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human anatomy > Chapter 8 pt 3: Head and Neck > Flashcards

Chapter 8 pt 3: Head and Neck Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 longitudinal muscles?

A
  • Stylopharyngeus
  • Salpingopharyngeus
  • Palatopharyngeus
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2
Q

from the syloid process

A

Stylopharyngeus muscle

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3
Q

from catilaginous pharyngotympanic tube

A

Salpingopharyngeus muscle

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4
Q

from soft palate

A

Palatopharyngeus muscle

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5
Q

origin: Medial side of base of styloid process

A

Stylopharyngeus muscle

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6
Q

insertion: Pharyngeal wall

A
  • Stylopharyngeus
  • Salpingopharyngeus
  • Palatopharyngeus
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7
Q

innervation: Glossopharyngeal (IX)

A

-Stylopharyngeus

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8
Q

function: elevation of pharynx

A
  • Stylopharyngeus

- Salpingopharyngeus

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9
Q

origin: Inferior aspect of pharyngeal end of pharyngeal tympanic tube

A

-Salpingopharyngeus

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10
Q

innervation: vagus nerve (X)

A
  • Salpingopharyngeus

- Palatopharyngeus

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11
Q

origin: Upper surface of palatine aponeurosis

A

-Palatopharyngeus

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12
Q

function: Elevation of pharynx; closure of the oropharyngeal isthmus

A

-Palatopharyngeus

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13
Q

allows muscles, nerves, and vessels to pass in and out of the oral cavity`

A

The oropharyngeal triangle

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14
Q

behind the posterior apertures (choanae) of the nasal cavity

A

nasopharynx

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15
Q

closes the pharyngeal isthmus

A

Elevation of the soft palate and constriction of the palatopharyngeal sphincter

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16
Q

forms the pharyngeal (adenoids), palatine, and lingual tonsils

A

collection of lymph tissue

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17
Q

opens into the nasopharynx

A

opening to pharyngotympanic tube

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18
Q

Vessels that supply the upper part of the larynx include:

A
  • ascending pharyngeal, -palatine
  • tonsillar branches of the facial artery
  • branches of the maxillary and lingual
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19
Q

lower part of larynx is supplied by:

A

pharyngeal branch (artery)

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20
Q

form a plexus

A

veins of pharynx

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21
Q
  • Superiorly they drain into the pterygoid plexus

- Inferiorly they drain into the facial and jugular veins

A

veins of pharynx

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22
Q

drain into the deep cervical nodes, including:

- Retropharyngeal
- Paratracheal
- infrahyoid nodes
A

lymphatic vessels of pharynx

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23
Q

drain into jugulodigastric nodes

A

palatine tonsils

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24
Q

where does the innervation of the pharynx come from?

A

Motor and sensory innervation is mostly by branches of CN IX and X, forming a plexus

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25
Q

what is the pharyngeal plexus formed by?

A
  • Pharyngeal branch of vagus (X) nerve
  • External laryngeal nerve
  • Superior laryngeal branch
  • Pharyngeal branch of glossopharyngeal (IX)
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26
Q
  • musculoligamentous structure

- continuous with the trachea and opens into the pharynx posterior and inferior to the tongue

A

larynx

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27
Q

It acts as both a valve to close off lower respiratory tract and as a sound producing structure

A

larynx

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28
Q

Composed of:

  • cartilages (cricoid, thyroid, epiglottis, arytenoid, corniculate, and cuneiform), -membranes
  • muscles
A

larynx

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29
Q
  • completely closes airway

- most inferior cartilage

A

Cricoid

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30
Q
  • enlarged and has 2 depressions separated by a vertical ridge that attaches to the esophagus
    • has 2 facets on each side for articulation with thyroid and arytenoid cartilages
A

posterior surface of cricoid

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31
Q
  • Largest cartilage formed by right and left lamina
  • posteriorly set wide apart
  • anteriorly converge at the laryngeal prominence
A

thyroid cartilage

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32
Q

extend towards cricoid cartilage and hyoid bone respectively

A

Inferior and superior horns of thyroid cartilage

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33
Q

forms the attachment for extrinsic muscles of the larynx

A

oblique line of thyroid cartilage

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34
Q
  • is more acute in men (90°) than in women (120°)

