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Human Anatomy > Chapter 8 pt 2: Head and Neck > Flashcards

Chapter 8 pt 2: Head and Neck Flashcards

1
Q
  • a parasympathetic ganglion of CN III

- receives sensory fibers from the nasociliary (ophthalamic) nerve

A

ciliary ganglion

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2
Q

innervate sphincter pupillae muscles and the ciliary muscle

A

postganglionic fibers

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3
Q

pass through and innervate the eyeball

A

Sensory fibers from nasociliary

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4
Q

may pass through the ganglion and innervate dilator pupillae muscle

A

sympathetic fibers

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5
Q

occupies the anterior part of the orbit

A

globe shaped eyeball

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6
Q

divided into anterior and posterior chambers both are filled with aqueous humor

A

eyeball

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7
Q

directly posterior to the cornea and anterior to the iris

A

anterior chamber

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8
Q

posterior to the iris

A

posterior chamber

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9
Q
  • filled with vitreous humor

- posterior to the lens

A

postremal chamber

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10
Q

Made up of- choroid, ciliary body, iris

A

vascular layer

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11
Q

posterior, thin, highly vascular layer that is firmly attached to the retina

A

choroid

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12
Q

Anterior to the border of the choroid made up of ciliary muscle and process

A

ciliary body

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13
Q

smooth muscle that decreases the size of the ring formed by ciliary body

A

ciliary muscle

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14
Q

longitudinal ridges projecting from the inner surface of the body

A

ciliary process

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15
Q

projects off ciliary body, smooth muscle fibers (sphincter pupillae and dilator pupillae muscles) control size of pupil

A

iris

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16
Q
  • consists of optic part and nonvisual part

- inner layer of the eye

A

retina

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17
Q
  • part of retina

- posterior and lateral and is sensitive to light

A

optic part

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18
Q
  • part of retina

- covers the internal part of the ciliary body and iris

A

nonvisual part

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19
Q

the junction between the optic part and nonvisual parts of retina

A

ora serrata

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20
Q

what are the 3 parts of the ear?

A
  • external
  • middle
  • internal
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21
Q

separates the outer and middle ear

A

tympanic membrane

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22
Q

where sound gets turned into an electrical impulse

A

inner ear

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23
Q

what are the 2 parts of the external ear?

A
  • auricle (pinna)

- external acoustic meatus

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24
Q
  • helps capture sound and is composed of cartilage covered in skin
  • The helix, concha, tragus, lobule, antitragus, and antihelix
A

auricle

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25
Q

innervate the extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of the auricle

A

CN VII

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26
Q

innervated by the mandibular (V3) and the cervical plexus

A

outer more superficial surfaces of the auricle

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27
Q

innervated by the vagus (X) and facial nerve (VII)

A

deeper parts sof auricle

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28
Q

comes from the external carotid which supplies the posterior auricular, superficial temporal, and occipital artery

A

blood supply of auricle

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29
Q

-Extends between the deepest part of the auricle to the tympanic membrane, about 1 inch (2.5 cm)

A

external acoustic meatus

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30
Q

Contains modified sweat glands that produce cerumen (ear wax)

A

external acoustic meatus

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31
Q

Major sensory input is through the mandibular (V3) and vagus (X)

A

external acoustic meatus

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32
Q

separates the external acoustic meatus from middle ear

A

tympanic membrane

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33
Q
  • Made up of- fibrocartilaginous ring, handle of malleus, umbo of tympanic membrane
  • Innervated by CN V3, X, VII, IX
A

tympanic memrane

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34
Q

an air-filled, mucous membrane lined space in the temporal bone

A

middle ear

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35
Q

immediately adjacent to the tympanic membrane

A

tympanic cavity

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36
Q

superior to tympanic membrane

A

epitympanic recess

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37
Q

what are the 3 bones that span the tympanic cavity?

A
  • malleus (articulates with the tympanic membrane)
  • incus
  • stapes (articulates with the cochlea)
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38
Q

connects to the throat, allows equalization of pressure (popping ears on an aero plane)

A

Pharyngotympanic tube

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39
Q

what are the boundaries of the middle ear?

A
  • tegmental wall (roof)
  • jugular wall (floor)
  • membranous wall (tympanic membrane)
  • mastoid wall (posterior)
  • anterior wall
  • labyrinthine wall (medial)
  • promontory
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40
Q

formed by the basal coil of the cochlea

A

promontory

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41
Q

continuous with the aditus to the mastoid antrum

A

epitympanic recess

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42
Q

Connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx and equalizes air pressure

A

Pharyngotympanic Tube

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43
Q

is 1/3 nearest middle ear

A

boney part of Pharyngotympanic Tube

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44
Q

the remaining 2/3

A

cartilaginous part of the Pharyngotympanic Tube

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45
Q

comes from the ascending pharyngeal artery which is a branch of the external carotid

A

blood supply of pharyngotympanic tube

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46
Q

through the pterygoid plexus

A

venous drainage of pharyngotympanic tube

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47
Q

form a bony chain across the middle ear

A

3 ear ossicles

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48
Q

largest of the 3 ossicles, with the handle that attaches to the tympanic membrane

A

malleus

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49
Q

the 2nd bone of the ossicles connecting the malleus to the stapes

A

incus

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50
Q

the smallest ossicle with a base that articulates with the cochlea

A

stapes

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51
Q

what are the 3 ossciles?

A
  • malleus
  • incus
  • stapes
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52
Q

what are the 2 muscles associated with the ear ossicles?

