Chapter 8 pt 2: Head and Neck Flashcards
1
Q
- a parasympathetic ganglion of CN III
- receives sensory fibers from the nasociliary (ophthalamic) nerve
A
ciliary ganglion
2
Q
innervate sphincter pupillae muscles and the ciliary muscle
A
postganglionic fibers
3
Q
pass through and innervate the eyeball
A
Sensory fibers from nasociliary
4
Q
may pass through the ganglion and innervate dilator pupillae muscle
A
sympathetic fibers
5
Q
occupies the anterior part of the orbit
A
globe shaped eyeball
6
Q
divided into anterior and posterior chambers both are filled with aqueous humor
A
eyeball
7
Q
directly posterior to the cornea and anterior to the iris
A
anterior chamber
8
Q
posterior to the iris
A
posterior chamber
9
Q
- filled with vitreous humor
- posterior to the lens
A
postremal chamber
10
Q
Made up of- choroid, ciliary body, iris
A
vascular layer
11
Q
posterior, thin, highly vascular layer that is firmly attached to the retina
A
choroid
12
Q
Anterior to the border of the choroid made up of ciliary muscle and process
A
ciliary body
13
Q
smooth muscle that decreases the size of the ring formed by ciliary body
A
ciliary muscle
14
Q
longitudinal ridges projecting from the inner surface of the body
A
ciliary process
15
Q
projects off ciliary body, smooth muscle fibers (sphincter pupillae and dilator pupillae muscles) control size of pupil
A
iris
16
Q
- consists of optic part and nonvisual part
- inner layer of the eye
A
retina
17
Q
- part of retina
- posterior and lateral and is sensitive to light
A
optic part
18
Q
- part of retina
- covers the internal part of the ciliary body and iris
A
nonvisual part
19
Q
the junction between the optic part and nonvisual parts of retina
A
ora serrata
20
Q
what are the 3 parts of the ear?
A
- external
- middle
- internal
21
Q
separates the outer and middle ear
A
tympanic membrane
22
Q
where sound gets turned into an electrical impulse
A
inner ear
23
Q
what are the 2 parts of the external ear?
A
- auricle (pinna)
- external acoustic meatus
24
Q
- helps capture sound and is composed of cartilage covered in skin
- The helix, concha, tragus, lobule, antitragus, and antihelix
A
auricle
25
innervate the extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of the auricle
CN VII
26
innervated by the mandibular (V3) and the cervical plexus
outer more superficial surfaces of the auricle
27
innervated by the vagus (X) and facial nerve (VII)
deeper parts sof auricle
28
comes from the external carotid which supplies the posterior auricular, superficial temporal, and occipital artery
blood supply of auricle
29
-Extends between the deepest part of the auricle to the tympanic membrane, about 1 inch (2.5 cm)
external acoustic meatus
30
Contains modified sweat glands that produce cerumen (ear wax)
external acoustic meatus
31
Major sensory input is through the mandibular (V3) and vagus (X)
external acoustic meatus
32
separates the external acoustic meatus from middle ear
tympanic membrane
33
- Made up of- fibrocartilaginous ring, handle of malleus, umbo of tympanic membrane
- Innervated by CN V3, X, VII, IX
tympanic memrane
34
an air-filled, mucous membrane lined space in the temporal bone
middle ear
35
immediately adjacent to the tympanic membrane
tympanic cavity
36
superior to tympanic membrane
epitympanic recess
37
what are the 3 bones that span the tympanic cavity?
- malleus (articulates with the tympanic membrane)
- incus
- stapes (articulates with the cochlea)
38
connects to the throat, allows equalization of pressure (popping ears on an aero plane)
Pharyngotympanic tube
39
what are the boundaries of the middle ear?
- tegmental wall (roof)
- jugular wall (floor)
- membranous wall (tympanic membrane)
- mastoid wall (posterior)
- anterior wall
- labyrinthine wall (medial)
- promontory
40
formed by the basal coil of the cochlea
promontory
41
continuous with the aditus to the mastoid antrum
epitympanic recess
42
Connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx and equalizes air pressure
Pharyngotympanic Tube
43
is 1/3 nearest middle ear
boney part of Pharyngotympanic Tube
44
the remaining 2/3
cartilaginous part of the Pharyngotympanic Tube
45
comes from the ascending pharyngeal artery which is a branch of the external carotid
blood supply of pharyngotympanic tube
46
through the pterygoid plexus
venous drainage of pharyngotympanic tube
47
form a bony chain across the middle ear
3 ear ossicles
48
largest of the 3 ossicles, with the handle that attaches to the tympanic membrane
malleus
49
the 2nd bone of the ossicles connecting the malleus to the stapes
incus
50
the smallest ossicle with a base that articulates with the cochlea
stapes
51
what are the 3 ossciles?
- malleus
- incus
- stapes
52
what are the 2 muscles associated with the ear ossicles?