- So the laryngeal prominence is more obvious in men (Adam’s apple)

A

thyroid angle

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35
Q

-Leaf shaped cartilage

A

epiglottis

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36
Q
  • stem of epiglottis

- attaches the epiglottis to the midline of the posterior aspect of the thyroid cartilage

A

thyro-epiglottic ligament

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37
Q

raised to form the epiglottic tubercle

A

inferior half of the posterior surface of epiglottis

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38
Q

-are pyramid shaped

A

2 arytenoid cartilages

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39
Q

articulates with cricoid

A

base of arytenoid

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40
Q

articulates with the corniculate cartilage

A

apex of arytenoid

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41
Q

has 2 depressions for muscle and ligament attachment

A

lateral surface of arytenoid

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42
Q

face each other

A

medial surfaces of arytenoid

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43
Q

attaches to the vocal process

A

vocal ligament

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44
Q

-2 small conical cartilages that articulate with the arytenoid apices

A

Corniculate cartilages

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45
Q

project posteromedially towards each other

A

apices of corniculate cartilages

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46
Q

are club shaped and suspended in the fibro-elastic membrane that attaches arytenoids to lateral margin of epiglottis

A

cuneiform cartilages

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47
Q

what are the extrinsic ligaments of the larynx?

A
  • thyrohyoid membrane
  • triticeal cartilage
  • hyo-epiglottic
  • cricotrracheal ligament
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48
Q

tough fibro-elastic ligament spanning between superior margin of thyroid and hyoid bone above

A

thyrohyoid membrane

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49
Q

allows nerves and lymphatics to pass through

A

aperture of thyrohyoid membrane

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50
Q

thickened to form the lateral thyrohoid and median thyrohyoid ligaments

A

posterior and anterior borders of thyrohyoid

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51
Q

-occasionally a small cartilage in the lateral thyrohyoid ligament

A

triticeal cartilage

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52
Q

between hyoid and epiglottis

A

hyo-epiglottic ligament

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53
Q

between cricoid and 1st tracheal cartilage

A

cricotracheal ligament

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54
Q

what are the intrinsic ligaments of the larynx?

A
  • fibro-elastic membrane
  • Lower cricothyroid ligament
  • upper quandrangle membrane
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55
Q

-links together the laryngeal cartilages and completes the architecture of the laryngeal cavity

  • composed of:
    • Lower cricothyroid ligament
    • upper quandrangle membrane
A

fibro-elastic membrane

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56
Q
  • attaches to the superior margin of cricoid and ends as free margin within space of thyroid cartilage
  • Attaches anteriorly to the thyroid cartilage and posteriorly to vocal processes of arytenoids
A

Lower cricothyroid ligament

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57
Q

Forms vocal ligament, vocal fold, median cricothyroid ligament

A

Lower cricothyroid ligament

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58
Q
  • Attaches to the lateral margin of epiglottis and anterolateral surface of arytenoid cartilage
  • forms vestibular fold (false vocal cords)
A

Quadrangular membrane

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59
Q

Has an upper free margin and lower free margin

-Lower free margin is thickened to form vestibular ligament

A

Quadrangular membrane

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60
Q

is lateral to the vocal ligament when viewed from above

A

vestibular ligament

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61
Q

-Joints between the thyroid and cricoid, cricoid and arytenoids are synovial joints

A

Cricothyroid Joints

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62
Q

puts tension on the vocal ligament

A

Forward movement and downward rotation of the thyroid cartilage

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63
Q

-arytenoids slide toward and away from each other and pivot the vocal processes toward or away from each other
~abducts and adducts the vocal ligaments

A

Crico-arytenoid Joints

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64
Q
  • opens into the anterior aspect of the pharynx

- Divided into the vestibule, middle part, and infraglottic space

A

laryngeal inlet

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65
Q
  • protrude laterally

- house mucous glands that lubricate the vocal folds

A

laryngeal ventricle and saccule

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66
Q

opening between vocal folds

A

rima glottidis

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67
Q

opening between vestibular fold

A

rima vestibular

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68
Q

control tension of vocal folds, open and close the rima glottidis, control linear dimension of the vestibule, close rima vestibule, help close laryngeal inlet