A
  • tensor tympani

- stapedius muscles

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53
Q

lies in a bony canal above the pharyngotympanic tube and when contracted it tenses the tympanic membrane to reduce the force of vibration

A

tensor tympani

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54
Q

pulls the stapes posteriorly to reduce excessive oscillation

A

stapedius

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55
Q
  • a branch off the glossopharyngeal (CN IX)

- forms the tympanic plexus which innervates the mucous membrane of the middle ear, pharyngotympanic, and mastoid area

A

tympanic nerve

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56
Q

-Consists of the bony labyrinth and the membranous labyrinth
~All these structures are found in the petrous part of the temporal bone

A

inner ear

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57
Q

exits through the internal acoustic meatus

A

vestibulocochlear nerve

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58
Q

made up of the vestibule, 3 semicircular canals, and the cochlea and all are filled with perilymph

A

bony labyrinth

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59
Q

made up of semicircular ducts, cochlear ducts and 2 sacs (utricle and saccule) and all are filled with endolymph

A

membranous labyrinth

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60
Q

the organ of hearing

A

cochlear ducts

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61
Q

organs of balance

A
  • semicircular ducts
  • utricle
  • saccule
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62
Q

travel to the brain via vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)

A

hearing and balance information

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63
Q

innervates cochlea (hearing)

A

cochlear nerve

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64
Q

innervates vestibule (balance)

A

vestibular nerve

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65
Q

contains the oval window, which is where sound vibrations enter the bony labyrinth via the stapes

A

vestibule of the bony labyrinth

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66
Q

leaves the vestibule and passes through the temporal bone

A

vestibular aqueduct

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67
Q

project posteriorly from the vestibule

A

3 semiciruclar canals (posterior, anterior, lateral)

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68
Q

extends anteriorly

A

cochlea

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69
Q

structure that coils around a central modiolus

A

cochlea

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70
Q
  • holds the cochlear duct in place

- Spirals around and extends out from the modiolus

A

lamina of the modiolus (spiral lamina)

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71
Q

what are the two canals created because the cochlear duct attaches peripherally?

A
  • scala vestibule

- tympani

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72
Q

continuous at the heliocotrema

A

Scala vestibule and tympani

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73
Q

A continuous system of ducts and sacs in the bony labyrinth filled with endolymph

A

The Cochlea- Membranous Labyrinth

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74
Q

in cochlea bony labyrinth

A

cochlear duct

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75
Q

in semicircular bony labyrinth

A

3 semicircular ducts

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76
Q

within vestibule of bony labyrinth

A

saccule and utricle

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77
Q

has a central position in the cochlea of the bony labyrinth

~divides the bony labyrinth into 2 canals (scala vestibule and tympani both filled with perilymph)

A

cochlea duct

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78
Q

attaches the basilar membrane to the outer wall

A

spiral ligament

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79
Q

separates the endolymph from the perilymph

A

vestibular membrane

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80
Q

has the spiral organ on it and plays a role hearing

A

basilar membrane

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81
Q

supplied by the same vessels that supply the surrounding temporal region: e.g. tympanic branch, maxillary, and stylomastoid

A

bony labyrinth

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82
Q

supplied by the labyrinthine artery

A

membranous labyrinth

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83
Q

divided into the cochlear and vestibular branches

A

labyrinthine artery

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84
Q
  • passes through the internal and middle ear
  • enters through the internal acoustic meatus with the vestibulocochlear nerve and exists through the stylomastoid foramen
A

facial nerve (CN VII)

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85
Q

branch off the facial nerve

A

Nerve to stapedius and chorda tympani

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86
Q

innervates stapedius muscles

A

Stapedius nerve

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87
Q

joins lingual nerve in infratemporal fossa

A

chorda tympani

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88
Q

-hit the tympanic membrane and cause the handle of malleus to move laterally
~moves the head of the incus latereally too

A

sound waves

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89
Q

moves the stapes medially which causes the wave to enter the cochlea

A

long process of the incus

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90
Q

moves through the perilymph and causes an outward bulge at a particular point on the basilar membrane

A

sound wave

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91
Q
  • interconnected through the gap deep to the zygomatic arch

- surrounded and occupied by the muscles of mastication: masseter, temporalis, medial and lateral pterygoid

A

temporal and infratemporal fossae

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92
Q

what do the temporal and infratemporal fossae consist of?

A
  • Squamous part of temporal bone
  • greater wing of sphenoid, posterior surface of maxilla
  • zygomatic bone (frontal, maxillary
  • temporal process)
  • ramus of mandible
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93
Q
  • has medial and lateral surfaces
  • Posterior and inferior borders meet to form the angle of the mandible
  • The superior border is formed by the mandibular notch
  • medial surface has the mandibular foramen, lingual, and mylohyoid groove
A

ramus of mandible

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94
Q

formed by the condylar and coronoid processes

A

mandibular notch

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95
Q

formed by the head and neck of the mandible

A

condylar process

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96
Q

a synovial joint with fibrocartilage covering the articular surfaces (not hyaline

A

Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ)

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97
Q

divides the TMJ into 2 parts

A

articular disc

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98
Q

accommodates hinge-like movement (depression)

A

lower part of TMJ

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99
Q

accommodates translocation (protrusion)

A

upper part of TMJ

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100
Q

lines all non-articular surfaces and attaches to the margins of the articular discs

A

synovial membrane

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101
Q

encloses the TMJ complex

A

fibrous membrane of joint capsule

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102
Q

what are the extracapsular ligaments of the joint capsule?

A
  • lateral ligament
  • sphenomandibular ligament
  • stylomandibular ligament
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103
Q

what are the movements of the mandible?

A
  • depression
  • elevation
  • retraction
  • protrusion/protraction
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104
Q

digastric, geniohyoid, and mylohyoid muscles

A

depression of mandible

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105
Q

powerful- temporalis, mandible, and medial pterygoid muscles

A

elevation of mandible

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106
Q

posterior fibers of temporalis, deep part of masseter, and geniohyoid and digastric

A

retraction of mandible

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107
Q

lateral; pterygoid and medial pterygoid muscles

A

protrusion/protraction of mandible

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108
Q
  • Powerful muscle of mastication that overlies the lateral side of the ramus of the mandible
  • Made up of superficial and deep parts
A

masseter muscle

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109
Q
  • innervated by the masseteric nerve

- blood supplied from masseteric artery

A

masseter muscle

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110
Q

fan shaped space on the lateral side of the skull

A

temporal fossa

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111
Q

forms the lateral boundary of the temporal fossa

A

temporal fascia

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112
Q

continuous with the infratemporal fossa

A

temporal fossa

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113
Q

muscle found in the temporal fossa

A

temporalis muscle

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114
Q
  • extends from the superior and inferior temporal lines and the temporal fascia
  • inserts on to the coronoid process of the mandible, extending down the anterior surface of the coronoid process almost to the last molar tooth
  • a powerful elevator of the mandible
A

temporalis msucle

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115
Q

arise from the mandibular (V3) and move superiorly

A

2 deep temporal nerves

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116
Q

arises from the maxillary nerve (V2)