- tensor tympani
| - stapedius muscles
53
lies in a bony canal above the pharyngotympanic tube and when contracted it tenses the tympanic membrane to reduce the force of vibration
tensor tympani
54
pulls the stapes posteriorly to reduce excessive oscillation
stapedius
55
- a branch off the glossopharyngeal (CN IX)
| - forms the tympanic plexus which innervates the mucous membrane of the middle ear, pharyngotympanic, and mastoid area
tympanic nerve
56
-Consists of the bony labyrinth and the membranous labyrinth
~All these structures are found in the petrous part of the temporal bone
inner ear
57
exits through the internal acoustic meatus
vestibulocochlear nerve
58
made up of the vestibule, 3 semicircular canals, and the cochlea and all are filled with perilymph
bony labyrinth
59
made up of semicircular ducts, cochlear ducts and 2 sacs (utricle and saccule) and all are filled with endolymph
membranous labyrinth
60
the organ of hearing
cochlear ducts
61
organs of balance
- semicircular ducts
- utricle
- saccule
62
travel to the brain via vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)
hearing and balance information
63
innervates cochlea (hearing)
cochlear nerve
64
innervates vestibule (balance)
vestibular nerve
65
contains the oval window, which is where sound vibrations enter the bony labyrinth via the stapes
vestibule of the bony labyrinth
66
leaves the vestibule and passes through the temporal bone
vestibular aqueduct
67
project posteriorly from the vestibule
3 semiciruclar canals (posterior, anterior, lateral)
68
extends anteriorly
cochlea
69
structure that coils around a central modiolus
cochlea
70
- holds the cochlear duct in place
| - Spirals around and extends out from the modiolus
lamina of the modiolus (spiral lamina)
71
what are the two canals created because the cochlear duct attaches peripherally?
- scala vestibule
| - tympani
72
continuous at the heliocotrema
Scala vestibule and tympani
73
A continuous system of ducts and sacs in the bony labyrinth filled with endolymph
The Cochlea- Membranous Labyrinth
74
in cochlea bony labyrinth
cochlear duct
75
in semicircular bony labyrinth
3 semicircular ducts
76
within vestibule of bony labyrinth
saccule and utricle
77
has a central position in the cochlea of the bony labyrinth
| ~divides the bony labyrinth into 2 canals (scala vestibule and tympani both filled with perilymph)
cochlea duct
78
attaches the basilar membrane to the outer wall
spiral ligament
79
separates the endolymph from the perilymph
vestibular membrane
80
has the spiral organ on it and plays a role hearing
basilar membrane
81
supplied by the same vessels that supply the surrounding temporal region: e.g. tympanic branch, maxillary, and stylomastoid
bony labyrinth
82
supplied by the labyrinthine artery
membranous labyrinth
83
divided into the cochlear and vestibular branches
labyrinthine artery
84
- passes through the internal and middle ear
- enters through the internal acoustic meatus with the vestibulocochlear nerve and exists through the stylomastoid foramen
facial nerve (CN VII)
85
branch off the facial nerve
Nerve to stapedius and chorda tympani
86
innervates stapedius muscles
Stapedius nerve
87
joins lingual nerve in infratemporal fossa
chorda tympani
88
-hit the tympanic membrane and cause the handle of malleus to move laterally
~moves the head of the incus latereally too
sound waves
89
moves the stapes medially which causes the wave to enter the cochlea
long process of the incus
90
moves through the perilymph and causes an outward bulge at a particular point on the basilar membrane
sound wave
91
- interconnected through the gap deep to the zygomatic arch
| - surrounded and occupied by the muscles of mastication: masseter, temporalis, medial and lateral pterygoid
temporal and infratemporal fossae
92
what do the temporal and infratemporal fossae consist of?
- Squamous part of temporal bone
- greater wing of sphenoid, posterior surface of maxilla
- zygomatic bone (frontal, maxillary
- temporal process)
- ramus of mandible
93
- has medial and lateral surfaces
- Posterior and inferior borders meet to form the angle of the mandible
- The superior border is formed by the mandibular notch
- medial surface has the mandibular foramen, lingual, and mylohyoid groove
ramus of mandible
94
formed by the condylar and coronoid processes
mandibular notch
95
formed by the head and neck of the mandible
condylar process
96
a synovial joint with fibrocartilage covering the articular surfaces (not hyaline
Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ)
97
divides the TMJ into 2 parts
articular disc
98
accommodates hinge-like movement (depression)
lower part of TMJ
99
accommodates translocation (protrusion)
upper part of TMJ
100
lines all non-articular surfaces and attaches to the margins of the articular discs
synovial membrane
101
encloses the TMJ complex
fibrous membrane of joint capsule
102
what are the extracapsular ligaments of the joint capsule?
- lateral ligament
- sphenomandibular ligament
- stylomandibular ligament
103
what are the movements of the mandible?
- depression
- elevation
- retraction
- protrusion/protraction
104
digastric, geniohyoid, and mylohyoid muscles
depression of mandible
105
powerful- temporalis, mandible, and medial pterygoid muscles
elevation of mandible
106
posterior fibers of temporalis, deep part of masseter, and geniohyoid and digastric
retraction of mandible
107
lateral; pterygoid and medial pterygoid muscles
protrusion/protraction of mandible
108
- Powerful muscle of mastication that overlies the lateral side of the ramus of the mandible
- Made up of superficial and deep parts
masseter muscle
109
- innervated by the masseteric nerve
| - blood supplied from masseteric artery
masseter muscle
110
fan shaped space on the lateral side of the skull
temporal fossa
111
forms the lateral boundary of the temporal fossa
temporal fascia
112
continuous with the infratemporal fossa
temporal fossa
113
muscle found in the temporal fossa
temporalis muscle
114
- extends from the superior and inferior temporal lines and the temporal fascia
- inserts on to the coronoid process of the mandible, extending down the anterior surface of the coronoid process almost to the last molar tooth
- a powerful elevator of the mandible
temporalis msucle
115
arise from the mandibular (V3) and move superiorly
2 deep temporal nerves
116
arises from the maxillary nerve (V2)
zygomaticotemporal nerve
117
arise from the maxillary artery
2 deep temporal arteries
118
arises from the superficial temporal artery
middle temporal artery
119
* *Formed by:
- sphenoid and temporal bone (roof)
- medial surface of the ramus of the mandible (lateral wall)
- pterygoid process and soft pallet (medial wall)
- posterior surface of maxilla (anterior wall)
infratemporal fossa
120
an extracapsular ligament of the TMJ
sphenomandibular ligament
121
- has 2 heads- deep and superficial
- mainly elevates the mandible
- innervated by the mandibular nerve (V3)
medial pterygoid muscle
122
- has 2 heads- and upper and lower
- Originate from the sphenoid bone and are innervated by the mandibular (V3)
- protrudes the lower jaw
lateral pterygoid muscle
123
what are the muscles of mastication?
