and veins that supply and drain the breast

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51
Q

Innervation of the upper limb is by?

A

brachial plexus

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52
Q

formed by the anterior rami of cervical spinal nerves (C5 to C8 and T1)

A

brachial plexus

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53
Q

gives rise to the musculocutaneous (C5-C7), median (C6-C8, T1), radial (C5-C8, T1), and ulnar (C8-T1) nerves

A

the brachial plexus

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54
Q

often tested for sensation in order to test for cervical spinal nerve damage

A

Dermatomes of the upper limb

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55
Q

tested by joint movement in order to test for cervical spinal nerve damage

A

Myotomes of the upper limb

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56
Q

Each major muscle compartment in the arm and forearm and each intrinsic muscle of the hand is predominantly innervated by what?

A

1 nerve

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57
Q

also predominantly innervated by 1 nerve

A

different dermatomes

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58
Q

passes posteriorly around the surgical neck of the humerus

A

the axillary nerve

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59
Q

pass diagonally around the posterior side of the humerus

A

radial nerve

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60
Q

passes posteriorly to a bony protrusion on the medial side of the distal end of the humerus

A

the ulnar nerve

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61
Q

used to access a patients vascular system

A

Large veins in the superficial fascia of the upper limb

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62
Q

originate from the dorsal venous network on the back of the hand

A

cephalic and basilic veins

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63
Q

originates over the anatomical snuff box and extends proximally into the axilla by passing through the clavipectoral (deltopectoral) triangle

A

cephalic vein

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64
Q

connect at the elbow by the median cubital vein

A

The cephalic and basilic veins

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65
Q

positioned at right angles to the other fingers

A

the thumb

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66
Q

brings the thumb across the palm

A

flexion

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67
Q

moves the thumb away from the fingers at right angles

A

abduction

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68
Q

brings the thumb into opposition to the other fingers

A

Slight rotation of metacarpal I

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69
Q

vital for normal hand function

A

An opposing thumb

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70
Q

the region of upper limb attachment to the trunk

A

the shoulder

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71
Q

consists of the clavicle and scapula- making up the pectoral girdle

A

the shoulder

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72
Q

the only bony attachment between the shoulder and the trunk

A

clavicle

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73
Q

It is an S-shaped bone with an acromial end (lateral) and a sternal end (medial)

A

clavicle

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74
Q

Each end has a facet for articulation with either the acromion or the manubrium/1st rib

A

clavicle

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75
Q

has conoid tubercle and trapezoid line for coracoclavicular ligament attachment

A

The inferior surface of the lateral third (of clavicle)

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76
Q
  • Large, flat, and triangular

- Has 3 angles, 3 borders, 2 surfaces, 3 processes

A

scapula

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77
Q

what are the angles of the scapula?

A
  • lateral (marked by glenoid cavity)

- superior and inferior

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78
Q

what are the borders of the scapula?

A
  • lateral
  • medial
  • superior
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79
Q

what are the surfaces of the scapula?

A
  • costal and posterior
  • posterior
  • costal surface
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80
Q

what is the posterior surface of the scapula divided into?

A

supraspinous fossa and infraspinous fossa by scapula spine

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81
Q

what is the costal surface of the scapula characterized by?

A

subscapular fossa

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82
Q

where the head of the humerus articulates with the scapula

A

the glenoid cavity

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83
Q

attachment point of long head of triceps brachii

A

Infraglenoid tubercle

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84
Q

attachment point of long head of biceps brachii

A

Supraglenoid tubercle

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85
Q

a projection of the scapular spine that arches over glenohumeral joint

A

the acromion

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86
Q

between lateral angle and scapular spine

A

greater scapular notch

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87
Q

hook like structure

A

coracoid process

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88
Q

medial to the root of the coracoid process

A

Suprascapular notch

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89
Q

Consists of the head, anatomical neck, greater and lesser tubercles, surgical neck, and the superior half of the shaft

A

proximal humerus

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90
Q

articulates with glenoid cavity

A

head of proximal humerus

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91
Q

connects head to shaft

A

anatomical neck of proximal humerus

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92
Q

superior, middle, inferior facets

A

greater tubercle

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93
Q

supraspinous muscle attachment

A

superior greater tubercle

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94
Q

infraspinous muscle attachment

A

middle greater tubercle

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95
Q

teres minor muscle attachment

A

inferior greater tubercle

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96
Q

subscapularis muscle attachment

A

lesser tubercle

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97
Q

houses tendon of long head of biceps brachii

A

intertubercular sulcus

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98
Q

what are the points of attachment on the shaft of the proximal humerus?

A

lateral and medial lip and floor of intertubercular sulcus, deltoid tuberosity, attachment of coracobrachialis

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99
Q

what are the 3 joints of the shoulder complex?

A
  • Sternoclavicular
  • acromioclavicular
  • glenohumeral
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100
Q

sternum and clavicle

A

sternoclavicular joint

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101
Q

acromion and clavicle

A

acromioclavicular joint

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102
Q

glenoid cavity and humerus head

A

glenohumeral joint

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103
Q

enable the scapula to be positioned over a wide range of positions, increasing reach

A

The sterno- and acromioclavicular joints

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104
Q

occurs between proximal end of clavicle and clavicular notch of manubrium

A

Sternoclavicular joint (synovial)

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105
Q

separates 2 compartments of shoulder joints

A

articular disc

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106
Q

reinforced by capsule and 4 ligaments

A

shoulder joints

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107
Q

what are the ligaments of the shoulder joints?

A
  • Anterior and posterior sternoclavicular ligaments
  • Interclavicular ligaments
  • Costoclavicular ligaments
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108
Q

small synovial joint between distal end of clavicle and acromion process

A

Acromioclavicular joint

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109
Q

what is the acromioclavicular joint surrounded by?

A

joint capsule

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110
Q

what is the acromioclavicular joint reinforced by?

A

-Acromioclavicular ligament
-Coracoclavicular ligament
~Trapezoid ligament
~Conoid ligament

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111
Q

a synovial ball and socket joint between the head of the humerus and the glenoid cavity

A

glenohumeral joint

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112
Q

a multiaxial joint with a wide range of movement at the cost of skeletal stability

A

glenohumeral joint

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113
Q

what is the glenohumeral joint supported by?

A

the rotator cuff, long head of biceps brachii, related bony processes, and extracapsular ligaments

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114
Q

deepened by the glenoid labrum (a fibrocartilagenous collar)

A

glenoid cavity

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115
Q

attaches to the margins of the articular surfaces and lines the fibrous membrane

A

synovial membrane

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116
Q

wraps around the tendon of the long head of biceps brachii

A

synovial sheath

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117
Q

protrudes through the fibrous membrane to produce bursae which lie between surrounding muscles and the fibrous membrane (subtendinous bursa of subscapularis is the most consistent)

A

synovial membrane

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118
Q

attaches to the margin of the glenoid cavity, outside the attachment of the glenoid labrum and the long head of the biceps brachii, and to the anatomical neck of the humerus

A

fibrous membrane

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119
Q

aids in adduction of shoulder joint

A

redundant synovial membrane

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120
Q

accommodates abduction in shoulder joint

A

redundant capsule

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121
Q

where is the fibrous membrane thickened?