A

zygomaticotemporal nerve

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117
Q

arise from the maxillary artery

A

2 deep temporal arteries

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118
Q

arises from the superficial temporal artery

A

middle temporal artery

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119
Q
  • *Formed by:
  • sphenoid and temporal bone (roof)
  • medial surface of the ramus of the mandible (lateral wall)
  • pterygoid process and soft pallet (medial wall)
  • posterior surface of maxilla (anterior wall)
A

infratemporal fossa

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120
Q

an extracapsular ligament of the TMJ

A

sphenomandibular ligament

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121
Q
  • has 2 heads- deep and superficial
  • mainly elevates the mandible
  • innervated by the mandibular nerve (V3)
A

medial pterygoid muscle

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122
Q
  • has 2 heads- and upper and lower
  • Originate from the sphenoid bone and are innervated by the mandibular (V3)
  • protrudes the lower jaw
A

lateral pterygoid muscle

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123
Q

what are the muscles of mastication?

A
  • masseter
  • temporalis
  • medial pterygoid
  • lateral pterygoid
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124
Q

origin: Zygomatic arch and maxillary process of the zygomatic bone

A

masseter

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125
Q

insertion: Lateral surface of ramus of mandible

A

masseter

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126
Q

innervation: Messeteric nerve from anterior trunk of mandibular (V3)

A

masseter

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127
Q

function: Elevation of mandible

A

masseter

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128
Q

origin: Bone of temporal fossa and temporal fossa

A

temporalis

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129
Q

insertion: Coronoid process of mandible margin of ramus of mandible almost to last molar

A

temporalis

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130
Q

innervation: Deep temporal nerves from anterior trunk of mandibular (V3)

A

temporalis

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131
Q

function: Elevation and retraction of mandible

A

temporalis

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132
Q

origin: Deep head- medial surface of lateral plate of pterygoid process and pyramidal process of palatine bone; Superficial head- tuberosity of the maxilla and pyramidal process of palatine bone

A

medial pterygoid

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133
Q

insertion: Medial surface of mandible near angle

A

medial pterygoid

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134
Q

innervation: Nerve to medial pterygoid from the mandibular nerve (V3)

A

medial pterygoid

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135
Q

function: Elevation and side-side movements of the mandible

A

medial pterygoid

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136
Q

origin: Upper head- roof of infratemporal fossa; lower head- lateral surface of lateral plate of pterygoid process

A

lateral pterygoid

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137
Q

insertion: Capsule of temporomandibular joint in the region of attachment to the articular disc and to the pterygoid fovea on the neck of the mandible

A

lateral pterygoid

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138
Q

innervation: Nerve to lateral pterygoid directly from the anterior trunk of the mandibular (V3)

A

lateral pterygoid

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139
Q

function: Protrusion and side-side movements of the mandible

A

lateral pterygoid

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140
Q
  • protrudes into the infratemporal fossa through the foramen ovale
  • both motor and sensory
A

mandibular nerve (V3)

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141
Q

branches off anterior trunk of mandibular nerve

A
  • buccal
  • masseteric
  • deep temporal
  • nerve to lateral pterygoid
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142
Q

gives rise to: auriculotemporal, lingual, and inferior alveolar nerves

A

posterior branch off mandibular nerve (V3)

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143
Q
  • a major sensory branch of the posterior trunk
  • provides sensation from anterior 2/3 of tongue, oral mucosa, and lingual gingiva of lower teeth
  • innervates the submandibular ganglion
A

lingual nerve

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144
Q

supplies branches to 3 molars and 1 premolar

A

inferior alveolar nerve

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145
Q

where preganglionic parasympathetic fibers from infratemporal fossa synapse with postganglionic fibers in the floor of the mouth

A

submandibular ganglion

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146
Q

branches from the 2 cranial nerves join the mandibular nerve

A

Chorda Tympani and Lesser Petrosal Nerve

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147
Q

from the facial (CN VII)

A

chorda tympani

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148
Q

from the glossopharyngeal (CN IX)

A

lesser petrosal nerve

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149
Q

carried to the submandibular and otic ganglia in the chorda tympani and lesser petrosal

A

Parasympathetic preganglionic fibers

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150
Q

the largest branch of the external carotid and is a major blood source for the nasal cavity, oral cavity, all teeth, dura mater in cranial cavity

A

maxillary artery

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151
Q

branches of the maxillary artery

A
  • middle meningeal
  • inferior alveolar
  • deep temporal
  • buccal
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152
Q

a network of veins that drains- nasal cavity, oral cavity, all teeth, muscles of infratemporal fossa, paranasal sinuses, and nasopharynx

A

pterygoid plexus

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153
Q

connects: maxillary, retromandibular, and deep facial veins

A

pterygoid plexus

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154
Q
  • Inverted tear drop shaped fossa on the lateral side of skull immediately posterior to the maxilla
  • Communicates with: middle cranial fossa, infratemporal fossa, floor of orbit, lateral wall of nasal cavity, oropharynx, roof or oral cavity
  • Maxillary nerve (V3) and pterygopalatine ganglion are found there
A

Pterygopalatine Fossa

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155
Q

Formed from parts of maxilla (anterior wall), palatine bone (medial wall), sphenoid bone (lateral wall)

A

Pterygopalatine Fossa

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156
Q

provides 2 openings for maxillary nerve (V3) (foramen rotundum) and greater petrosal (from VII) (pterygoid canal)

A

pterygoid process of sphenoid

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157
Q

provide gateways for structures to move through the Pterygopalatine Fossa

A

7 foramina and fissures

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158
Q

what are the 7 foramina and fissures of the Pterygopalatine Fossa?