- masseter
- temporalis
- medial pterygoid
- lateral pterygoid
124
origin: Zygomatic arch and maxillary process of the zygomatic bone
masseter
125
insertion: Lateral surface of ramus of mandible
masseter
126
innervation: Messeteric nerve from anterior trunk of mandibular (V3)
masseter
127
function: Elevation of mandible
masseter
128
origin: Bone of temporal fossa and temporal fossa
temporalis
129
insertion: Coronoid process of mandible margin of ramus of mandible almost to last molar
temporalis
130
innervation: Deep temporal nerves from anterior trunk of mandibular (V3)
temporalis
131
function: Elevation and retraction of mandible
temporalis
132
origin: Deep head- medial surface of lateral plate of pterygoid process and pyramidal process of palatine bone; Superficial head- tuberosity of the maxilla and pyramidal process of palatine bone
medial pterygoid
133
insertion: Medial surface of mandible near angle
medial pterygoid
134
innervation: Nerve to medial pterygoid from the mandibular nerve (V3)
medial pterygoid
135
function: Elevation and side-side movements of the mandible
medial pterygoid
136
origin: Upper head- roof of infratemporal fossa; lower head- lateral surface of lateral plate of pterygoid process
lateral pterygoid
137
insertion: Capsule of temporomandibular joint in the region of attachment to the articular disc and to the pterygoid fovea on the neck of the mandible
lateral pterygoid
138
innervation: Nerve to lateral pterygoid directly from the anterior trunk of the mandibular (V3)
lateral pterygoid
139
function: Protrusion and side-side movements of the mandible
lateral pterygoid
140
- protrudes into the infratemporal fossa through the foramen ovale
- both motor and sensory
mandibular nerve (V3)
141
branches off anterior trunk of mandibular nerve
- buccal
- masseteric
- deep temporal
- nerve to lateral pterygoid
142
gives rise to: auriculotemporal, lingual, and inferior alveolar nerves
posterior branch off mandibular nerve (V3)
143
- a major sensory branch of the posterior trunk
- provides sensation from anterior 2/3 of tongue, oral mucosa, and lingual gingiva of lower teeth
- innervates the submandibular ganglion
lingual nerve
144
supplies branches to 3 molars and 1 premolar
inferior alveolar nerve
145
where preganglionic parasympathetic fibers from infratemporal fossa synapse with postganglionic fibers in the floor of the mouth
submandibular ganglion
146
branches from the 2 cranial nerves join the mandibular nerve
Chorda Tympani and Lesser Petrosal Nerve
147
from the facial (CN VII)
chorda tympani
148
from the glossopharyngeal (CN IX)
lesser petrosal nerve
149
carried to the submandibular and otic ganglia in the chorda tympani and lesser petrosal
Parasympathetic preganglionic fibers
150
the largest branch of the external carotid and is a major blood source for the nasal cavity, oral cavity, all teeth, dura mater in cranial cavity
maxillary artery
151
branches of the maxillary artery
- middle meningeal
- inferior alveolar
- deep temporal
- buccal
152
a network of veins that drains- nasal cavity, oral cavity, all teeth, muscles of infratemporal fossa, paranasal sinuses, and nasopharynx
pterygoid plexus
153
connects: maxillary, retromandibular, and deep facial veins
pterygoid plexus
154
- Inverted tear drop shaped fossa on the lateral side of skull immediately posterior to the maxilla
- Communicates with: middle cranial fossa, infratemporal fossa, floor of orbit, lateral wall of nasal cavity, oropharynx, roof or oral cavity
- Maxillary nerve (V3) and pterygopalatine ganglion are found there
Pterygopalatine Fossa
155
Formed from parts of maxilla (anterior wall), palatine bone (medial wall), sphenoid bone (lateral wall)
Pterygopalatine Fossa
156
provides 2 openings for maxillary nerve (V3) (foramen rotundum) and greater petrosal (from VII) (pterygoid canal)
pterygoid process of sphenoid
157
provide gateways for structures to move through the Pterygopalatine Fossa
7 foramina and fissures
158
what are the 7 foramina and fissures of the Pterygopalatine Fossa?