A

intrinsic muscles of larynx

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69
Q

-pull thyroid forward and rotate it down

~lengthen (apply tension) the vocal folds

A

cricothyroid muscles

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70
Q

abduct and externally rotate arytenoids, opening rima glottidis

A

Posterior crico-thyroid muscles

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71
Q

internally rotates arytenoids adducting (closing) vocal folds

A

Lateral crico-arytenoid muscle

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72
Q

narrow the laryngeal inlet by constriction

A

Oblique arytenoid muscle

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73
Q

adjust tension in vocal folds

A

vocalis

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74
Q
  • act as a sphincter and pushing soft tissues medially and narrowing the laryngeal inlet
  • pulls the epiglottis towards the arytenoid cartilages
A

Thyro-arytenoid muscles

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75
Q

origin: Anterolateral aspect of arch of cricoid cartilage

A

Cricothyroid muscle

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76
Q

insertion: Oblique part- inferior horn of the thyroid cartilage; straight part- inferior margin of thyroid cartilage

A

Cricothyroid muscle

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77
Q

innervation: External branch of superior laryngeal nerve from the vagus nerve (X)

A

Cricothyroid muscle

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78
Q

function: Forward and downward rotation of the thyroid cartilage at the cricothyroid joint

A

Cricothyroid muscle

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79
Q

origin: Oval depression on posterior surface of lamina of cricoid cartilage

A

Posterior crico-arytenoid muscle

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80
Q

insertion: Posterior surface of muscular process of arytenoid cartilage

A

Posterior crico-arytenoid muscle

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81
Q

innervation: Recurrent laryngeal branch of the vagus nerve (X)

A

Posterior crico-arytenoid muscle

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82
Q

function: Abduction and external rotation of the arytenoid cartilage. The posterior crico-arytenoid muscles are the primary abductors of the vocal folds

A

Posterior crico-arytenoid muscle

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83
Q

origin: Superior surface of arch of cricoid cartilage

A

Lateral crico-arytenoid muscle

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84
Q

insertion: Anterior surface of muscular process of arytenoid cartilage

A

Lateral crico-arytenoid muscle

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85
Q

innervation: Recurrent laryngeal branch of vagus nerve (X)

A

Lateral crico-arytenoid muscle

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86
Q

function: Internal rotation of the arytenoid cartilage and adduction of vocal fold

A

Lateral crico-arytenoid muscle

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87
Q

origin: Lateral border of posterior surface of arytenoid cartilage

A

Transverse arytenoid muscle

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88
Q

insertion: Lateral border of posterior surface of opposite arytenoid cartilage

A

Transverse arytenoid muscle

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89
Q

innervation: Recurrent laryngeal branch of vagus nerve (X)

A

Transverse arytenoid muscle

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90
Q

function: Adduction of arytenoid cartilages

A

Transverse arytenoid muscle

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91
Q

origin: Posterior surface of muscular process of arytenoid cartilage

A

Oblique arytenoid muscle

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92
Q

insertion: Posterior surface of apex of adjacent arytenoid cartilage

A

Oblique arytenoid muscle

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93
Q

innervation: Recurrent laryngeal branch of vagus nerve (X)

A

Oblique arytenoid muscle

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94
Q

function: Sphincter of the laryngeal inlet

A

Oblique arytenoid muscle

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95
Q

origin: Thyroid angle and adjacent cricothyroid ligament

A

Thyro-arytenoid muscle

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96
Q

insertion: Anterolateral surface of the arytenoid cartilage

A

Thyro-arytenoid muscle

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97
Q

innervation: Recurrent laryngeal branch of vagus nerve (X)

A

Thyro-arytenoid muscle

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98
Q

function: Sphincter of vestibule and of laryngeal in let

A

Thyro-arytenoid muscle

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99
Q

origin: Lateral surface of vocal process of arytenoid cartilage

A

vocalis muscle

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100
Q

insertion: Vocal ligament and thyroid angle

A

vocalis muscle

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101
Q

innervation: Recurrent laryngeal branch of vagus nerve (X)

A

vocalis muscle

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102
Q

function: Adjusts tension on vocal folds

A

vocalis muscle

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103
Q

what are the functions of the larynx?