A
  • Superior, middle, and inferior glenohumeral ligaments
  • coracohumeral
  • transverse humeral ligaments
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122
Q

provided by ligaments and rotator cuff muscles

A

joint stability

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123
Q

blend with the joint capsule, forming a musculotendinous collar

A

Ligaments of the supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis muscles

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124
Q

lies between the acromion (or deltoid muscle) and supraspinatus

A

The subacromial bursa (subdeltoid)

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125
Q

where does the blood supply to the glenohumeral joint come from?

A

the posterior circumflex and suprascapular artery

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126
Q

what is the glenohumeral joint innervated by?

A

branches from the posterior cord of brachial plexus, and from the suprascapular, axillary, and lateral pectoral nerves

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127
Q

The 2 most superficial muscles of the shoulder

A

trapezius and deltoid

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128
Q

attaches the scapula and clavicle to the trunk

A

trapezius

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129
Q

attaches the scapula and clavicle to the humerus

A

deltoid

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130
Q

what are the opposing surfaces and margins that the trapezius and deltoid attach to?

A

opposing surfaces and margins on the spine of the scapula, acromion, and clavicle

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131
Q

deep to the trapezius and deltoid

A

levator scapula, rhomboid major and minor

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132
Q

position the scapula on the trunk

A

levator scapula, rhomboid major and minor

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133
Q

has extensive origins on the axial skeleton- includes sites on the skull and vertebrae (CI to TXII)

A

trapezius

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134
Q

attaches to the shoulder in a U-shape (scapula spine, acromion, and clavicle)

A

trapezius

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135
Q

originates along the U-shape line of bone and inserts on the deltoid tuberosity of humerus

A

deltoid

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136
Q

originates on transverse processes of CI and CIV and inserts on medial border of scapula

A

levator scapula

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137
Q

attach medially to the vertebral column and descend laterally to attach to the medial border of the scapula inferior to levator scapula

A

rhomboid minor and major

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138
Q

**ORIGINATES AT: Superior nuchal line, external occipital protuberance, medial margin of the ligamentum nuchae, spinous processes of CVII to TXII and the related supraspinous ligaments

A

trapezius

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139
Q

**INSERTION AT: Superior edge of the crest of the spine of the scapula, acromion, posterior border and lateral 1/3 of clavicle

A

trapezius

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140
Q

**INNERVATED BY: Motor spinal part of accessory nerve (XI). Sensory (proprioception) anterior rami of C3 and C4

A

trapezius

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141
Q

**FUNCTION: Powerful elevator of the scapula; rotates the scapula during abduction of humerus above horizontal; middle fibers retract scapula; lower fibers depress scapula

A

trapezius

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142
Q

**ORIGIN: Inferior edge of the crest of the spine of the scapula, lateral margin of the acromion, anterior border of the lateral 1/3 of clavicle

A

deltoid

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143
Q

**INSERTION AT: Deltoid tuberosity of humerus

A

deltoid

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144
Q

**INNERVATED BY: Axillary nerve (C5, C6)

A

deltoid

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145
Q

**FUNCTION: Major abduction of arm (abducts arm beyond initial 15⁰ done by supraspinatus); clavicular fibers assist in flexing the arm; posterior fibers assist in extending the arm

A

deltoid

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146
Q

**ORIGIN: Transverse processes of CI and CII vertebrae and posterior tubercles of the transverse processes of CIII and CIV vertebrae

A

levator scapulae

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147
Q

**INSERTION: Posterior surface of medial border of scapula from superior angle to root of spine of the scapula

A

levator scapulae

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148
Q

**INNERVATION: Branches directly from anterior rami of C3 and C4 spinal nerves and by branches (C5) from dorsal scapular nerve

A

levator scapulae

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149
Q

**FUNCTION: elevates the scapula

A

levator scapulae

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150
Q

**ORIGIN: Lower end of ligamentum nucha and spinous processes of CVII and TI vertebrae

A

rhomboid minor

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151
Q

**INSERTION: Posterior surface of medial border of scapula to root of the spine of the scapula

A

rhomboid minor

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152
Q

**INNERVATION: Dorsal scapular nerve (C4, C5)

A

rhomboid minor

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153
Q

**FUNCTION: Elevates and retract the scapula

A

rhomboid minor

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154
Q

**ORIGIN: Spinous processes of TII-TV vertebrae and intervening supraspinpus ligaments

A

rhomboid major

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155
Q

**INSERTION: Posterior surface of medial border of scapula from the root of the spine to the inferior angle

A

rhomboid major

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156
Q

**INNERVATION: Dorsal scapular nerve (C4, C5)

A

rhomboid major

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157
Q

**FUNCTION: elevates and retracts the scapula

A

rhomboid major

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158
Q

Contains 4 muscles that extend between the scapula and proximal end of the humerus

A

posterior scapula region

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159
Q

what are the 4 muscles of the scapula region?

A
  • Supraspinatus
  • infraspinatus
  • teres minor
  • teres major
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160
Q

originate from large fossa above and below the scapula spine respectively

A

Supraspinatus and infraspinatus

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161
Q

extends between infraglenoid tubercle and the olecranon (ulna)

A

Long head of triceps brachii

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162
Q

Gateways to the posterior scapula region

A

suprascapular notch from the neck for suprascapular nerve

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163
Q

from more anterior regions for axillary nerve and posterior circumflex humeral artery

A

Quadrangular space

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164
Q

has circumflex scapular artery

A

triangular space

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165
Q

radial nerve an profunda brachii artery (deep artery of arm)

A

triangular interval

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166
Q

2 major nerves of the posterior scapula region that both arise from the brachial plexus

A

axillary and suprascapular nerves

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167
Q

passes through the suprascapular foramen and innervates the supraspinatus and then passes through the greater scapular notch and innervate the infraspinatus

A

suprascapular nerve

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168
Q

innervates the deltoid and teres minor

A

axillary nerve

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169
Q

**ORIGIN: Medial 2/3 of the supraspinous fossa of the scapula and the deep fascia that covers the muscle

A

supraspinatus muscle

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170
Q

**INSERTION: Most superior facet on the greater tubercle of the humerus

A

supraspinatus muscle

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171
Q

**INNERVATION: Suprascapular nerve (C5, C6)

A

supraspinatus muscle

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172
Q

**FUNCTION: Rotator cuff muscle; initiation of abduction of arm to 15⁰ at glenohumeral joint

A

supraspinatus muscle

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173
Q

**ORIGIN: Medial 2/3 of the infraspinous fossa of the scapula and the deep fascia that covers the muscle

A

infraspinatus muscle

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174
Q

**INSERTION: Middle facet on posterior of the greater tubercle of the humerus

A

infraspinatus muscle

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175
Q

**INNERVATION: Suprascapular nerve (C5, C6

A

infraspinatus muscle

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176
Q

**FUNCTION: Rotator cuff muscle; lateral rotation of arm at the glenohumeral joint

A

infraspinatus muscle

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177
Q

**ORIGIN: Upper 2/3 of a flattened strip of bone on the posterior surface of the scapula immediately adjacent to the lateral border of the scapula