- Foramen rotundum
- pterygoid canal
- palatovaginal canal
- palatine canal
- pterygomaxillary
- inferior orbital fissure
- sphenopalatine foramen
159
- primarily sensory
| - gives the following branches: zygomatic, posterior superior alveolar, infra-orbital, and 2 ganglionic branches
maxillary nerve (V2)
160
branches off Pterygopalatine ganglion:
orbital, palatine, nasal, pharyngeal
161
-reach the ganglion by the nerve of the pterygoid canal
preganglionic fibers
162
leave the pterygopalatine ganglion through all other branches
postganglionic fibers
163
enters the pterygopalatine fossa via the pterygomaxillary fissure
maxillary artery
164
- Branches off the maxillary:
| - All provide blood to: nasal, oral cavities, and teeth
- posterior superior alveolar
- infra-orbital
- greater palatine
- pharyngeal
- sphenopalatine
- artery to pterygopalatine ganglion
165
coalesce in the pterygopalatine fossa and pass through the pterygopalatine fossa and join pterygoid plexus
veins of pterygopalatine fossa
166
may pass directly to the pterygoid plexus
infra-orbital vein
167
- tube that connects the head to the trunk
| - divided into the visceral, vertebral, and 2 vascular compartments
neck
168
parts of digestive and respiratory tracts
Visceral compartment of neck
169
cervical verts., spinal cord, spinal nerves
vertebral compartment of neck
170
major blood vessels and vagus nerves (X)
vascular compartments of neck
171
contained by unique fascial compartments
compartments of neck
172
divided into anterior and posterior triangles
neck
173
formed by anterior border of sternocleidomastoid, inferior border of mandible, and midline of neck
anterior triangle of neck
174
formed by posterior border of sternocleidomastoid, anterior border of trapezius, and middle 1/3 of clavicle
posterior triangle of neck
175
contains the platysma muscle
superficial fascia (neck)
176
* divided into 4 distinct layers
- investing layer
- prevertebral layer
- pretracheal layer
- carotid layer
deep cervical fascia (neck)
177
surrounds all structures in neck
investing layer
178
surrounds vertebral column, brachial plexus, associated muscles
Prevertebral layer
179
surrounds trachea, esophagus, thyroid gland
Pretracheal layer
180
surrounds common and internal carotids, internal jugular vein, and vagus nerve
carotid layer
181
primary superficial drainage of neck
External jugulars and anterior jugular veins
182
formed by posterior auricular and retromandibular veins and drains into the subclavian
external jugular of neck
183
small and inconsistent, drain anterior aspect of neck and are often joined by jugular venous arch
anterior jugular of neck
184
divided into:
- Submandibular
- Submental
- Muscular
- Carotid triangles
anterior triangle of neck
185
grouped by position relative to the hyoid bone
Muscles in the anterior compartment of neck
186
4 pairs that pass from hyoid superiorly to skull or mandible, that raise the hyoid during swallowing
Suprahyoid muscles
187
between hyoid and styloid process
Stylohyoid muscle
188
2 bellies
Digastric muscle
189
floor of mouth
Mylohyoid muscle
190
can move both attachment points depending which one is fixed
Geniohyoid muscle
191
what are the 4 pairs of suprahyoid muscles?
- Stylohyoid muscle
- Digastric muscle
- Mylohyoid muscle
- Geniohyoid muscle
192
4 pairs of strap-like muscles that attach the hyoid bone to inferior structures and depress the hyoid
infrahyoid muscles
193
what are the 4 pairs of infrahyoid muscles?
- sternohyoid muscle
- omohyoid muscle
- thryohyoid muscle
- sternothryoid muscle
194
thin muscle between hyoid and sternum
Sternohyoid
195
has 2 bellies (superior and inferior) attaches hyoid inferiorly to border of scapula
Omohyoid muscle
196
attaches thyroid cartilage to hyoid
Thyrohyoid muscle
197
attaches sternum to thyroid cartilage
Sternothyroid muscle
198
what are the anterior muscles of the neck?
- Stylohoid
- Digastric- anterior belly
- Digastric- posterior belly
- Mylohyoid
- Geniohyoid
- Sternohyoid
- Omohyoid
- Thyrohyoid
- Sternothyroid
199
origin: Base of styloid process
Stylohoid
200
insertion: Lateral area of body of hyoid
Stylohoid
201
innervation: Facial nerve (VII)
Stylohoid
202
function: Pulls hyoid upward in posterosuperior direction
Stylohoid
203
origin: Digastric fossa on lower inside of mandible
Digastric- anterior belly
204
insertion: Attachment of tendon between 2 bellies to body of hyoid bone
Digastric- anterior belly
205
innervation: Mylohyoid nerve from inferior alveolar branch of mandibular (V3)
Digastric- anterior belly
206
function: Opens moth by lowering mandible; raises hyoid bone
Digastric- anterior belly
207
origin: Mastoid notch on medial side of mastoid process
Digastric- posterior belly
208
insertion: Same side as anterior belly
Digastric- posterior belly
209
innervation: Facial nerve (VII)
Digastric- posterior belly
210
function: Pulls hyoid upward and back
Digastric- posterior belly
211
origin: Mylohyoid line of mandible
Mylohyoid
212
insertion: Body of hyoid bone and fibers from muscle on opposite side
Mylohyoid
213
innervation: Mylohyoid nerve from inferior alveolar branch of mandibular (V3)
Mylohyoid
214
function: Support and elevation of floor of mouth; elevation of hyoid
Mylohyoid
215
origin: Inferior mental spine on inner surface of mandible
Geniohyoid
216
insertion: Anterior surface of body of hyoid bone
Geniohyoid
217
innervation: Branch from anterior ramus (C1)
Geniohyoid
218
function: Fixed mandible elevates and pulls hyoid forward; fixed hyoid pulls mandible down and in