A
  • Respiration/forced inspiration
  • Phonation
  • Effort closure
  • Swallowing
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104
Q

what is the major arterial supply to the larynx?

A

superior and inferior laryngeal arteries

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105
Q

accompanies the superior laryngeal nerve through the thyrohyoid membrane to the larynx

A

superior artery

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106
Q
  • areas above the vocal folds follow superior laryngeal artery and drain into deep cervical nodes
  • areas below vocal folds drain into deep nodes
A

lymphatics of larynx

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107
Q

what veins drain into the larynx?

A
  • superior laryngeal

- inferior laryngeal

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108
Q

drains into superior thyroid and into internal jugular

A

superior laryngeal

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109
Q

drains into inferior thyroid veins and into left brachiocephalic

A

inferior laryngeal

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110
Q

what nerves innervate the larynx?

A
  • Sensory and motor innervation is by 2 branches of the vagus (X) nerve
    • superior laryngeal nerve
    • recurrent laryngeal nerve
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111
Q

originates from the inferior vagal ganglion and divides into internal and external branches

A

superior laryngeal nerve

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112
Q

sensory to laryngeal cavity below vocal folds and motor innervation to all intrinsic muscles except cricothyroid

A

recurrent laryngeal nerve

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113
Q
  • the upper most parts of the respiratory tract
  • contain olfactory receptors
  • separated by the nasal septum
A

2 nasal cavities

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114
Q

open onto the inferior surface of the nose

A

the nares

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115
Q

open into nasopharynx

A

Posterior apertures (choanae)

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116
Q

form floor and roof of nasal cavities

A

Hard palate and parts of frontal, ethmoid, and sphenoid bones

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117
Q
  • characterized by 3 curved shelves of bone (conchae)
    • inferior
    • middle
    • superior
A

lateral wall of nasal cavity

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118
Q

separated by inferior, middle, superior nasal meatuses, and spheno-ethmoidal recess

A

3 conchae (inferior, middle, superior) and roof and floor of nasal cavity

119
Q

increase the surface area of contact between the lateral wall and respired air

A

the conchae

120
Q

are continuous with the nasal cavity

A

paranasal sinuses

121
Q

erodes open during childhood

A

The openings between the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses

122
Q

also opens into the nasal cavity

A

nasolacrimal duct

123
Q

what are the 3 regions of each nasal cavity?

A
  • nasal vestibule
  • respiratory region
  • olfactory
124
Q

small dilated area just internal to nares

A

nasal vestibule

125
Q

largest and rich neurovascular supply

A

respiratory region

126
Q

small and at the apex of the nasal cavity

A

olfactory

127
Q

heats, moistens, and cleans the air, smelling

A

nasal cavity

128
Q

Innervation is by 3 CN-

 - olfactory (I)
 - trigeminal (V)
 - facial nerve (VII)
A

nasal cavity

129
Q

what is the blood supply of the nasal cavity?

A
  • maxillary artery
  • facial artery
  • ophthalmic artery
130
Q

what are the bones that contribute to the nasal cavities?

A
  • the unpaired ethmoid, sphenoid, frontal, and vomer bones

- paired nasal, maxillary, palatine, and lacrimal bones, and inferior conchae

131
Q

composed of 2 ethmoidal labyrinths on each side of the cribriform plate
-perpendicular plate descends vertically

A

ethmoid bone

132
Q

attaches to the falx cerebri of dura mater

A

crista galli

133
Q
  • extends out onto the face and positions nares so they point downwards
  • Held open by some bone (posteriorly) but mainly cartilage (anteriorly)
A

external nose

134
Q

forms anterior part of the nasal septum

A
  • lateral processes of septal cartilages
  • major alar
  • 3-4 minor alar cartilages
  • single septal cartilage in midline
135
Q

what are the 4 paranasal air sinuses?