A

teres minor muscle

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178
Q

**INSERTION: inferior facet on the posterior surface of the greater tubercle of the humerus

A

teres minor muscle

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179
Q

**INNERVATION: Axillary nerve (C5, C6)

A

teres minor muscle

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180
Q

**FUNCTION: Rotator cuff muscle; lateral rotation of arm at the glenohumeral joint

A

teres minor muscle

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181
Q

**ORIGIN: Elongate oval area on the posterior surface of the inferior angle of the scapula

A

teres major muscle

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182
Q

**INSERTION: Medial lip of the intertubercular sulcus on the anterior surface of the humerus

A

teres major muscle

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183
Q

**INNERVATION: Inferior subscapular nerve (C5, C6, C7)

A

teres major muscle

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184
Q

**FUNCTION: Medial rotation and extension of the arm at the glenohumeral joint

A

teres major muscle

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185
Q

**ORIGIN: Infraglenoid tubercle on scapula

A

long head of triceps brachii muscle

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186
Q

**INSERTION: Common tendon of insertion with medial and lateral heads on the olecranon process of ulna

A

long head of triceps brachii muscle

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187
Q

**INNERVATION: Radial nerve (C6, C7, C8)

A

long head of triceps brachii muscle

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188
Q

**FUNCTION: Extension of the forearm at the elbow joint; accessory adductor and extensor of the arm at the glenohumeral joint

A

long head of triceps brachii muscle

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189
Q

what are the 3 major arteries of the posterior scapula region?

A
  • suprascapular artery
  • posterior circumflex humeral artery
  • circumflex scapular artery
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190
Q

arises from thyrocervical trunk and usually passes superior to suprascapular notch

A

Suprascapular artery

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191
Q

originates from axillary

A

Posterior circumflex humeral artery

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192
Q

branch from subscapular artery which arises from the axillary

A

Circumflex scapular artery

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193
Q

gateway to the arm

A

axilla

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194
Q
  • Formed by clavicle, scapula, upper thoracic wall, the humerus, and related muscles
  • It has 4 sides, an inlet, and a floor
A

axilla

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195
Q

continuous with the neck and the floor opens into the arm

A

axillary inlet

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196
Q

All structures that pass in or out of the upper limb pass through the…..

A

axilla

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197
Q

is formed by the pectoralis major, and underlying pectoralis minor and subclavius muscles, and the clavipectoral fascia

A

anterior wall of the axilla

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198
Q
  • small muscle that passes between the clavicle and rib I

- part of anterior wall of axilla

A

subclavius

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199
Q
  • small triangular muscle that passes from the thoracic wall to the coracoid process
  • part of anterior wall of axilla
A

pectoralis minor

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200
Q

-thick sheet of connective tissue that connects the clavicle to the floor of the axilla and encloses pectoralis minor and subclavius

A

clavipectoral fascia

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201
Q

**ORIGIN: Clavicular head- anterior surface of the medial ½ of clavicle; sternocostal head- anterior surface of sternum; first 7 costal cartilages; sternal end of 6th rib; aponeurosis of external oblique

A

pectorlis major muscle

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202
Q

**INSERTION: Lateral lip of intertubercular sulcus of humerus

A

pectoralis major muscle

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203
Q

**INNERVATION: Medial and lateral pectoral nerves; clavicular head (C5, C6); sternocostal part (C6, C7, C8, T1)

A

pectoralis major muscle

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204
Q

**FUNCTION: Flexion, adduction, and medial rotation of arm at the glenohumeral joint; clavicular head- flexion of extended arm; sternocostal head- extension of flexed arm

A

pectoralis major muscle

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205
Q

**ORIGIN: First rib at junction between rib and costal cartilage

A

subclavius muscle

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206
Q

**INSERTION: Grove on inferior surface of middle 1/3 of clavicle

A

subclavius muscle

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207
Q

**INNERVATION: Nerve of subclavius (C5, C6)

A

subclavius muscle

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208
Q

**FUNCTION: Pulls tip of shoulder down; pulls clavicle medially to stabilize sternoclavicular joint

A

subclavius muscle

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209
Q

**ORIGIN: Anterior surface and superior borders of ribs III to V; and from deep fascia overlying the related intercostal space

A

pectoralis minor muscle

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210
Q

**INSERTION: Coracoid process of scapula (medial border and upper surface)

A

pectoralis minor

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211
Q

**INNERVATION: Medial pectoral nerve (C5, C6, C7, C8, T1)

A

pectoralis minor

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212
Q

**FUNCTION: Pulls tip of shoulder down; protracts scapula

A

pectoralis minor muscle

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213
Q

Formed by upper thoracic wall (ribs and related intercostal muscles) and the serratus anterior

A

medial wall of axilla

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214
Q

innervated by the long thoracic nerve

A

serratus anterior of the medial wall of axilla

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215
Q

passes through the medial wall and into the axilla where it communicates with a branch from the brachial plexus

A

intercostobrachial nerve of medial wall of axilla

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216
Q

**ORIGIN: Lateral surfaces of the upper 8-9 ribs and the deep fascia overlying the related intercostal spaces

A

serratus anterior muscle

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217
Q

**INSERTION:Costal surface of medial border of scapula

A

serratus anterior muscle

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218
Q

**INNERVATION: Long thoracic nerve (C5, C6, C7)

A

serratus anterior muscle

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219
Q

**FUNCTION: Protraction and rotation of the scapula; keeps medial border and inferior angle of scapula opposed to thoracic wall

A

serratus anterior muscle

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220
Q

Narrow and formed entirely by the intertubercular sulcus of the humerus

A

lateral wall of axilla

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221
Q

inserts on the lateral lip of the sulcus

A

pectoralis major muscle

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222
Q

attach to the floor and medial lip of the sulcus respectively

A

latissimus dorsi and teres major

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223
Q

Formed by the costal surface of the scapula, subscapularis muscle, distal parts of the latissimus dorsi and teres major muscles, and proximal parts of the long head of the triceps brachii

A

posterior wall of axilla

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224
Q

allow structures to pass between the axilla, posterior scapular region and posterior compartment of the arm

A

Gaps between the muscles

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225
Q

**ORIGIN: Medial 2/3 of subscapular fossa

A

subscapularis muscle

226
Q

**INSERTION: Lesser tubercle of humerus

A

subscapularis muscle

227
Q

**INNERVATION: Upper and lower subscapular nerves (C5, C6, C7)

A

subscapularis muscle

228
Q

**FUNCTION: Rotator cuff; medial rotation of the arm at the glenohumeral joint

A

subscapularis muscle

229
Q

**ORIGIN: Elongate oval area on the posterior surface of the inferior angle of scapula

A

teres major muscle

230
Q

**INSERTION: Medial lip of intertubercular sulcus on the anterior surface of the humerus

A

teres major muscle

231
Q

**INNERVATION: Lower subscapular nerve (C5, C6, C7)

A

teres major muscle

232
Q

**FUNCTION: Medial rotation and extension of the arm at the glenohumeral joint

A

teres major muscle

233
Q

**ORIGIN: Spinous processes of lower 6 thoracic vertebrae and related interspinous ligaments; via the thoracolumbar fascia on the spinous processes of the lumbar vertebrae, related interspinous ligaments, and iliac crest, lower 3-4 ribs

A

latissimus dorsi muscle

234
Q

**INSERTION: Floor of intertubercular sulcus

A

latissimus dorsi muscle

235
Q

**INNERVATION: Thoracodorsal nerve (C6, C7, C8)

A

latissimus dorsi muscle

236
Q

**FUNCTION: Adduction, medial rotation and extension of the arm at the glenohumeral joint

A

latissimus dorsi muscle

237
Q

formed by fascia and a dome of skin

A

axilla floor

238
Q

contains major blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics of the arm

A

axillary sheath

239
Q

contains the proximal parts of the biceps brachii and coracobrachialis muscles, the axillary process of the breast, and collections of lymph nodes

A

axilla

240
Q

short head originates from the coracoid process

A

biceps brachii

241
Q

originates as a tendon that attaches to the supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula

A

long head of biceps brachii

242
Q

originates on the coracoid process of the scapula and inserts onto the medial aspect of humerus

A

coracobrachialis

243
Q

supplies the walls of the axilla and related regions

A

axillary artery

244
Q

As the subclavian passes the lateral margin of rib I it becomes the …..