A
  • Foramen rotundum
  • pterygoid canal
  • palatovaginal canal
  • palatine canal
  • pterygomaxillary
  • inferior orbital fissure
  • sphenopalatine foramen
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159
Q
  • primarily sensory

- gives the following branches: zygomatic, posterior superior alveolar, infra-orbital, and 2 ganglionic branches

A

maxillary nerve (V2)

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160
Q

branches off Pterygopalatine ganglion:

A

orbital, palatine, nasal, pharyngeal

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161
Q

-reach the ganglion by the nerve of the pterygoid canal

A

preganglionic fibers

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162
Q

leave the pterygopalatine ganglion through all other branches

A

postganglionic fibers

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163
Q

enters the pterygopalatine fossa via the pterygomaxillary fissure

A

maxillary artery

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164
Q
  • Branches off the maxillary:

- All provide blood to: nasal, oral cavities, and teeth

A
  • posterior superior alveolar
  • infra-orbital
  • greater palatine
  • pharyngeal
  • sphenopalatine
  • artery to pterygopalatine ganglion
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165
Q

coalesce in the pterygopalatine fossa and pass through the pterygopalatine fossa and join pterygoid plexus

A

veins of pterygopalatine fossa

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166
Q

may pass directly to the pterygoid plexus

A

infra-orbital vein

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167
Q
  • tube that connects the head to the trunk

- divided into the visceral, vertebral, and 2 vascular compartments

A

neck

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168
Q

parts of digestive and respiratory tracts

A

Visceral compartment of neck

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169
Q

cervical verts., spinal cord, spinal nerves

A

vertebral compartment of neck

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170
Q

major blood vessels and vagus nerves (X)

A

vascular compartments of neck

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171
Q

contained by unique fascial compartments

A

compartments of neck

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172
Q

divided into anterior and posterior triangles

A

neck

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173
Q

formed by anterior border of sternocleidomastoid, inferior border of mandible, and midline of neck

A

anterior triangle of neck

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174
Q

formed by posterior border of sternocleidomastoid, anterior border of trapezius, and middle 1/3 of clavicle

A

posterior triangle of neck

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175
Q

contains the platysma muscle

A

superficial fascia (neck)

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176
Q
  • divided into 4 distinct layers
    • investing layer
    • prevertebral layer
    • pretracheal layer
    • carotid layer
A

deep cervical fascia (neck)

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177
Q

surrounds all structures in neck

A

investing layer

178
Q

surrounds vertebral column, brachial plexus, associated muscles

A

Prevertebral layer

179
Q

surrounds trachea, esophagus, thyroid gland

A

Pretracheal layer

180
Q

surrounds common and internal carotids, internal jugular vein, and vagus nerve

A

carotid layer

181
Q

primary superficial drainage of neck

A

External jugulars and anterior jugular veins

182
Q

formed by posterior auricular and retromandibular veins and drains into the subclavian

A

external jugular of neck

183
Q

small and inconsistent, drain anterior aspect of neck and are often joined by jugular venous arch

A

anterior jugular of neck

184
Q

divided into:

  • Submandibular
  • Submental
  • Muscular
  • Carotid triangles
A

anterior triangle of neck

185
Q

grouped by position relative to the hyoid bone

A

Muscles in the anterior compartment of neck

186
Q

4 pairs that pass from hyoid superiorly to skull or mandible, that raise the hyoid during swallowing

A

Suprahyoid muscles

187
Q

between hyoid and styloid process

A

Stylohyoid muscle

188
Q

2 bellies

A

Digastric muscle

189
Q

floor of mouth

A

Mylohyoid muscle

190
Q

can move both attachment points depending which one is fixed

A

Geniohyoid muscle

191
Q

what are the 4 pairs of suprahyoid muscles?

A
  • Stylohyoid muscle
  • Digastric muscle
  • Mylohyoid muscle
  • Geniohyoid muscle
192
Q

4 pairs of strap-like muscles that attach the hyoid bone to inferior structures and depress the hyoid

A

infrahyoid muscles

193
Q

what are the 4 pairs of infrahyoid muscles?

A
  • sternohyoid muscle
  • omohyoid muscle
  • thryohyoid muscle
  • sternothryoid muscle
194
Q

thin muscle between hyoid and sternum

A

Sternohyoid

195
Q

has 2 bellies (superior and inferior) attaches hyoid inferiorly to border of scapula

A

Omohyoid muscle

196
Q

attaches thyroid cartilage to hyoid

A

Thyrohyoid muscle

197
Q

attaches sternum to thyroid cartilage

A

Sternothyroid muscle

198
Q

what are the anterior muscles of the neck?

A
  • Stylohoid
  • Digastric- anterior belly
  • Digastric- posterior belly
  • Mylohyoid
  • Geniohyoid
  • Sternohyoid
  • Omohyoid
  • Thyrohyoid
  • Sternothyroid
199
Q

origin: Base of styloid process

A

Stylohoid

200
Q

insertion: Lateral area of body of hyoid

A

Stylohoid

201
Q

innervation: Facial nerve (VII)

A

Stylohoid

202
Q

function: Pulls hyoid upward in posterosuperior direction

A

Stylohoid

203
Q

origin: Digastric fossa on lower inside of mandible

A

Digastric- anterior belly

204
Q

insertion: Attachment of tendon between 2 bellies to body of hyoid bone

A

Digastric- anterior belly

205
Q

innervation: Mylohyoid nerve from inferior alveolar branch of mandibular (V3)

A

Digastric- anterior belly

206
Q

function: Opens moth by lowering mandible; raises hyoid bone

A

Digastric- anterior belly

207
Q

origin: Mastoid notch on medial side of mastoid process

A

Digastric- posterior belly

208
Q

insertion: Same side as anterior belly

A

Digastric- posterior belly

209
Q

innervation: Facial nerve (VII)

A

Digastric- posterior belly

210
Q

function: Pulls hyoid upward and back

A

Digastric- posterior belly

211
Q

origin: Mylohyoid line of mandible

A

Mylohyoid

212
Q

insertion: Body of hyoid bone and fibers from muscle on opposite side

A

Mylohyoid

213
Q

innervation: Mylohyoid nerve from inferior alveolar branch of mandibular (V3)

A

Mylohyoid

214
Q

function: Support and elevation of floor of mouth; elevation of hyoid

A

Mylohyoid

215
Q

origin: Inferior mental spine on inner surface of mandible

A

Geniohyoid

216
Q

insertion: Anterior surface of body of hyoid bone

A

Geniohyoid

217
Q

innervation: Branch from anterior ramus (C1)

A

Geniohyoid

218
Q

function: Fixed mandible elevates and pulls hyoid forward; fixed hyoid pulls mandible down and in