A
  • ethmoidal cells
  • sphenoid
  • maxillary
  • frontal sinuses
136
Q

are lined with respiratory mucosa (ciliated and mucous producing), open into nasal cavities, and innervated by branches of trigeminal (V)

A

all paranasal sinuses

137
Q

the most superior paranasal sinus

A

frontal sinus

138
Q

found in the ethmoid labyrinth

A

ethmoidal cells

139
Q

the largest paranasal sinus

A

maxillary sinus

140
Q
  • found on either side within the body of the sphenoid

- opens into the superior posterior end of the nasal cavity

A

sphenoid sinus

141
Q

mucosa-covered septum (septal cartilage, perpendicular plate of ethmoid, nasal crests of maxilla and palatine bones, vomer)

A

medial wall of nasal cavity

142
Q
  • is smooth and concave and much wider than the roof

- Formed by the palatine process of maxilla and horizontal plate of palatine bones

A

floor of nasal cavity

143
Q

form the anterior floor of nasal cavity

A

soft tissues of the external nares

144
Q

Highest and narrow part formed by the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone

A

roof of nasal cavity

145
Q

what is the roof of the nasal cavity formed by anteriorly?

A

by nasal spine of frontal bone, nasal bones, and lateral processes of septal cartilages

146
Q

what is the roof of the nasal cavity formed by posteriorly?

A

sphenoid bone

147
Q

-is complex and formed by bone, cartilage, and soft tissue

A

lateral wall of nasal cavity

148
Q

what is the bone support of lateral wall of nasal cavity formed by?

A
  • ethmoidal labyrinth
  • superior and middle concha
  • uncinated process
  • perpendicular plate of palatine
  • pterygoid plate
  • lacrimal bones
  • maxillae
  • inferior concha
149
Q

opens onto the lateral wall

A

nasolacrimal duct

150
Q

where do the openings on the lateral wall come from?

A

most come from paranasal sinuses

151
Q
  • are oval apertures that are held open by surrounding alar and septal cartilages, and inferior nasal spine of maxilla
  • can be widened further by nasalis, depressor septi nasi, and levator labii superioris
A

the nares

152
Q
  • Oval shaped openings between nasal cavity and nasopharynx

- Formed by horizontal plate of palatine, pterygoid plate, vomer

A

choanae

153
Q

maxillary artery, V2 (nasopalatine and superior nasal branches) enter this:

A

Sphenopalatine foramen

154
Q

nasopalatine nerve and greater palatine artery enter this:

A

incisive canal

155
Q

Internal nasal branches (V2), inferior nasal branches (V2)

A

small foramina

156
Q

what are the gateways of the nasal cavities?

A
  • Sphenopalatine foramen
  • incisive canal
  • small foramina
157
Q

has a rich vascular supply for altering humidity and temperature of respired air

A

nasal cavity

158
Q

what are the branches off the external carotid that supply the nasal cavity?

A
  • sphenopalatine
  • greater palatine
  • superior labial
  • lateral nasal
159
Q

what are the branches off the internal carotid that supply the nasal cavity?

A

anterior and posterior ethmoidal

160
Q

Veins (of nasal cavity) that pass with branches from the maxillary artery drain into the:

A

pterygoid plexus

161
Q

Veins from anterior regions of nasal cavity join the:

A

facial vein

162
Q

what nerves innervate the nasal cavity?

A
  • olfactory nerve (I)

- branches of ophthalmic (V1) and maxillary (V2)

163
Q

anterior and posterior ethmoidal nerves

A

ophthalmic branches

164
Q

lateral nasal, nasopalatine, posterior inferior nerves

A

maxillary branches

165
Q

drain into the face and then submandibular nodes

A

lymphatics in anterior regions of nasal cavity

166
Q

drains into upper deep cervical nodes

A

lymphatics in posterior regions (of nasal cavity) and paranasal sinuses

167
Q
  • Inferior to nasal cavities
  • Has floor, walls, roof
  • divided into the oral vestibule and oral cavity proper
A

oral cavity

168
Q

opens into oral vestibule

A

oral fissure

169
Q

-Formed by:
~paired maxillae, palatine, and temporal bones
~Unpaired mandible, sphenoid, and hyoid bones

A

skeletal framework of skull?

170
Q

projects backward from margin of hard palate

A

posterior nasal spine

171
Q

provides attachment for muscles of the tongue

~such as styloglossus

A

styloid process

172
Q

fuse at the mandibular symphysis

A

left and right parts of mandible

173
Q

houses the teeth

A

alveolar arch

174
Q
  • has many points of muscle attachment:
    • mental spines for tongue muscles
    • mylohyoid line for mylohyoid muscle,
A

medial surface of mandible

175
Q
  • Small U-shaped bone with body, greater horns, and lesser horns
  • Connects floor of mouth with pharynx and larynx
A

hyoid bone

176
Q

what are the walls of the oral cavity formed by?