A

axillary artery

245
Q

As the axillary artery passes the inferior margin of the teres major muscle it becomes the …….

A

brachial artery

246
Q

divides the axillary artery into 3 parts (1st, 2nd, and 3rd)

A

pectoralis minor muscle

247
Q

how many branches arise from the axillary artery?

A

6 branches

248
Q

1st part of axillary artery

A

superior thoracic artery

249
Q

2nd part of axillary artery

A

thoraco-acromial artery and lateral thoracic artery

250
Q

3rd part of axillary artery

A

Subscapular, anterior, and posterior circumflex arteries

251
Q

Begins at the lower margin of the teres major and is a continuation of the basilic vein

A

axillary vein

252
Q

where does the axillary vein pass?

A

Passes through the axilla medial to the axillary artery

253
Q

which tributaries of the axillary vein do not follow the branches of the axillary artery?

A

the brachial veins and cephalic vein

254
Q
  • somatic plexus formed by anterior rami (C5-T1)

- Made up of roots, trunks, divisions, and cords

A

brachial plexus

255
Q

originate from the brachial plexus

A

All major nerves of the arm

256
Q

where is the brachial plexus located proximally?

A

Proximally it is posterior to the axillary artery

257
Q

where is the brachial plexus located distally?

A

Distally it surrounds the axillary artery

258
Q

The roots are made up of anterior rami (C5-T1)

A

brachial plexus

259
Q

pass laterally over rib I and are formed by unions of roots

A

trunks of brachial plexus

260
Q

what do the trunks of the brachial plexus divide into?

A

anterior and posterior divisions

261
Q

forms from union of upper and middle anterior trunks

A

lateral cord of brachial plexus

262
Q

forms from union of all posterior trunks

A

posterior cord of brachial plexus

263
Q

forms from remaining anterior trunk

A

medial cord of brachial plexus

264
Q

where do lymphatics from the upper arm drain into?

A

the axilla

265
Q

receive drainage from regions of the: upper back and shoulder, lower neck, chest, upper anterolateral abdominal wall, and 75% of the mammary gland

A

axillary nodes

266
Q

how are the 20-30 axillary nodes divided?

A

humeral (lateral), pectoral (anterior), subscapular (posterior), central, and apical

267
Q
  • in some cases penetrates the deep fascia and passes into the axilla
  • rarely reaches as high as the apex of the axilla
A

axillary process of the mammary gland

268
Q

the region between the shoulder and the elbow joint

A

the arm

269
Q
  • Superiorly it communicates with the axilla

- inferiorly important structures pass through the cubital fossa

A

the arm

270
Q

how are the muscles of the arm divided?

A

divided into posterior and anterior compartments by the humerus and the intermuscular septum

271
Q

flex the elbow joint

A

muscles in the anterior compartment of the arm

272
Q

extend the elbow joint

A

muscles in the posterior compartment of the arm

273
Q

triangular with anterior, lateral, and medial borders and anterolateral, anteromedial, and posterior surfaces

A

humerus

274
Q

has various markings associated with muscle attachment points

A

posterior surface of the humerus

275
Q

houses the radial nerve and profunda brachii artery

A

radial groove of humerus

276
Q

becomes flattened into the lateral and medial supraepicondylar ridges

A

distal end of humerus

277
Q
  • part of distal end of humerus

- has 2 parts (capitulum & trochlea)

A

condyle

278
Q

articulates with the radius & part of condyle

A

capitulum

279
Q

articulates with ulna & part of condyle

A

trochlea

280
Q

lie adjacent and somewhat superior to the trochlea and capitulum

A

lateral and medial epicondyles

281
Q

how many fossa occur superior to the condyle?

A

3

282
Q

is superior to the capitulum

A

radial fossa

283
Q

superior to the trochlea

A

coronoid fossa

284
Q

superior to the trochlea on the posterior sides

A

olecranon fossa

285
Q

consists of the head, neck, and radial tuberosity

A

proximal end of the radius

286
Q

the roughened attachment point for the biceps brachii

A

radial tuberosity

287
Q

runs across the shaft of the radius from the radial tuberosity

A

oblique line

288
Q

consists of olecranon, coronoid process, trochlear notch, radial notch, supinator crest, tuberosity

A

proximal end of ulna

289
Q

large projection of bone & part of proximal end of the ulna

A

olecranon

290
Q

forms the trochlear notch along with the olecranon

A

coronoid process

291
Q

obvious semilunar notch

A

trochlear notch

292
Q

articulation point for the radius

A

radial notch

293
Q

attachment site for brachialis

A

tuberosity of ulna

294
Q

what are the muscles of the anterior compartment of the arm?

A
  • coracobrachialis
  • biceps brachii
  • brachialis
295
Q

extends from the tip of the coracoid process to the medial side of the midshaft of the humerus

A

Coracobrachialis

296
Q

has 2 heads- short head- originates from coracoid process, long head originates as a tendon from the supraglenoid tubercle of scapula, the biceps inserts onto the radial tuberosity

A

biceps brachii

297
Q

originates from distal half of anterior aspect of humerus, inserts onto the ulna tuberosity

A

brachialis

298
Q

*ORIGIN: Apex of coracoid process

A

Coracobrachialis muscle

299
Q

*INSERTION: Linear roughening on midshaft of humerus on medial side

A

Coracobrachialis muscle

300
Q

*INNERVATION: Musculocutaneous (C5, C6, C7)

A

Coracobrachialis muscle

301
Q

*FUNCTION: Flexor of arm at the glenohumeral joint

A

Coracobrachialis muscle

302
Q

*ORIGIN:Long head- supragenoid tubercle of scapula; short head- apex of coracoid process

A

biceps brachii muscle

303
Q

*INSERTION: radial tuberosity

A

biceps brachii muscle

304
Q

*INNERVATION: Musculocutaneous (C5, C6, C7)

A

biceps brachii muscle

305
Q

*FUNCTION: Powerful flexor of the forearm at the elbow joint and supinator of the forearm; accessory flexor of the arm at glenohumeral joint

A

biceps brachii muscle

306
Q

*ORIGIN: Anterior aspect of humerus (medial and lateral surface) and adjacent intermuscular septum

A

brachialis muscle

307
Q

*INSERTION: Tuberosity of the ulna

A

brachialis muscle

308
Q

*INNERVATION: Musculocutaneous (C5, C6); small contribution from radial nerve to lateral part of muscle

A

brachialis muscle

309
Q

*FUNCTION: Powerful flexor of the forearm at the elbow joint

A

brachialis muscle

310
Q

what is the only muscle in the posterior compartment of the arm?