Geniohyoid
219
origin: Posterior aspect of sternoclavicular joint and adjacent manubrium of sternum
Sternohyoid
220
insertion: Body of hyoid bone medial to attachment of omohyoid
Sternohyoid
221
innervation: Anterior rami of C1-C3 through the ansa cervicalis
Sternohyoid
222
function: Depresses hyoid bone after swallowing
Sternohyoid
223
origin: Superior border of scapula medial to suprascapular notch
Omohyoid
224
insertion: Lower border of body of hyoid bone just lateral to attachment of sternohyoid
Omohyoid
225
innervation: Anterior rami of C1-C3 though the ansa cervicalis
Omohyoid
226
function: Depresses and fixes hyoid bone
Omohyoid
227
origin: Oblique line on lamina of thyroid cartilage
Thyrohyoid
228
insertion: Greater horn and adjacent aspect of body of hyoid
Thyrohyoid
229
innervation: Fibers from anterior ramus of C1 carried along hyoglossal nerve (XII)
Thyrohyoid
230
function: Depresses hyoid bone but when hyoid bone is fixed raises larynx
Thyrohyoid
231
origin: Posterior surface of manubrium of sternum
Sternothyroid
232
insertion: Oblique line on lamina of thyroid cartilage
Sternothyroid
233
innervation: Anterior rami of C1-C3 though the ansa cervicalis
Sternothyroid
234
function: Draws larynx (thyroid cartilage) downward
Sternothyroid
235
are the beginning of the carotid system
common carotids
236
arise from the brachiocephalic trunk
right common carotid
237
arise from the aortic arch
left common carotid
238
This occurs in the carotid triangle
Near the superior edge of the thyroid cartilage the common carotids split into external and internal carotids
239
contains the carotid sinus near the bifurcation
internal carotid
240
contain receptors that monitor blood pressure and pH respectively
carotid sinus and carotid body
241
ascends into the head giving of no branches on the way
internal carotid
242
immediately begins giving off branches
external carotid
243
supplies Thyroid muscles, internal structures of larynx, sternocleidomastoid, cricothyroid muscles, thyroid gland
superior thryoid of external carotid
244
supplies Pharyngeal constrictors, and stylopharyngeus muscle, palate, tonsils, pharyngotympanic tube, meninges in posterior cranial fossa
Ascending pharyngeal of external carotid
245
supplies Muscles of tongue, palatine tonsils, soft palate, epiglottis, floor of mouth, sublingual gland
Lingual branch of external carotid
246
supplies All structures in the face from inferior border of mandible anterior to masseter muscle to the medial corner of the eye, the soft palate, palatine tonsils, pharyngotympanic tube, submandibular gland
facial branch of external carotid
247
supplies Sternocleidomastoid muscle, meninges in posterior cranial fossa, mastoid cells, deep muscles of the back, posterior scalp
occipital branch of external carotid
248
supplies Parotid gland and nearby muscles, external ear and scalp posterior to ear , middle and inner ear structures
posterior auricular branch of external carotid
249
supplies Parotid gland and duct, masseter muscle, lateral face, anterior part of external ear, temporalis muscle and temporal fossae
Superficial temporal branch of external carotid
250
supplies extensive
maxillary branch of external carotid
251
-begins as sigmoid sinus which is part of the dural sinus
internal jugular
252
- initial dilated part of internal jugular
| - exits the skull through the jugular foramen and descends down the neck within the carotid sheath
superior bulb of jugular
253
meets the subclavian from their respective sides and form the brachiocephalic trunks
each internal jugular
254
tributaries of internal jugular vein that join
facial, lingual, pharyngeal, occipital, superior thyroid, and middle thyroid veins
255
cranial nerves that pass through the triangle of the neck
- facial (VII)
- glossopharyngeal (IX)
- vagus (X)
- accessory (XI)
- hypoglossal (XII)
256
branches of spinal nerves that pass through the triangle of the neck
- transverse cervical spine
- cervical plexus
- upper and lower roots of ansa cervicalis
257
exits the skull through the jugular foramen and passes downward and backward deep to the sternocleidomastoid
accessory nerve (XI)
258
- exits the skull through the hypoglossal canal and descends with the jugular
- passes forward over the carotid and disappears into the mylohyoid
hypoglossal nerve
259
- arises from the anterior rami of cervical nerve C2 and C3
- emerges from the posterior border of the sternocleidomastoid and passes over it and provides cutaneous innervation of this area
transverse cervical nerve
260
a looping nerve from cervical spines C1-C3 that innervate strap-like muscles of anterior triangle
Ansa cervicalis nerve
261
contains the trachea, esophagus, pharynx, larynx, thyroid, and parathyroid glands
visceral compartment
262
joins the larynx and esophagus to the mouth
pharynx
263
is bi-lobed and supplied by superior and inferior thyroid arteries and drained by superior, middle, and inferior thyroid veins
thryoid gland
264
pass superiorly after leaving the vagus nerve (X)
recurrent laryngeal nerves
265
found on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland
parathyroid glands
266
- on the lateral side of the neck and is continuous with the arm
- bordered by the sternocleidomastoid, trapezius, and the clavicle
posterior triangle of the neck
267
defined by the sternocleidomastoid, trapezius, splenius capitis, levator scapulae, posterior, anterior and middle scalene, and the omohyoid
posterior triangle
268
what are the muscles of the posterior compartment?