A

cheeks

177
Q

consist of fascia and skeletal muscle (buccinator) sandwiched between skin on the outside and oral mucosa on the inside

A

cheeks

178
Q
  • the largest facial muscle

- It is in the same plane as the superior constrictor

A

buccinator

179
Q

provide continuity between the walls of the oral and pharyngeal cavities

A
  • buccinator muscle

- superior constrictor muscle

180
Q

Formed by a muscular diaphragm that fills the U-shaped gap

A

floor of oral cavity

181
Q

join centrally via raphe

A

paired mylohyoid muscles

182
Q
  • runs from the mandible to the hyoid

- strap like

A

geniohyoid

183
Q

what are the muscles of the floor of the mouth?

A
  • mylohyoid

- geniohyoid

184
Q

origin: Mylohyoid line of mandible

A

mylohyoid muscle

185
Q

insertion: Median fibrous raphe and adjacent hyoid bone

A

mylohyoid muscle

186
Q

innervation: Nerve to mylohyoid from inferior alveolar branch of mandibular

A

mylohyoid muscle

187
Q

function: Supports and elevates floor of oral cavity; depresses mandible when hyoid is fixed; elevates and pulls hyoid forward when mandible is fixed

A

mylohyoid muscle

188
Q

origin: Inferior mental spines of mandible

A

geniohyoid muscle

189
Q

insertion: body of hyoid bone

A

geniohyoid muscle

190
Q

innervation: C1

A

geniohyoid muscle

191
Q

function: Elevates and pulls hyoid bone forward; depresses mandible when hyoid is fixed

A

geniohyoid muscle

192
Q
  • a major route through which structures pass from the neck and infratemporal fossa into the oral cavity
  • gateway to the floor of the oral cavity
A

triangular aperture (oropharyngeal triangle)

193
Q

what structures pass through the triangular aperture of oral cavity?

A

structures associated with the tongue:

 - muscles (hypoglossus and styloglossus) 
 - vessels (lingual)
 - nerves (lingual, hypoglossal (XII), glossopharyngeal(IX))
 - lymphatics
194
Q

is anterior behind incisors

A

apex of tongue

195
Q

attached to the mandible and hyoid

A

root of tongue

196
Q

is 2/3 of tongue

A

superior surface of tongue

197
Q

is 1/3 of tongue

A

pharyngeal surface of tongue

198
Q

what are the parts of the tongue?

A
  • Fungiform
  • filiform
  • vallate
  • foliate papillae
199
Q

which part of the tongue doesn’t have taste buds?

A

filiform

200
Q

all muscles of the tongue are:

A

paired-separated by the septum

201
Q

what are the extrinsic muscles of the tongue?

A
  • genioglossus
  • hyoglossus
  • styloglossus
  • palatoglossus
202
Q

what are the intrinsic muscles of the tongue?

A
  • superior and inferior longitudinal muscles
  • transverse muscles
  • vertical muscles
203
Q
  • makes a substantial contribution to the tongue
    • Depresses central part of tongue and protrudes the anterior part
    • innervated by hypoglossal (CN XII)
A

Genioglossus muscle

204
Q
  • is a thin quadrangular muscle lateral to genioglossus

- depresses the tongue

A

hyoglossus muscle

205
Q
  • originates from styloid process and passes through the oropharyngeal triangle
  • retract the tongue and pull the back of the tongue superiorly
A

styloglossus muscle

206
Q
  • associated with the soft palate

- elevate the back of the tongue, move palatoglossal arches of mucosa toward midline, and depress soft palate

A

Palatoglossus muscles

207
Q

origin: Submucosal connective tissue at the back of the tongue and from the median septum of tongue

A

superior longitudinal muscle of tongue

208
Q

insertion: Muscle fibers pass forward and obliquely to submucosal connective tissue and mucosa on margins of tongue

A

superior longitudinal muscle of tongue

209
Q

innervation: hypoglossal nerve (XII)