A

triceps brachii

311
Q

what are the 3 heads of the triceps?

A
  • long head
  • medial head
  • lateral head
312
Q

originates from infraglenoid tubercle of scapula

A

long head of the triceps

313
Q

originates from the extensive area of the posterior surface of the shaft of the humerus inferior to the radial groove

A

medial head of the triceps

314
Q

originates from linear roughening superior to radial groove

A

lateral head of the triceps

315
Q

where do all the triceps head insert?

A

insert on the superior surface of the olecranon via a large tendon

316
Q

*ORIGIN: Long head- infraglenoid tubercle of scapula medial head- posterior surface of humerus lateral head- posterior surface of humerus

A

triceps brachii muscle

317
Q

*INSERTION: olecranon

A

triceps brachii muscle

318
Q

*INNERVATION: Radial nerve (C6, C7, C8)

A

triceps brachii muscle

319
Q

*FUNCTION: Extension of the forearm at the elbow joint; long head can also extend and adduct the arm at the shoulder joint

A

triceps brachii muscle

320
Q

is the major artery of the arm and is found in the anterior compartment

A

brachial atery

321
Q

starts at the inferior margin of the teres major

A

brachial artery

322
Q

is the largest branch of the brachial artery and poses into the posterior compartment

A

profunda brachii artery

323
Q
  • branches off the brachial artery

- passes posteriorly in the radial groove, humeral nutrient artery, and ulnar collateral arteries

A

profunda brachii

324
Q

branches to posterior circumflex humeral artery, radial and middle collateral arteries

A

Branches off the profunda brachii artery

325
Q

follow the brachial artery and join either the basilic or axillary vein

A

paired brachial veins

326
Q

the 2 large subcutaneous veins located in the arm

A

the basilic and cephalic veins

327
Q

what are the nerves of the anterior compartment of the arm?

A
  • musculocutaneous nerve

- median and ulnar nerves

328
Q
  • enters the arm by passing through the coracobrachialis muscle and continues distally in the plane between the biceps brachii and brachialis muscles
  • provides motor innervation for the anterior muscle compartment
A

musculocutaneous nerve

329
Q

have no major branches in the arm

A

median and ulnar nerves

330
Q

what are the nerves of the posterior compartment of the arm?

A
  • radial nerve

- inferior and posterior lateral cutaneous branches

331
Q

arises from the posterior cord of the brachial plexus and runs along the radial groove with the profunda brachii artery into the posterior compartment

A

radial nerve

332
Q

innervates the triceps brachii muscle (the only muscle in the posterior arm compartment) and muscles of the forearm

A

radial nerve

333
Q

innervate skin on the posterior arm and forearm

A

The inferior and posterior lateral cutaneous branches of the radial nerve

334
Q

a complex joint involving 3 separate articulations which share a common synovial cavity

A

elbow joint

335
Q

form the main hinge joint of the elbow

A

The joints between the trochlear notch of the ulna and the trochlea of the humerus and between the radial head and capitulum of the humerus

336
Q

form the radio-ulna joint

A

The joint between the radial head and the radial notch of the ulna

337
Q

involved in supination and pronation

A

radio-ulnar joint

338
Q

originates along the edges of the articular cartilage and lines of the radial, coronoid, and olecranon fossae

A

synovial membrane of elbow joint

339
Q

found in the fossa and separate the fibrous and synovial membranes in these same regions

A

fat pads

340
Q

how are fat pads moved?

A

moved out of the way by the brachialis and triceps brachii that are attached to the fibrous membrane in these regions

341
Q

overlays the synovial membrane and encloses the elbow joint

A

fibrous membrane

342
Q

what does the fibrous membrane attach to?

A
  • the medial epicondyle, and the margins of the olecranon, coronoid, and radial fossae of the humerus
  • the coronoid and olecranon processes of ulna
343
Q

thickened medially and laterally into ulnar and radial collateral ligaments

A

fibrous membrane

344
Q

cuffs the radius and blends with the radial collateral ligament

A

anular ligament

345
Q

allows rotation of radial head

A

sacciform recess

346
Q

Formed by brachioradialis and pronator teres (lateral and medial boundaries) and the brachialis (floor)

A

cubital fossa

347
Q

what are the major contents of the cubital fossa?

A
  • tendon of biceps brachii
  • brachial artery
  • median nerve
348
Q

passes along the lateral margin under the brachioradialis muscle

A

radial nerve of cubital fossa

349
Q

lie along the roof of the cubital fossa roof

A

The median cubital vein, medial and lateral cutaneous nerves

350
Q

extends between the elbow and wrist joints

A

forearm

351
Q

what do most major structures go through that pass into the forearm?

A

pass through the cubital fossa (except ulnar nerve)

352
Q

what do most major structures go through that pass into the hand?

A

the carpel tunnel (except radial artery)

353
Q

separate the anterior and posterior muscle compartments of the forearm

A

The radius, ulnar, interosseous membrane, and lateral intermuscular septum

354
Q

is smaller proximally and larger distally, where it forms the wrist joint

A

radius

355
Q

triangular in cross section formed by: lateral, posterior, anterior surfaces and lateral, posterior, interosseous borders

A

shaft of radius

356
Q

acts as a pulley for the extensor pollicis tendon

A

dorsal tubercle of radius

357
Q

extends distally

A

radial styloid process

358
Q

found on the distal end of the radius

A

two articulation facets

359
Q

triangular in cross section formed by: anterior, posterior, medial surfaces and anterior, posterior, interosseous borders

A

ulna

360
Q

has a roughening for attachment of pronator quadratus

A

anterior surface of ulna

361
Q

extends distally

A

ulnar styloid process

362
Q

form the radio-ulnar joint of the forearm

A

Distally the head of the ulnar and the end of the radius

363
Q

separates the radio-ulnar from the wrist joint

A

articular disc of forearm

364
Q
  • runs between the ulnar and radius without restricting pronation and supination
  • allows transfer of forces from the radius to the ulnar and ultimately to the humerus
A

interosseous membrane

365
Q
  • occur entirely in the forearm

- Involves rotation of radius at elbow and movement of radius over ulnar at distal end

A

pronation and supination

366
Q

spins on the capitulum, radial notch, and adjacent joint capsule

A

radial head

367
Q

distally,…………., slides anteriorly over the convex surface of the ulnar head

A

the ulnar notch of the radius

368
Q

hold the bones in place during movements (pronation and supination)

A

anular ligament, interosseous membrane, articular disc

369
Q

supination muscles

A

biceps brachii and supinator

370
Q

pronation muscles

A

pronator teres and quadratus

371
Q
  • provides some abduction of the proximal end of the ulnar during pronation
  • This maintains the position of the palm over the central axis during pronation
A

anconeus

372
Q

how are the muscles of the anterior (flexor) compartment divided?

A

divided into superficial, intermediate, and deep layers

373
Q

what are the muscles of the anterior (flexor) compartment associated with?