A

Geniohyoid

219
Q

origin: Posterior aspect of sternoclavicular joint and adjacent manubrium of sternum

A

Sternohyoid

220
Q

insertion: Body of hyoid bone medial to attachment of omohyoid

A

Sternohyoid

221
Q

innervation: Anterior rami of C1-C3 through the ansa cervicalis

A

Sternohyoid

222
Q

function: Depresses hyoid bone after swallowing

A

Sternohyoid

223
Q

origin: Superior border of scapula medial to suprascapular notch

A

Omohyoid

224
Q

insertion: Lower border of body of hyoid bone just lateral to attachment of sternohyoid

A

Omohyoid

225
Q

innervation: Anterior rami of C1-C3 though the ansa cervicalis

A

Omohyoid

226
Q

function: Depresses and fixes hyoid bone

A

Omohyoid

227
Q

origin: Oblique line on lamina of thyroid cartilage

A

Thyrohyoid

228
Q

insertion: Greater horn and adjacent aspect of body of hyoid

A

Thyrohyoid

229
Q

innervation: Fibers from anterior ramus of C1 carried along hyoglossal nerve (XII)

A

Thyrohyoid

230
Q

function: Depresses hyoid bone but when hyoid bone is fixed raises larynx

A

Thyrohyoid

231
Q

origin: Posterior surface of manubrium of sternum

A

Sternothyroid

232
Q

insertion: Oblique line on lamina of thyroid cartilage

A

Sternothyroid

233
Q

innervation: Anterior rami of C1-C3 though the ansa cervicalis

A

Sternothyroid

234
Q

function: Draws larynx (thyroid cartilage) downward

A

Sternothyroid

235
Q

are the beginning of the carotid system

A

common carotids

236
Q

arise from the brachiocephalic trunk

A

right common carotid

237
Q

arise from the aortic arch

A

left common carotid

238
Q

This occurs in the carotid triangle

A

Near the superior edge of the thyroid cartilage the common carotids split into external and internal carotids

239
Q

contains the carotid sinus near the bifurcation

A

internal carotid

240
Q

contain receptors that monitor blood pressure and pH respectively

A

carotid sinus and carotid body

241
Q

ascends into the head giving of no branches on the way

A

internal carotid

242
Q

immediately begins giving off branches

A

external carotid

243
Q

supplies Thyroid muscles, internal structures of larynx, sternocleidomastoid, cricothyroid muscles, thyroid gland

A

superior thryoid of external carotid

244
Q

supplies Pharyngeal constrictors, and stylopharyngeus muscle, palate, tonsils, pharyngotympanic tube, meninges in posterior cranial fossa

A

Ascending pharyngeal of external carotid

245
Q

supplies Muscles of tongue, palatine tonsils, soft palate, epiglottis, floor of mouth, sublingual gland

A

Lingual branch of external carotid

246
Q

supplies All structures in the face from inferior border of mandible anterior to masseter muscle to the medial corner of the eye, the soft palate, palatine tonsils, pharyngotympanic tube, submandibular gland

A

facial branch of external carotid

247
Q

supplies Sternocleidomastoid muscle, meninges in posterior cranial fossa, mastoid cells, deep muscles of the back, posterior scalp

A

occipital branch of external carotid

248
Q

supplies Parotid gland and nearby muscles, external ear and scalp posterior to ear , middle and inner ear structures

A

posterior auricular branch of external carotid

249
Q

supplies Parotid gland and duct, masseter muscle, lateral face, anterior part of external ear, temporalis muscle and temporal fossae

A

Superficial temporal branch of external carotid

250
Q

supplies extensive

A

maxillary branch of external carotid

251
Q

-begins as sigmoid sinus which is part of the dural sinus

A

internal jugular

252
Q
  • initial dilated part of internal jugular

- exits the skull through the jugular foramen and descends down the neck within the carotid sheath

A

superior bulb of jugular

253
Q

meets the subclavian from their respective sides and form the brachiocephalic trunks

A

each internal jugular

254
Q

tributaries of internal jugular vein that join

A

facial, lingual, pharyngeal, occipital, superior thyroid, and middle thyroid veins

255
Q

cranial nerves that pass through the triangle of the neck

A
  • facial (VII)
  • glossopharyngeal (IX)
  • vagus (X)
  • accessory (XI)
  • hypoglossal (XII)
256
Q

branches of spinal nerves that pass through the triangle of the neck

A
  • transverse cervical spine
  • cervical plexus
  • upper and lower roots of ansa cervicalis
257
Q

exits the skull through the jugular foramen and passes downward and backward deep to the sternocleidomastoid

A

accessory nerve (XI)

258
Q
  • exits the skull through the hypoglossal canal and descends with the jugular
  • passes forward over the carotid and disappears into the mylohyoid
A

hypoglossal nerve

259
Q
  • arises from the anterior rami of cervical nerve C2 and C3
  • emerges from the posterior border of the sternocleidomastoid and passes over it and provides cutaneous innervation of this area
A

transverse cervical nerve

260
Q

a looping nerve from cervical spines C1-C3 that innervate strap-like muscles of anterior triangle

A

Ansa cervicalis nerve

261
Q

contains the trachea, esophagus, pharynx, larynx, thyroid, and parathyroid glands

A

visceral compartment

262
Q

joins the larynx and esophagus to the mouth

A

pharynx

263
Q

is bi-lobed and supplied by superior and inferior thyroid arteries and drained by superior, middle, and inferior thyroid veins

A

thryoid gland

264
Q

pass superiorly after leaving the vagus nerve (X)

A

recurrent laryngeal nerves

265
Q

found on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland

A

parathyroid glands

266
Q
  • on the lateral side of the neck and is continuous with the arm
  • bordered by the sternocleidomastoid, trapezius, and the clavicle
A

posterior triangle of the neck

267
Q

defined by the sternocleidomastoid, trapezius, splenius capitis, levator scapulae, posterior, anterior and middle scalene, and the omohyoid

A

posterior triangle

268
Q

what are the muscles of the posterior compartment?