A
  • superior longitudinal
  • inferior longitudinal
  • transverse
  • vertical muscle
  • genioglossus
  • hyoglossus
  • styloglossus
  • patatoglossus
210
Q

function: Shortens tongue; curls apex and sides of tongue

A

superior longitudinal muscle

211
Q

origin: roof of tongue

A

inferior longitudinal muscle of tongue

212
Q

insertion: apex of tongue

A

inferior longitudinal muscle of tongue

213
Q

function: Shortens tongue; uncurls apex and turns it downward

A

inferior longitudinal muscle of tongue

214
Q

origin: Median septum of the tongue

A

transverse muscle of tongue

215
Q

insertion: Submucosal connective tissue on lateral margins of tongue

A

transverse muscle of tongue

216
Q

function:

A

Narrows and elongates tongue

217
Q

origin: Submucosal connective tissue on dorsum of tongue

A

vertical muscle of tongue

218
Q

insertion: connective tissue in more ventral regions of tongue

A

vertical muscle of tongue

219
Q

function: flattens and widens tongue

A

vertical muscle of tongue

220
Q

origin: superior mental spines

A

genioglossus muscle of tongue

221
Q

insertion: Body of hyoid; entire length of tongue

A

genioglossus muscle of tongue

222
Q

function: Protrudes tongue; depresses center of tongue

A

genioglossus muscle of tongue

223
Q

origin: Greater horn and adjacent part of hyoid bone

A

hyoglossus muscle of tongue

224
Q

insertion: lateral surface of tongue

A

hyoglossus muscle of tongue

225
Q

function: depresses tongue

A

hyoglossus muscle of tongue

226
Q

origin: styloid process

A

styloglossus muscle of tongue

227
Q

insertion: Lateral surface of tongue

A

styloglossus muscle of tongue

228
Q

function: elevates and retracts tongue

A

styloglossus muscle of tongue

229
Q

origin: inferior surface of palatine aponeurosis

A

palatoglossus muscle of tongue

230
Q

insertion: Lateral margin of tongue

A

palatoglossus muscle of tongue

231
Q

function: Depresses palate; moves palatoglossal fold toward midline; elevates back of tongue

A

palatoglossus muscle of tongue

232
Q

what is the major artery of the tongue?

A

lingual artery

233
Q

what is the venous drainage of the tongue?

A

drained by the deep and dorsal lingual veins

234
Q

what are the nerves that innervate the tongue?

A
  • Glossopharyngeal (IX)
  • Lingual (from V3)
  • Facial (VII)
  • Hypoglossal (XII)
235
Q

what are the nerves involved in sensory function of the tongue?

A

linigual) V3, (facial) VII, IX (glossopharyngeal)

236
Q

what are the nerves involved in the motor functions of the tongue?

A
  • hypoglossal (XII)

- vagus nerve (X)

237
Q
  • innervates the anterior 2/3 of the oral part of the tongue

- originates in the infratemporal fossa and passes through the oropharyngeal triangle

A

lingual nerve

238
Q

which muscle of the tongue is not innervated by the hypoglossal nerve?

A

palatoglossus muscle

239
Q

It leaves the skull through the hypoglossal foramen and passes through the oropharyngeal triangle to enter the floor of the oral cavity

A

hypoglossal nerve

240
Q

includes the paired parotid glands, submandibular, and sublingual

A

large salivary glands

241
Q

is entirely outside the oral cavity

A

parotid salivary gland

242
Q

takes saliva to the oral cavity

A

parotid duct

243
Q
  • is a hook-shaped gland

- larger hook is outside the oral cavity, with the smaller one hooking around the mylohyoid

A

submandibular gland

244
Q

lies directly against the medial surface of the mandible

A

sublingual gland

245
Q

Parasympathetic innervation of all glands in the oral cavity is by the:

A

facial nerve (VI)

246
Q

receives parasympathetic fiber from the glossopharyngeal (IX) via the auriculotemporal (from V3)

A

parotid gland

247
Q

travels with the lingual nerve and gives off preganglionic fibers to the sublingual ganglion

A

chorda tympani nerve

248
Q

leave the ganglion and pass into the submandibular, sublingual, and lingual nerve