A

movement of wrist joint, flexion of fingers and thumb, and pronation

374
Q

originate on the medial epicondyle of humerus

A

all 4 muscles in the superficial layer

375
Q

muscles of superficial layer of anterior (flexor) compartment

A
  • pronator teres
  • flexor carpi radialis
  • palmaris longus
  • flexor carpi ulnaris
376
Q

*ORIGIN: Humeral head- medial epicondyle of humerus; ulnar head- olecranon and posterior border of ulna

A

flexor carpi ulnaris muscle

377
Q

*Insertion: Pisiform bone, and then via pisohamate and pisometacarpal ligaments into the hamate and base of metacarpal V

A

flexor carpi ulnaris muscle

378
Q

*INNERVATION: Ulnar nerve (C7, C8, T1)

A

flexor carpi ulnaris muscle

379
Q

*FUNCTION: Flexes and adducts the wrist

A

flexor carpi ulnaris muscle

380
Q

*ORIGIN: Medial epicondyle of humerus

A

palmaris longus muscle

381
Q

*INSERTION: Palmar aponeurosis of hand

A

palmaris longus muscle

382
Q

*INNERVATION: Median nerve (C7, C8)

A

palmaris longus muscle

383
Q

*FUNCTION: Flexes wrist joint and resists shearing forces when gripping

A

palmaris longus muscle

384
Q

*ORIGIN: Medial epicondyle of humerus

A

flexor carpi radialis

385
Q

*INSERTION: Base of metacarpal II and III

A

flexor carpi radialis

386
Q

*INNERVATION: Median nerve (C6, C7)

A

flexor carpi radialis

387
Q

*FUNCTION: Flexes and abducts the wrist

A

flexor carpi radialis

388
Q

*ORIGIN: Humeral head- medial epicondyle and adjacent supra-epicondylar ridge; ulnar head- medial side of coronoid process

A

pronator teres

389
Q

*INSERTION: Roughening on lateral surface, midshaft, of radius

A

pronator teres

390
Q

*INNERVATION: Median nerve (C6, C7)

A

pronator teres

391
Q

*FUNCTION: pronation

A

pronator teres

392
Q

consists of 1 muscle (large flexor digitorum superficialis)

A

intermediate layer of anterior compartment

393
Q
  • muscle with two heads

- part of intermediate layer

A

large flexor digitorum superficialis

394
Q

pass deep to, and between the 2 heads of the large flexor digitorum superficialis

A

median nerve and ulnar artery

395
Q

distally, the……….forms 4 tendons which pass through the carpal tunnel onto the 4 fingers

A

flexor digitorum superficialis

396
Q

insert on the margins of the middle phalanx

A

tendons that pass through carpel tunnel onto the 4 fingers

397
Q

*ORIGIN: Humero-ulnar head-medial epicondyle of humerus and adjacent margin of coronoid process; radial had- oblique line of radius

A

flexor digitorum superficialis muscle

398
Q

*INSERTION:Four tendons, which attach to the palmer surfaces of the middle phalanges of the index, middle, ring, and little fingers

A

flexor digitorum superficialis muscle

399
Q

*INNERVATION: Median nerve (C8, T1)

A

flexor digitorum superficialis muscle

400
Q

*FUNCTION: flexes proximal interphalangeal joints of the index, middle, ring, and little fingers; can also flex metacarpophalangeal joints of the same finger and the wrist joint

A

flexor digitorum superficialis muscle

401
Q

what are the muscles of the deep layer of the anterior compartment?

A
  • flexor digitorum profundus
  • flexor pollicis longus
  • pronator teres
402
Q

gives rise to 4 tendons that pass through the carpal tunnel and onto the 4 fingers

A

flexor digitorum profundus

403
Q

pass through the split in the tendons of the flexor digitorum superficialis and insert onto the base of the distal phalanges

A

tendons from the flexor digitorum profundus

404
Q

forms a single tendon that passes through the carpal tunnel and onto the base of the distal phalanx of the thumb

A

flexor pollicis longus

405
Q

*ORIGIN: Anterior and medial surfaces of ulna and anterior medial half of interosseous membrane

A

Flexor digitorum profundus muscle

406
Q

*INSERTION: 4 tendons, which attach to the palmer surfaces of the distal phalanges of the index, middle, ring, and little fingers

A

Flexor digitorum profundus muscle

407
Q

*INNERVATION: Lateral half by median nerve (anterior interosseous nerve); medial half by ulnar nerve (C8, T1)

A

Flexor digitorum profundus muscle

408
Q

*FUNCTION: Flexes distal interphalangeal joints of the index, middle, ring, and little fingers; can also flex metacarpophalangeal joints of the same fingers and the wrist

A

Flexor digitorum profundus muscle

409
Q

*ORIGIN: Anterior surface of radius and radial half of interosseous membrane

A

flexor pollicis longus muscle

410
Q

*INSERTION: Palmer surface of base of distal phalanx of thumb

A

flexor pollicis longus muscle

411
Q

*INNERVATION: Median nerve (anterior interosseous nerve)(C7, C8)

A

flexor pollicis longus muscle

412
Q

*FUNCTION: Flexes interphalangeal joint of the thumb; can also flex metacarpophalangeal joint of the thumb

A

flexor pollicis longus muscle

413
Q

*ORIGIN: Linear ridge on distal anterior surface of ulna

A

pronator quadratus muscle

414
Q

*INSERTION: Distal anterior surface of radius

A

pronator quadratus muscle

415
Q

*INNERVATION: Median nerve (anterior interosseous nerve) (C7, C8)

A

pronator quadratus muscle

416
Q

*FUNCTION: pronation

A

pronator quadratus muscle

417
Q

where are the largest arteries in the forearm?

A

in the anterior compartment and pass distally to supply the hand and give off branches to the posterior compartment

418
Q

leaves the forearm and passes around the lateral side of the wrist and gives rise to: radial recurrent, superficial and deep palmar arch of the hand along the way

A

radial artery

419
Q

passes on the medial side of the arm and into the wrist giving rise to: ulnar recurrent, common interosseous (posterior and anterior), dorsal and palmer carpal branches

A

ulnar artery

420
Q

nerves of the anterior compartment of the forearm

A

the median and ulnar nerves and the superficial branch of the radial nerve

421
Q

innervates most of the muscles of the anterior compartment and gives off anterior interosseous nerve and palmar branches

A

median nerve of forearm

422
Q

innervates flexor carpi ulnaris and part of flexor digitorum profundus and gives off muscular, dorsal, and palmar branches

A

ulnar nerve of forearm

423
Q

bifurcates into deep (mostly motor and innervates posterior compartment) and superficial (sensory) branches

A

radial nerve of forearm

424
Q

occur in superficial and deep layers and move the wrist, extend the fingers and thumb, and supinate

A

muscles in posterior compartment of forearm

425
Q

are innervated by the radial nerve and originate on the supraepicondylar ridge and lateral epicondyle of the humerus

A

7 superficial muscles of posterior compartment of forearm

426
Q

which muscles extend as tendons into the hand?