- Sternocleidomastoid sternal head
- clavicular head
- Trapezius
- Splenius capitus
- Levator scapulae
- Posterior scalene
- Middle scalene
- Anterior scalene
- Omohyoid
269
origin: Upper part of surface of manubrium
Sternocleidomastoid sternal head
270
insertion: Lateral 1/3 of superior nuchal line
Sternocleidomastoid sternal head
271
innervation: Accessory (XI) and branches from anterior rami of C2-C3
Sternocleidomastoid sternal head
272
function: Individually will tilt head towards shoulder turn face to other side; together draw head back
Sternocleidomastoid sternal head
273
origin: Superior part of medial 1/3 of clavicle
clavicular head
274
insertion: Lateral surface of mastoid process
clavicular head
275
origin: Superior nuchal line, external occipital protuberance, ligamentum nuchae, spinous process of CVII to TXII
trapezius
276
insertion: Lateral 1/3 of clavicle, acromion, spine of scapula
trapezius
277
innervation: Motor- accessory nerve (XI)
| Proprioception- C3 and C4
trapezius
278
function: Assists in rotating the scapula during abduction of humerus above horizontal, upper fibers elevate, middle fibers adduct, lower fibers depress scapula
trapezius
279
origin: Lower half of ligamentum nuchae, spinous processes of CVII to TIV
Splenius capitus
280
insertion: Mastoid process, skull below lateral one third of superior nuchal line
Splenius capitus
281
innervation: Posterior rami of middle cervical plexus
Splenius capitus
282
function: Together- draw head backward, extending neck; individually- draw and rotate head to one side (turn face to same side)
Splenius capitus
283
origin: Transverse process of CI to CIV
Levator scapulae
284
insertion: Upper portion medial border of scapula
Levator scapulae
285
innervation: C3 to C4 and dorsal scapular nerve (C4, C5)
Levator scapulae
286
function: Elevates scapula
Levator scapulae
287
origin: Posterior tubercles of the transverse processes of CVII to TIV
Posterior scalene
288
insertion: Upper surface of rib 2
Posterior scalene
289
innervation: Anterior rami of C5 to C7
Posterior scalene
290
function: Elevation of rib 2
Posterior scalene
291
origin: Transverse process of CII to CVII
middle scalene
292
insertion: Upper surface of rib 1 posterior to groove for the subclavian artery
middle scalene
293
innervation: Anterior rami of C3 to C7
middle scalene
294
function: elevation of rib 1
middle scalene
295
origin: Anterior tubercles of the transverse processes of CII to CVI
Anterior scalene
296
insertion: Scalene tubercle and upper surface of rib 1
anterior scalene
297
innervation: Anterior rami of C4 to C7
anterior scalene
298
function: Elevation of rib 1
anterior scalene
299
origin: Superior border of scapula medial to suprascapular notch
omohyoid
300
insertion: Lower border of body of hyoid bone just lateral to attachment of sternohyoid
omohyoid
301
innervation: Anterior rami of C1-C3 though the ansa cervicalis
omohyoid
302
function: Depresses and fixes hyoid bone
omohyoid
303
- most superficial vein in the posterior triangle of the neck
- forms at the angle of the mandible
- forms from the retromandibular and posterior auricular veins
- dives into the cervical fascia and joins the subclavian inferiorly
external jugular vein
304
arteries found in the posterior triangle
The 1st, 2nd, and 3rd parts of the subclavian, thyrocervical, suprascapular, and transverse cervical arteries
305
nerves that pass through the posterior triangle
the accessory (VI), and nerves from the cervical plexus (transverse cervical, lesser occipital and greater auricular nerves)
306
supply cutaneous innervation
Nerves from the cervical plexus
307
Consists of cutaneous and muscular branches
cervical plexus
308
major muscular nerve that innervates the diaphragm
phrenic nerve
309
innervates the infrahyoid muscles
inferior and superior roots of ansa cervicalis
310
- innervated by the cervical plexus
| - generally flex and laterally flex the head
Prevertebral and lateral vertebral muscles
311
what are the muscles innervated by the cervical plexus?
- Rectus capitus anterior
- Rectus capitus lateralis
- Longus coli- superior oblique part
- Longus coli- inferior oblique part
- Longus coli- vertical part
- Longus capitis
312
origin: Anterior surface of lateral part of atlas and its transverse process
Rectus capitus anterior
313
insertion: Inferior surface of basilar part of occipital bone
Rectus capitus anterior
314
innervation: Branches from anterior rami of C1, C2
Rectus capitus anterior
315
function: Flexes head at atlanto-occipital joint
Rectus capitus anterior
316
origin: Superior surface of transverse process of atlas
Rectus capitus lateralis
317
insertion: Inferior surface of jugular process of occipital bone
Rectus capitus lateralis
318
innervation: Branches from anterior rami of C1, C2
Rectus capitus lateralis
319
function: Flexes head laterally to same side
Rectus capitus lateralis
320
origin: Anterior tubercle of transverse process of CIII-CV
Longus coli- superior oblique part
321
insertion: Tubercle of anterior arch of atlas
Longus coli- superior oblique part
322
innervation: Branches from anterior rami of C2-C6
Longus coli- superior oblique part
323
function: Flexes neck anteriorly and laterally and slight rotation to opposite side
Longus coli- superior oblique part
324
origin: Anterior surface of bodies of TI-TIII
Longus coli- inferior oblique part
325
insertion: Anterior tubercle of transverse processes of CV and CVI
Longus coli- inferior oblique part
326
origin: Anterior surface of bodies of TI-TIII, CV-CVII
Longus coli- vertical part
327
insertion: Anterior surface of bodies of CII-CIV
Longus coli- vertical part
328
origin: Tendinous slips to transverse processes of CIII to CVI
Longus capitis
329
insertion: Inferior surface of basilar part of occipital bone
Longus capitis
330
innervation: Branches from anterior rami of C1 to C3
Longus capitis
331
function: flexes head
longus capitis
332
- contains structures that pass from the neck to the thorax and upper limb
- bounded by: the manubrium, clavicle, T1 and superior margin of scapula
- This includes: projections of the pleural cavities, trachea, esophagus, and vessels
root of neck
333
arch up and out of the thorax and enter the root of the neck on both sides
subclavian arteries
334
what are the 3 parts of the subclavian arteries?