A

post ganglionic fibers

249
Q

-Consists of anterior hard and posterior soft palates

A

roof-palate

250
Q

consists of a bony plate covered in respiratory mucosa above and below by oral mucosa

A

hard palate of roof-palate

251
Q
  • continuous with the hard palate
  • depresses to help close the oropharyngeal isthmus
  • Elevates to separate nasopharynx from oropharynx
A

soft palate of roof-palate

252
Q

what are the muscles of the roof-palate

A
  • tensor veli palatine
  • levator veli palatine
  • palatopharyngeus
  • palatoglossus
  • musculus uvulae
253
Q
  • Connects the tongue to the soft palate

- Depresses the soft palate and moves palatoglossal arches toward the midline like curtains

A

Palatoglossus muscle

254
Q

origin: Scaphoid fossa of sphenoid bone; fibrous part of pharyngotympanic tube; spine of sphenoid

A

Tensor veli palatine

255
Q

insertion: Palatine aponeurosis

A

Tensor veli palatine

256
Q

innervation: Mandibular nerve (V3)

A

Tensor veli palatine

257
Q

function: Tenses the soft palate; opens pharyngotympanic tube

A

Tensor veli palatine

258
Q

origin: Petrous part of temporal bone anterior to opening for carotid canal

A

Levator veli palatini

259
Q

insertion: Superior surface of palatine aponeurosis

A

Levator veli palatini

260
Q

innervation: Vagus (X) via pharyngeal branch to pharyngeal plexus

A
  • Levator veli palatini
  • Palatopharyngeus
  • Palatoglossus
  • Musculus uvulae
261
Q

function: Only muscle to elevate the soft palate above the neutral position

A

Levator veli palatini

262
Q

origin: Superior surface of palatine aponeurosis

A

Palatopharyngeus

263
Q

insertion: pharyngeal wall

A

Palatopharyngeus

264
Q

function: Depresses soft palate; moves palatopharyngeal arch toward midline

A

Palatopharyngeus

265
Q

origin: Inferior surface of palatine aponeurosis

A

Palatoglossus

266
Q

insertion: Lateral margin of tongue

A

Palatoglossus

267
Q

function: Depresses palate; moves palatoglossus toward midline

A

Palatoglossus

268
Q

origin: Posterior nasal spine of hard palate

A

Musculus uvulae

269
Q

insertion: Connective tissue of uvula

A

Musculus uvulae

270
Q

function:

A

Elevates and retracts uvula; thickens central region of soft palate

271
Q

what are the arteries of the soft palate?

A
  • greater palatine

- ascending palatine

272
Q

supply the hard palate before diving into the incisive fossa

A

The greater palatine artery and nerve

273
Q

generally follow the arteries and drain into the pterygoid plexus

A

veins from the palate

274
Q

via the deep cervical nodes

A

lymphatic drainage of palate

275
Q

descend through the pterygopalatine fossa to reach the palate

A

greater and lesser palatine nerves

276
Q

also descends from the pterygopalatine fossa and passes medially

A

nasopalatine nerve

277
Q

the slit between the lips that connects the oral vestibule to the outside world

A

oral fissure

278
Q

include the philtrum and the medial labial frenulum

A

the lips

279
Q

the gingiva

A

the gums

280
Q

are attached via sockets (alveoli)

A

teeth

281
Q

what are different types of teeth based on?

A
  • morphology
  • position
  • function
282
Q

front/cutting

A

incisors

283
Q

grasp teeth

A

canine

284
Q

grind

A

premolar

285
Q

grind

A

molars

286
Q

supplied by posterior and anterior superior and inferior alveolar vessels

A

teeth

287
Q

supplied by the inferior alveolar and lingual vessels

A

gingiva

288
Q

where do the lymphatics of the teeth and gums drain into?

A
  • submental nodes
  • submandibular nodes
  • deep cervical nodes
289
Q

innervated by the inferior alveolar nerve

A

lower teeth

290
Q

branch off the maxillary nerve (V2) and innervate the upper teeth

A

Anterior, middle, and superior alveolar nerves

291
Q

innervated by nerves that arise from the trigeminal (V)

A

gingiva

292
Q

innervated by the maxillary (V2)

A

upper gums

293
Q

innervated by the mandibular (V3)

A

lower gums

human anatomy (11 decks)

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