A

all but the brachioradialis and anconeus

427
Q

*ORIGIN: Proximal part of lateral supraepicondylar ridge of humerus and adjacent intermuscular septum

A

Brachioradialis

muscle

428
Q

*INSERTION: Lateral surface of distal end of radius

A

Brachioradialis

muscle

429
Q

*INNERVATION: Radial nerve (C5, C6)

A

Brachioradialis

muscle

430
Q

*FUNCTION: Accessory flexor of elbow joint when forearm is midpronated

A

Brachioradialis

muscle

431
Q

*ORIGIN: Distal part of lateral supraepicondylar ridge of humerus and adjacent intermuscular septum

A

Extensor carpi radialis longus muscle

432
Q

*INSERTION: Dorsal surface of base of metacarpal II

A

Extensor carpi radialis longus muscle

433
Q

*INNERVATION: Radial nerve (C6, C7)

A

Extensor carpi radialis longus muscle

434
Q

*FUNCTION: Extends and abducts the wrist

A

Extensor carpi radialis longus muscle

435
Q

*ORIGIN: Lateral epicondyle of humerus and adjacent intermuscular septum

A

Extensor carpi radialis brevis muscle

436
Q

*INSERTION: Dorsal surface of base of metacarpal II and III

A

Extensor carpi radialis brevis muscle

437
Q

*INNERVATION: Deep branch of radial nerve (C7, C8)

A

Extensor carpi radialis brevis muscle

438
Q

*FUNCTION: Extends and abducts the wrist

A

Extensor carpi radialis brevis muscle

439
Q

*ORIGIN: Lateral epicondyle of humerus and adjacent intermuscular septum and deep fascia

A

Extensor digitorum

muscle

440
Q

*INSERTION: 4 tendons which insert via extensor hoods into the dorsal aspects of the base of the middle and distal phalanx of the fingers

A

Extensor digitorum

muscle

441
Q

*INNERVATION: Posterior interosseous nerve (C7, C8)

A

Extensor digitorum

muscle

442
Q

*FUNCTION: Extends the index, middle, ring, and little fingers; can also extend the wrist

A

Extensor digitorum

muscle

443
Q

*ORIGIN: Lateral epicondyle of humerus and adjacent intermuscular septum together with extensor digitorum

A

Extensor digiti minimi muscle

444
Q

*INSERTION: Extensor hood of little finger

A

Extensor digiti minimi muscle

445
Q

*INNERVATION: Posterior interosseous (C7, C8)

A

Extensor digiti minimi muscle

446
Q

*FUNCTION: extends little finger

A

Extensor digiti minimi muscle

447
Q

*ORIGIN: Lateral epicondyle of humerus and posterior border of ulna

A

Extensor carpi ulnaris

muscle

448
Q

*INSERTION: Tubercle on the base of the medial side of metacarpal V

A

Extensor carpi ulnaris

muscle

449
Q

*INNERVATION: Posterior interosseous (C7, C8)

A

Extensor carpi ulnaris

muscle

450
Q

*FUNCTION: Extends and adducts the wrist

A

Extensor carpi ulnaris

muscle

451
Q

*ORIGIN: Lateral epicondyle of humerus

A

Anconeus muscle

452
Q

*INSERTION: Olecranon and proximal posterior surface of ulna

A

Anconeus muscle

453
Q

*INNERVATION: Radial nerve (C6, C7, C8) (via branch to medial head of triceps brachii)

A

Anconeus muscle

454
Q

*FUNCTION: Abduction of the ulna in pronation; accessory extensor of elbow joint

A

Anconeus muscle

455
Q

Consists of 5 muscles- all of which except for the supinator muscle originate from posterior surface of the radius, ulna, or interosseous membrane and pass into the thumb and index finger

A

deep layer of posterior forearm compartment

456
Q

innervated by the posterior interosseous nerve (a continuation of the deep branch of the radial nerve)

A

deep muscles

457
Q

has 2 heads- superficial and deep heads

A

supinator

458
Q

*ORIGIN: Superficial part- lateral epicondyle of humerus, radial collateral and anular ligaments; deep part- supinator crest

A

supinator muscle

459
Q

*INSERTION: Lateral surface of radius superior to the anterior oblique line

A

supinator muscle

460
Q

*INNERVATION: Posterior interosseous nerve (branch of radial nerve (C6, C7)

A

supinator muscle

461
Q

*FUNCTION: supination

A

supinator muscle

462
Q

*ORIGIN: Posterior surfaces of ulna and radius (distal to the attachments of supinator and anconeus), and intervening interosseous membrane

A

Abductor pollicis longus

muscle

463
Q

*INSERTION: Lateral side of base of metacarpal I

A

Abductor pollicis longus

muscle

464
Q

*INNERVATION: Posterior interosseous nerve (branch of radial nerve (C6, C7)

A

Abductor pollicis longus

muscle

465
Q

*FUNCTION: Abducts carpometacarpal joint of thumb; accessory extensor of the thumb

A

Abductor pollicis longus

muscle

466
Q

*ORIGIN: Posterior surface of radius and adjacent interosseous membrane

A

Extensor pollicis brevis

muscle

467
Q

*INSERTION: Dorsal surface of base of proximal phalanx of thumb

A

Extensor pollicis brevis

muscle

468
Q

*INNERVATION: Posterior interosseous nerve (branch of radial nerve (C6, C7)

A

Extensor pollicis brevis

muscle

469
Q

*FUNCTION: Extends metacarpophalangeal joint of the thumb; can also extend the carpometacarpal joint of thumb

A

Extensor pollicis brevis

muscle

470
Q

*ORIGIN: Posterior surface of ulna (distal to abductor pollicis longus)and the adjacent interosseous membrane

A

Extensor pollicis longus

muscle

471
Q

*INSERTION: Dorsal surface of base of proximal phalanx of thumb

A

Extensor pollicis longus

muscle

472
Q

*INNERVATION: Posterior interosseous nerve (branch of radial nerve (C6, C7)

A

Extensor pollicis longus

muscle

473
Q

*FUNCTION: Extends interphalangeal joint of the thumb; can also extend carpometacarpal and metacarpophalangeal joints of thumb

A

Extensor pollicis longus

muscle

474
Q

*ORIGIN: Posterior surface of ulna (distal to abductor pollicis longus)and the adjacent interosseous membrane

A

Extensor indicis muscle

475
Q

*INSERTION: Extensor hood of index finger

A

Extensor indicis muscle

476
Q

*INNERVATION: Posterior interosseous nerve (branch of radial nerve (C6, C7)

A

Extensor indicis muscle

477
Q

*FUNCTION: extends index finger

A

Extensor indicis muscle

478
Q

supplied by the radial nerve, posterior and anterior interosseous arteries

A

posterior compartment of forearm

479
Q
  • nerve of the posterior compartment of forearm

- the deep branch innervates most muscles

A

radial nerve

480
Q

becomes the posterior interosseous nerve after emerging into the posterior compartment

A

deep branch of radial nerve

481
Q

made up of the wrist (carpus), the metacarpus, and the digits

A

the hand

482
Q

fingers form an arcade

A

normal position

483
Q

fingers are extended

A

anatomical position

484
Q

palmer side of the hand

A

anterior side

485
Q

dorsum of the hand

A

posterior side

486
Q

how are the movements of the fingers described?

A

in relation to the long axis of the middle finger

487
Q

what is the position of the long axis of the thumb in anatomical position?

A

perpendicular to the rest of the digits

488
Q

what are the 3 groups of bones in the hand?

A
  • carpals (wrist)
  • metacarpels (I to V)
  • phalanges (bones of digits)
489
Q

tend to act as a bony unit

A

carpals bones and the metacarpals of the index, middle, ring, and little finger

490
Q

form an arch and along with the flexor retinaculum form the so-called carpal tunnel

A

carpal bones

491
Q

what does each metacarpel and phalange have?