A
  • Sternocleidomastoid sternal head
  • clavicular head
  • Trapezius
  • Splenius capitus
  • Levator scapulae
  • Posterior scalene
  • Middle scalene
  • Anterior scalene
  • Omohyoid
269
Q

origin: Upper part of surface of manubrium

A

Sternocleidomastoid sternal head

270
Q

insertion: Lateral 1/3 of superior nuchal line

A

Sternocleidomastoid sternal head

271
Q

innervation: Accessory (XI) and branches from anterior rami of C2-C3

A

Sternocleidomastoid sternal head

272
Q

function: Individually will tilt head towards shoulder turn face to other side; together draw head back

A

Sternocleidomastoid sternal head

273
Q

origin: Superior part of medial 1/3 of clavicle

A

clavicular head

274
Q

insertion: Lateral surface of mastoid process

A

clavicular head

275
Q

origin: Superior nuchal line, external occipital protuberance, ligamentum nuchae, spinous process of CVII to TXII

A

trapezius

276
Q

insertion: Lateral 1/3 of clavicle, acromion, spine of scapula

A

trapezius

277
Q

innervation: Motor- accessory nerve (XI)

Proprioception- C3 and C4

A

trapezius

278
Q

function: Assists in rotating the scapula during abduction of humerus above horizontal, upper fibers elevate, middle fibers adduct, lower fibers depress scapula

A

trapezius

279
Q

origin: Lower half of ligamentum nuchae, spinous processes of CVII to TIV

A

Splenius capitus

280
Q

insertion: Mastoid process, skull below lateral one third of superior nuchal line

A

Splenius capitus

281
Q

innervation: Posterior rami of middle cervical plexus

A

Splenius capitus

282
Q

function: Together- draw head backward, extending neck; individually- draw and rotate head to one side (turn face to same side)

A

Splenius capitus

283
Q

origin: Transverse process of CI to CIV

A

Levator scapulae

284
Q

insertion: Upper portion medial border of scapula

A

Levator scapulae

285
Q

innervation: C3 to C4 and dorsal scapular nerve (C4, C5)

A

Levator scapulae

286
Q

function: Elevates scapula

A

Levator scapulae

287
Q

origin: Posterior tubercles of the transverse processes of CVII to TIV

A

Posterior scalene

288
Q

insertion: Upper surface of rib 2

A

Posterior scalene

289
Q

innervation: Anterior rami of C5 to C7

A

Posterior scalene

290
Q

function: Elevation of rib 2

A

Posterior scalene

291
Q

origin: Transverse process of CII to CVII

A

middle scalene

292
Q

insertion: Upper surface of rib 1 posterior to groove for the subclavian artery

A

middle scalene

293
Q

innervation: Anterior rami of C3 to C7

A

middle scalene

294
Q

function: elevation of rib 1

A

middle scalene

295
Q

origin: Anterior tubercles of the transverse processes of CII to CVI

A

Anterior scalene

296
Q

insertion: Scalene tubercle and upper surface of rib 1

A

anterior scalene

297
Q

innervation: Anterior rami of C4 to C7

A

anterior scalene

298
Q

function: Elevation of rib 1

A

anterior scalene

299
Q

origin: Superior border of scapula medial to suprascapular notch

A

omohyoid

300
Q

insertion: Lower border of body of hyoid bone just lateral to attachment of sternohyoid

A

omohyoid

301
Q

innervation: Anterior rami of C1-C3 though the ansa cervicalis

A

omohyoid

302
Q

function: Depresses and fixes hyoid bone

A

omohyoid

303
Q
  • most superficial vein in the posterior triangle of the neck
  • forms at the angle of the mandible
  • forms from the retromandibular and posterior auricular veins
  • dives into the cervical fascia and joins the subclavian inferiorly
A

external jugular vein

304
Q

arteries found in the posterior triangle

A

The 1st, 2nd, and 3rd parts of the subclavian, thyrocervical, suprascapular, and transverse cervical arteries

305
Q

nerves that pass through the posterior triangle

A

the accessory (VI), and nerves from the cervical plexus (transverse cervical, lesser occipital and greater auricular nerves)

306
Q

supply cutaneous innervation

A

Nerves from the cervical plexus

307
Q

Consists of cutaneous and muscular branches

A

cervical plexus

308
Q

major muscular nerve that innervates the diaphragm

A

phrenic nerve

309
Q

innervates the infrahyoid muscles

A

inferior and superior roots of ansa cervicalis

310
Q
  • innervated by the cervical plexus

- generally flex and laterally flex the head

A

Prevertebral and lateral vertebral muscles

311
Q

what are the muscles innervated by the cervical plexus?

A
  • Rectus capitus anterior
  • Rectus capitus lateralis
  • Longus coli- superior oblique part
  • Longus coli- inferior oblique part
  • Longus coli- vertical part
  • Longus capitis
312
Q

origin: Anterior surface of lateral part of atlas and its transverse process

A

Rectus capitus anterior

313
Q

insertion: Inferior surface of basilar part of occipital bone

A

Rectus capitus anterior

314
Q

innervation: Branches from anterior rami of C1, C2

A

Rectus capitus anterior

315
Q

function: Flexes head at atlanto-occipital joint

A

Rectus capitus anterior

316
Q

origin: Superior surface of transverse process of atlas

A

Rectus capitus lateralis

317
Q

insertion: Inferior surface of jugular process of occipital bone

A

Rectus capitus lateralis

318
Q

innervation: Branches from anterior rami of C1, C2

A

Rectus capitus lateralis

319
Q

function: Flexes head laterally to same side

A

Rectus capitus lateralis

320
Q

origin: Anterior tubercle of transverse process of CIII-CV

A

Longus coli- superior oblique part

321
Q

insertion: Tubercle of anterior arch of atlas

A

Longus coli- superior oblique part

322
Q

innervation: Branches from anterior rami of C2-C6

A

Longus coli- superior oblique part

323
Q

function: Flexes neck anteriorly and laterally and slight rotation to opposite side

A

Longus coli- superior oblique part

324
Q

origin: Anterior surface of bodies of TI-TIII

A

Longus coli- inferior oblique part

325
Q

insertion: Anterior tubercle of transverse processes of CV and CVI

A

Longus coli- inferior oblique part

326
Q

origin: Anterior surface of bodies of TI-TIII, CV-CVII

A

Longus coli- vertical part

327
Q

insertion: Anterior surface of bodies of CII-CIV

A

Longus coli- vertical part

328
Q

origin: Tendinous slips to transverse processes of CIII to CVI

A

Longus capitis

329
Q

insertion: Inferior surface of basilar part of occipital bone

A

Longus capitis

330
Q

innervation: Branches from anterior rami of C1 to C3

A

Longus capitis

331
Q

function: flexes head

A

longus capitis

332
Q
  • contains structures that pass from the neck to the thorax and upper limb
  • bounded by: the manubrium, clavicle, T1 and superior margin of scapula
  • This includes: projections of the pleural cavities, trachea, esophagus, and vessels
A

root of neck

333
Q

arch up and out of the thorax and enter the root of the neck on both sides

A

subclavian arteries

334
Q

what are the 3 parts of the subclavian arteries?