- 1st part
- 2nd part
- 3rd part
335
between origin of artery and anterior scalene muscle
1st part of subclavian
336
posterior to anterior scalene muscle
2nd part of subclavian
337
lateral to anterior scalene muscle, before it reaches the lateral border of rib 1
3rd part of subclavian
338
from the cervical plexus descends within the prevertebral layer of fascia
phrenic nerve
339
descends in the carotid sheath
vagus nerve (X)
340
ascend along the trachea to the larynx
right and left recurrent laryngeal nerves
341
- The cervical parts of the sympathetic trunk that are punctuated with ganglia
- The cardiac nerves that branch off the sympathetic trunk
Nerves of the Root of the Neck
342
anterior to longus coli and capitis muscles and posterior to the common carotid
cervical part of the sympathetic trunk
343
sends branches to carotids, pharynx, heart
large superior ganglion
344
sends branches to the heart and cervical nerves
middle ganglion
345
sends branches to the vertebral artery and heart
inferior ganglion
346
- enters the root of the neck and passes to the left, posterior to the carotid sheath
- enters the venous system at the junction between the subclavian and internal jugular
- joined by the left jugular and left subclavian trunks near its junction with the venous system
thoracic duct
347
empty into the venous system
right jugular trunk, right subclavian, and bronchomediastinal trunks
348
drain into nodes along the jugular veins in the neck
Nodes from the head and face
349
drain into the superficial cervical nodes (along external jugular)
occipital and mastoid nodes
350
drain into the deep cervical nodes (along internal jugular
pre-auricular, parotid, submental, and submandibular nodes
351
The most superior internal cervical node
the large jugulodigastric node
352
- a musculofascial half cylinder that connects the oral and nasal cavities to the larynx and esophagus
- a common pathway for food and air
pharynx
353
open into the nasopharynx
Posterior openings of nasal cavity (choanae)
354
opens into oropharynx
Posterior opening of oral cavity (oropharyngeal isthmus)
355
opens into laryngopharynx
Superior aperture of larynx (laryngeal inlet)
356
attach to bone, cartilage, and ligaments
superior and anterior margins of the pharyngeal wall
357
attaches to the base of the skull in an irregular C-shaped pattern
pharynx
358
what are the attachment points of the pharyngeal walls?
1st part, 2nd part, 3rd part
359
medial plate of pterygoid process and pterygomandibular raphe
1st part of Pharyngeal Walls
360
stylohyoid ligament and lesser horn of hyoid bone
2nd part of Pharyngeal Walls
361
from inferior tubercle of thyroid cartilage along the oblique line to the cricoid cartilage
3rd part of Pharyngeal Walls
362
attach to the pharyngeal raphe posteriorly
Attachment Points of Pharyngeal Walls
363
formed by skeletal muscle and fascia
pharyngeal wall
364
divided in 2 types based on fiber orientation
Muscles of the pharynx
365
- indicated by their position (superior, middle, inferior
| - have their fibers oriented in a circular direction
constrictor muscles
366
what are the constrictor muscles of the pharynx?
- superior constrictor
- middle constrictor
- inferior constrictor
367
posterior attachment: pharyngeal raphe
superior constrictor
368
anterior attachment: Pterygomandibular raphe and adjacent bone on the mandible and pterygoid Hamulus
superior constrictor
369
innervation: vagus nerve (X)
superior constrictor
370
function: constriction of pharynx
superior constrictor
371
posterior attachment: pharyngeal raphe
middle constrictor
372
anterior attachment: Upper margin of greater horn of hyoid bone and adjacent margins of lesser horn and stylohyoid ligament
middle constrictor
373
innervation: vagus nerve (X)
middle constrictor
374
function: constriction of pharynx
middle constrictor
375
posterior attachment: pharyngeal raphe
inferior constrictor
376
anterior attachment: Cricoid cartilage, oblique line of thyroid cartilage, and a ligament that spans between these attachments and across the cricothyroid muscles
inferior constrictor
377
innervation: vagus nerve (X)
inferior constrictor
378
function: constriction of pharynx
inferior constrictor
379
what are the muscles innervated by the cervical plexus?