A

has a base, shaft (body), and head

492
Q

how many phalanges do digits II-V have?

A

3

493
Q

how many phalanges does digit I have?

A

2

494
Q

a synovial joint between: the distal end of the radius, articular discs of the distal end of the ulna, scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum

A

wrist joint

495
Q

form a convex contour which houses the concave surfaces of the radius and articular discs

A

articular surfaces of the carpals

496
Q

reinforce the wrist joint and form the capsule

A

ligaments

497
Q

the saddle joint of the thumb imparts much more movement than the rest of the digits

A

Carpometacarpal joints-

498
Q

provide flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction, and limited rotation

A

Metacarpophalangeal joints

499
Q

reinforced by the palmar, collateral, and deep transverse metacarpal ligaments

A

Metacarpophalangeal joints

500
Q

mainly flex and extend and are reinforced by collateral and palmar ligaments

A

Interphalangeal joints

501
Q

what do the tendons of flexor digitorum superficialis and profundus and flexor carpi radialis pass through?

A

the carpal tunnel

502
Q

what does the median nerve pass through?

A

carpal tunnel

503
Q

surrounded by synovial sheaths

A

all tendons of carpal tunnel except palmaris longus

504
Q
  • formed by deep fascia that is anchored to the skin

- attached to the palmaris longus when present, otherwise it is anchored to the flexor retinaculum

A

palmaris aponeurosis

505
Q

connect longitudinal fibers

A

transverse fibers

506
Q

a small intrinsic muscle of the hand that deepens the cup of the palm by pulling the skin over the hypothenar eminence, which may improve grip

A

palmaris brevis

507
Q

Formed by extensor tendons on the posterolateral side of the wrist

A

anatomical snuffbox

508
Q

formed by tendons of abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis

A

lateral side of anatomical snuffbox

509
Q

formed by tendon of extensor pollicis longus

A

medial side of anatomical snuffbox

510
Q

formed by the scaphoid and trapezium bones and tendons of extensor carpi radialis and extensor carpi radialis brevis

A

floor of anatomical snuffbox

511
Q

associated with the snuffbox

A

cephalic vein and radial artery

512
Q

where do the tendons of flexor digitorum superficialis and profundus go after exiting the carpal tunnel?

A

cross the palm and enter fibrous sheaths

513
Q

begin proximally, anterior to the metacarpophalangeal joints

A

fibrous sheaths

514
Q

what are fibrous flexor sheaths attached to proximally?

A

margins of phalanges and palmar ligaments of metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joints

515
Q

prevent bowing of tendons during flexing

A

fibrous flexor sheaths

516
Q

pass onto the dorsal side of digits and form extensor hoods or dorsal digital expansions on proximal phalanges

A

Tendons of extensor digitorum and extensor pollicis longus muscles

517
Q

attach to free margins of the hoods on each side, providing for delicate hand movements

A

intrinsic hand muscles

518
Q

what are the intrinsic muscles of the hand?

A
  • palmaris brevis
  • interossei
  • adductor pollici
  • thenar
  • hypothenar
  • lumbricals
519
Q

function to execute precision gripping with fingers and thumb

A

intrinsic hand muscles

520
Q

all intrinsic hand muscles are innervated by the deep branch of the ulnar nerve except what?

A

the 3 thenar and 2 lateral lumbricals

521
Q

the most dorsal and lie between the metacarpals and adduct, abduct, flex and extend (through extensor hoods) the fingers

A

Dorsal interossei

522
Q

anterior to dorsal interossei

A

Palmar interos

523
Q

often rudimentary

A

First palmar interossei

524
Q

Adduct fingers and through attachment into extensor hoods also flex and extend digits

A

First palmar interossei

525
Q
  • a large triangular muscle anterior to the plane of the interossei
  • 2 heads converge into a tendon that contains a sesamoid bone and attaches to the medial side of base of proximal phalanx of thumb
A

adductor pollicis

526
Q

The adductor pollicis is a powerful………?

A

a powerful adductor of the thumb and opposes the thumb to the fingers

527
Q

what are the 3 thenar muscles?

A
  • opponens pollicis
  • abductor pollicis brevis
  • flexor pollicis brevis
528
Q

what are the thenar muscles innervated by?

A

median nerve

529
Q

rotates and flexes metacarpal I

A

Opponens pollicis

530
Q

abducts the thumb

A

Abductor pollicis brevis

531
Q

flexes the metacarpophalangal joint of thumb

A

Flexor pollicis brevis

532
Q

what are the 3 hypothenar muscles?

A
  • opponens digiti minimi
  • abductor digiti minimi
  • flexor digiti minimi brevis
533
Q

rotates metcarpal V toward thumb

A

Opponens digiti minimi

534
Q

principle abductor of little finger

A

Abductor digiti minimi

535
Q

flexes metacarpophalangal joint

A

Flexor digiti minimi

536
Q

what are the 4 lumbricals (wormlike)?

A

1st and 2nd are unipennate, 3rd and 4th are bipennate

537
Q
  • link flexor and extendor tendons by inserting into the extensor hoods
  • flex metacarpophalangeal joints while also extending interphalangeal joints
A

lumbricals

538
Q

innervated by the deep ulnar nerve

A

medial 2 lumbricals

539
Q

innervated by the median nerve

A

lateral 2 lumbricals

540
Q

supply the hand with blood

A

radial and ulnar arties

541
Q

contributes substantially to the thumb and lateral side of the index finger

A

radial artery

542
Q

supply the remaining digits and medial side of the index finger

A

ulnar artery

543
Q

gives rise to the superficial palmar arch and the deep palmar branch

A

ulnar artery

544
Q

what are the branches of the palmar arch?

A

palmar digital artery, common palmar digital arteries which are joined by metacarpal arteries from the deep arch to become proper palmar digital arteries

545
Q

forms the deep palmar arch

A

radial artery

546
Q

what does the radial artery give off before penetrating the back of the hand?

A

gives off the dorsal carpal arch which gives off 3 dorsal metacarpal arteries

547
Q

what are the branches of the radial artery?

A
  • princeps pollicis
  • radialis indicis
  • deep palmar arch arteries
548
Q

follow the same pattern as the arteries in the hand

A

deep veins

549
Q

drain into the dorsal venous network on the back of the hand

A

superficial veins

550
Q

drain into the lateral and medial side respectively

A

cephalic and basilic veins

551
Q

nerves that supply the hand

A

ulnar, median, and radial nerves

552
Q

what do the ulnar, median, and radial nerves contribute to?

A

cutaneous sensation

553
Q

innervates most intrinsic muscles of the hand

A

ulnar nerve

554
Q

mostly motor

A

deep branch of the ulnar nerve

555
Q

is mostly sensory

A

superficial branch of ulnar nerve

556
Q

most important as it innervates the skin of the thumb, index, middle fingers, and lateral side of the ring finger

A

median nerve

557
Q

innervates the thenar muscles

A

recurrent branch of median nerve

558
Q

innervate the skin of palm and digits on palmar side

A

digital nerves

559
Q

what part of the radial nerve enters the hand?

A

superficial branch

560
Q

innervates the skin of the dorsolateral aspect of the palmar side and dorsal side of the hand lateral digits

A

superficial branch of the radial nerve

Human Anatomy (11 decks)

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