A
  • 1st part
  • 2nd part
  • 3rd part
335
Q

between origin of artery and anterior scalene muscle

A

1st part of subclavian

336
Q

posterior to anterior scalene muscle

A

2nd part of subclavian

337
Q

lateral to anterior scalene muscle, before it reaches the lateral border of rib 1

A

3rd part of subclavian

338
Q

from the cervical plexus descends within the prevertebral layer of fascia

A

phrenic nerve

339
Q

descends in the carotid sheath

A

vagus nerve (X)

340
Q

ascend along the trachea to the larynx

A

right and left recurrent laryngeal nerves

341
Q
  • The cervical parts of the sympathetic trunk that are punctuated with ganglia
  • The cardiac nerves that branch off the sympathetic trunk
A

Nerves of the Root of the Neck

342
Q

anterior to longus coli and capitis muscles and posterior to the common carotid

A

cervical part of the sympathetic trunk

343
Q

sends branches to carotids, pharynx, heart

A

large superior ganglion

344
Q

sends branches to the heart and cervical nerves

A

middle ganglion

345
Q

sends branches to the vertebral artery and heart

A

inferior ganglion

346
Q
  • enters the root of the neck and passes to the left, posterior to the carotid sheath
  • enters the venous system at the junction between the subclavian and internal jugular
  • joined by the left jugular and left subclavian trunks near its junction with the venous system
A

thoracic duct

347
Q

empty into the venous system

A

right jugular trunk, right subclavian, and bronchomediastinal trunks

348
Q

drain into nodes along the jugular veins in the neck

A

Nodes from the head and face

349
Q

drain into the superficial cervical nodes (along external jugular)

A

occipital and mastoid nodes

350
Q

drain into the deep cervical nodes (along internal jugular

A

pre-auricular, parotid, submental, and submandibular nodes

351
Q

The most superior internal cervical node

A

the large jugulodigastric node

352
Q
  • a musculofascial half cylinder that connects the oral and nasal cavities to the larynx and esophagus
  • a common pathway for food and air
A

pharynx

353
Q

open into the nasopharynx

A

Posterior openings of nasal cavity (choanae)

354
Q

opens into oropharynx

A

Posterior opening of oral cavity (oropharyngeal isthmus)

355
Q

opens into laryngopharynx

A

Superior aperture of larynx (laryngeal inlet)

356
Q

attach to bone, cartilage, and ligaments

A

superior and anterior margins of the pharyngeal wall

357
Q

attaches to the base of the skull in an irregular C-shaped pattern

A

pharynx

358
Q

what are the attachment points of the pharyngeal walls?

A

1st part, 2nd part, 3rd part

359
Q

medial plate of pterygoid process and pterygomandibular raphe

A

1st part of Pharyngeal Walls

360
Q

stylohyoid ligament and lesser horn of hyoid bone

A

2nd part of Pharyngeal Walls

361
Q

from inferior tubercle of thyroid cartilage along the oblique line to the cricoid cartilage

A

3rd part of Pharyngeal Walls

362
Q

attach to the pharyngeal raphe posteriorly

A

Attachment Points of Pharyngeal Walls

363
Q

formed by skeletal muscle and fascia

A

pharyngeal wall

364
Q

divided in 2 types based on fiber orientation

A

Muscles of the pharynx

365
Q
  • indicated by their position (superior, middle, inferior

- have their fibers oriented in a circular direction

A

constrictor muscles

366
Q

what are the constrictor muscles of the pharynx?

A
  • superior constrictor
  • middle constrictor
  • inferior constrictor
367
Q

posterior attachment: pharyngeal raphe

A

superior constrictor

368
Q

anterior attachment: Pterygomandibular raphe and adjacent bone on the mandible and pterygoid Hamulus

A

superior constrictor

369
Q

innervation: vagus nerve (X)

A

superior constrictor

370
Q

function: constriction of pharynx

A

superior constrictor

371
Q

posterior attachment: pharyngeal raphe

A

middle constrictor

372
Q

anterior attachment: Upper margin of greater horn of hyoid bone and adjacent margins of lesser horn and stylohyoid ligament

A

middle constrictor

373
Q

innervation: vagus nerve (X)

A

middle constrictor

374
Q

function: constriction of pharynx

A

middle constrictor

375
Q

posterior attachment: pharyngeal raphe

A

inferior constrictor

376
Q

anterior attachment: Cricoid cartilage, oblique line of thyroid cartilage, and a ligament that spans between these attachments and across the cricothyroid muscles

A

inferior constrictor

377
Q

innervation: vagus nerve (X)

A

inferior constrictor

378
Q

function: constriction of pharynx

A

inferior constrictor

379
Q

what are the muscles innervated by the cervical plexus?