- Rectus capitus anterior
- Rectus capitus lateralis
- Longus coli- superior oblique part
- Longus coli- inferior oblique part
- Longus coli- vertical part
- Longus capitis
380
origin: Anterior surface of lateral part of atlas and its transverse process
Rectus capitus anterior
381
insertion: Inferior surface of basilar part of occipital bone
Rectus capitus anterior
382
innervation: Branches from anterior rami of C1, C2
Rectus capitus anterior
383
function: Flexes head at atlanto-occipital joint
Rectus capitus anterior
384
origin: Superior surface of transverse process of atlas
Rectus capitus lateralis
385
insertion: Inferior surface of jugular process of occipital bone
Rectus capitus lateralis
386
innervation: Branches from anterior rami of C1, C2
Rectus capitus lateralis
387
function: Flexes head laterally to same side
Rectus capitus lateralis
388
origin: Anterior tubercle of transverse process of CIII-CV
Longus coli- superior oblique part
389
insertion: Tubercle of anterior arch of atlas
Longus coli- superior oblique part
390
innervation: Branches from anterior rami of C2-C6
Longus coli- superior oblique part
391
function: Flexes neck anteriorly and laterally and slight rotation to opposite side
Longus coli- superior oblique part
392
origin: Anterior surface of bodies of TI-TIII
Longus coli- inferior oblique part
393
insertion: Anterior tubercle of transverse processes of CV and CVI
Longus coli- inferior oblique part
394
origin: Anterior surface of bodies of TI-TIII, CV-CVII
Longus coli- vertical part
395
insertion: Anterior surface of bodies of CII-CIV
Longus coli- vertical part
396
origin: Tendinous slips to transverse processes of CIII to CVI
Longus capitis
397
insertion: Inferior surface of basilar part of occipital bone
Longus capitis
398
innervation: Branches from anterior rami of C1 to C3
Longus capitis
399
function: flexes head
longus capitis
400
- contains structures that pass from the neck to the thorax and upper limb
- bounded by: the manubrium, clavicle, T1 and superior margin of scapula
- This includes: projections of the pleural cavities, trachea, esophagus, and vessels
root of neck
401
arch up and out of the thorax and enter the root of the neck on both sides
subclavian arteries
402
what are the 3 parts of the subclavian arteries?
- 1st part
- 2nd part
- 3rd part
403
between origin of artery and anterior scalene muscle
1st part of subclavian
404
posterior to anterior scalene muscle
2nd part of subclavian
405
lateral to anterior scalene muscle, before it reaches the lateral border of rib 1
3rd part of subclavian
406
from the cervical plexus descends within the prevertebral layer of fascia
phrenic nerve
407
descends in the carotid sheath
vagus nerve (X)
408
ascend along the trachea to the larynx
right and left recurrent laryngeal nerves
409
- The cervical parts of the sympathetic trunk that are punctuated with ganglia
- The cardiac nerves that branch off the sympathetic trunk
Nerves of the Root of the Neck
410
anterior to longus coli and capitis muscles and posterior to the common carotid
cervical part of the sympathetic trunk
411
sends branches to carotids, pharynx, heart
large superior ganglion
412
sends branches to the heart and cervical nerves
middle ganglion
413
sends branches to the vertebral artery and heart
inferior ganglion
414
- enters the root of the neck and passes to the left, posterior to the carotid sheath
- enters the venous system at the junction between the subclavian and internal jugular
- joined by the left jugular and left subclavian trunks near its junction with the venous system
thoracic duct
415
empty into the venous system
right jugular trunk, right subclavian, and bronchomediastinal trunks
416
drain into nodes along the jugular veins in the neck
Nodes from the head and face
417
drain into the superficial cervical nodes (along external jugular)
occipital and mastoid nodes
418
drain into the deep cervical nodes (along internal jugular
pre-auricular, parotid, submental, and submandibular nodes
419
The most superior internal cervical node
the large jugulodigastric node
420
- a musculofascial half cylinder that connects the oral and nasal cavities to the larynx and esophagus
- a common pathway for food and air
pharynx
421
open into the nasopharynx
Posterior openings of nasal cavity (choanae)
422
opens into oropharynx
Posterior opening of oral cavity (oropharyngeal isthmus)
423
opens into laryngopharynx
Superior aperture of larynx (laryngeal inlet)
424
attach to bone, cartilage, and ligaments
superior and anterior margins of the pharyngeal wall
425
attaches to the base of the skull in an irregular C-shaped pattern
pharynx
426
what are the attachment points of the pharyngeal walls?
1st part, 2nd part, 3rd part
427
medial plate of pterygoid process and pterygomandibular raphe
1st part of Pharyngeal Walls
428
stylohyoid ligament and lesser horn of hyoid bone
2nd part of Pharyngeal Walls
429
from inferior tubercle of thyroid cartilage along the oblique line to the cricoid cartilage
3rd part of Pharyngeal Walls
430
attach to the pharyngeal raphe posteriorly
Attachment Points of Pharyngeal Walls
431
formed by skeletal muscle and fascia
pharyngeal wall
432
divided in 2 types based on fiber orientation
Muscles of the pharynx
433
- indicated by their position (superior, middle, inferior
| - have their fibers oriented in a circular direction
constrictor muscles
434
what are the constrictor muscles of the pharynx?
- Superior constrictor
- middle constrictor
- inferior constrictor
435
posterior attachment: Pharyngeal raphe
superior, middle, and inferior constrictor muscles
436
anterior attachment: Pterygomandibular raphe and adjacent bone on the mandible and pterygoid Hamulus
`
superior constrictor muscle
437
innervation: vagus nerve (X)
superior, middle, and inferior constrictor muscles
438
function: constriction of pharynx
superior,inferior, middle constrictor muscles
439
anterior attachment: Upper margin of greater horn of hyoid bone and adjacent margins of lesser horn and stylohyoid ligament
middle constrictor muscle
440
anterior attachment: Cricoid cartilage, oblique line of thyroid cartilage, and a ligament that spans between these attachments and across the cricothyroid muscles
inferior constrictor muscle