A
  • Rectus capitus anterior
  • Rectus capitus lateralis
  • Longus coli- superior oblique part
  • Longus coli- inferior oblique part
  • Longus coli- vertical part
  • Longus capitis
380
Q

origin: Anterior surface of lateral part of atlas and its transverse process

A

Rectus capitus anterior

381
Q

insertion: Inferior surface of basilar part of occipital bone

A

Rectus capitus anterior

382
Q

innervation: Branches from anterior rami of C1, C2

A

Rectus capitus anterior

383
Q

function: Flexes head at atlanto-occipital joint

A

Rectus capitus anterior

384
Q

origin: Superior surface of transverse process of atlas

A

Rectus capitus lateralis

385
Q

insertion: Inferior surface of jugular process of occipital bone

A

Rectus capitus lateralis

386
Q

innervation: Branches from anterior rami of C1, C2

A

Rectus capitus lateralis

387
Q

function: Flexes head laterally to same side

A

Rectus capitus lateralis

388
Q

origin: Anterior tubercle of transverse process of CIII-CV

A

Longus coli- superior oblique part

389
Q

insertion: Tubercle of anterior arch of atlas

A

Longus coli- superior oblique part

390
Q

innervation: Branches from anterior rami of C2-C6

A

Longus coli- superior oblique part

391
Q

function: Flexes neck anteriorly and laterally and slight rotation to opposite side

A

Longus coli- superior oblique part

392
Q

origin: Anterior surface of bodies of TI-TIII

A

Longus coli- inferior oblique part

393
Q

insertion: Anterior tubercle of transverse processes of CV and CVI

A

Longus coli- inferior oblique part

394
Q

origin: Anterior surface of bodies of TI-TIII, CV-CVII

A

Longus coli- vertical part

395
Q

insertion: Anterior surface of bodies of CII-CIV

A

Longus coli- vertical part

396
Q

origin: Tendinous slips to transverse processes of CIII to CVI

A

Longus capitis

397
Q

insertion: Inferior surface of basilar part of occipital bone

A

Longus capitis

398
Q

innervation: Branches from anterior rami of C1 to C3

A

Longus capitis

399
Q

function: flexes head

A

longus capitis

400
Q
  • contains structures that pass from the neck to the thorax and upper limb
  • bounded by: the manubrium, clavicle, T1 and superior margin of scapula
  • This includes: projections of the pleural cavities, trachea, esophagus, and vessels
A

root of neck

401
Q

arch up and out of the thorax and enter the root of the neck on both sides

A

subclavian arteries

402
Q

what are the 3 parts of the subclavian arteries?

A
  • 1st part
  • 2nd part
  • 3rd part
403
Q

between origin of artery and anterior scalene muscle

A

1st part of subclavian

404
Q

posterior to anterior scalene muscle

A

2nd part of subclavian

405
Q

lateral to anterior scalene muscle, before it reaches the lateral border of rib 1

A

3rd part of subclavian

406
Q

from the cervical plexus descends within the prevertebral layer of fascia

A

phrenic nerve

407
Q

descends in the carotid sheath

A

vagus nerve (X)

408
Q

ascend along the trachea to the larynx

A

right and left recurrent laryngeal nerves

409
Q
  • The cervical parts of the sympathetic trunk that are punctuated with ganglia
  • The cardiac nerves that branch off the sympathetic trunk
A

Nerves of the Root of the Neck

410
Q

anterior to longus coli and capitis muscles and posterior to the common carotid

A

cervical part of the sympathetic trunk

411
Q

sends branches to carotids, pharynx, heart

A

large superior ganglion

412
Q

sends branches to the heart and cervical nerves

A

middle ganglion

413
Q

sends branches to the vertebral artery and heart

A

inferior ganglion

414
Q
  • enters the root of the neck and passes to the left, posterior to the carotid sheath
  • enters the venous system at the junction between the subclavian and internal jugular
  • joined by the left jugular and left subclavian trunks near its junction with the venous system
A

thoracic duct

415
Q

empty into the venous system

A

right jugular trunk, right subclavian, and bronchomediastinal trunks

416
Q

drain into nodes along the jugular veins in the neck

A

Nodes from the head and face

417
Q

drain into the superficial cervical nodes (along external jugular)

A

occipital and mastoid nodes

418
Q

drain into the deep cervical nodes (along internal jugular

A

pre-auricular, parotid, submental, and submandibular nodes

419
Q

The most superior internal cervical node

A

the large jugulodigastric node

420
Q
  • a musculofascial half cylinder that connects the oral and nasal cavities to the larynx and esophagus
  • a common pathway for food and air
A

pharynx

421
Q

open into the nasopharynx

A

Posterior openings of nasal cavity (choanae)

422
Q

opens into oropharynx

A

Posterior opening of oral cavity (oropharyngeal isthmus)

423
Q

opens into laryngopharynx

A

Superior aperture of larynx (laryngeal inlet)

424
Q

attach to bone, cartilage, and ligaments

A

superior and anterior margins of the pharyngeal wall

425
Q

attaches to the base of the skull in an irregular C-shaped pattern

A

pharynx

426
Q

what are the attachment points of the pharyngeal walls?

A

1st part, 2nd part, 3rd part

427
Q

medial plate of pterygoid process and pterygomandibular raphe

A

1st part of Pharyngeal Walls

428
Q

stylohyoid ligament and lesser horn of hyoid bone

A

2nd part of Pharyngeal Walls

429
Q

from inferior tubercle of thyroid cartilage along the oblique line to the cricoid cartilage

A

3rd part of Pharyngeal Walls

430
Q

attach to the pharyngeal raphe posteriorly

A

Attachment Points of Pharyngeal Walls

431
Q

formed by skeletal muscle and fascia

A

pharyngeal wall

432
Q

divided in 2 types based on fiber orientation

A

Muscles of the pharynx

433
Q
  • indicated by their position (superior, middle, inferior

- have their fibers oriented in a circular direction

A

constrictor muscles

434
Q

what are the constrictor muscles of the pharynx?

A
  • Superior constrictor
  • middle constrictor
  • inferior constrictor
435
Q

posterior attachment: Pharyngeal raphe

A

superior, middle, and inferior constrictor muscles

436
Q

anterior attachment: Pterygomandibular raphe and adjacent bone on the mandible and pterygoid Hamulus
`

A

superior constrictor muscle

437
Q

innervation: vagus nerve (X)

A

superior, middle, and inferior constrictor muscles

438
Q

function: constriction of pharynx

A

superior,inferior, middle constrictor muscles

439
Q

anterior attachment: Upper margin of greater horn of hyoid bone and adjacent margins of lesser horn and stylohyoid ligament

A

middle constrictor muscle

440
Q

anterior attachment: Cricoid cartilage, oblique line of thyroid cartilage, and a ligament that spans between these attachments and across the cricothyroid muscles

A

inferior constrictor muscle

Human Anatomy (11 decks)

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