Chapter 8 pt 3: Head and Neck Flashcards by Michelle Krebs

what are the 3 longitudinal muscles?

Stylopharyngeus
Salpingopharyngeus
Palatopharyngeus

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from the syloid process

Stylopharyngeus muscle

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from catilaginous pharyngotympanic tube

Salpingopharyngeus muscle

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from soft palate

Palatopharyngeus muscle

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origin: Medial side of base of styloid process

Stylopharyngeus muscle

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insertion: Pharyngeal wall

Stylopharyngeus
Salpingopharyngeus
Palatopharyngeus

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innervation: Glossopharyngeal (IX)

-Stylopharyngeus

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function: elevation of pharynx

Stylopharyngeus

- Salpingopharyngeus

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origin: Inferior aspect of pharyngeal end of pharyngeal tympanic tube

-Salpingopharyngeus

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innervation: vagus nerve (X)

Salpingopharyngeus

- Palatopharyngeus

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origin: Upper surface of palatine aponeurosis

-Palatopharyngeus

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function: Elevation of pharynx; closure of the oropharyngeal isthmus

-Palatopharyngeus

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allows muscles, nerves, and vessels to pass in and out of the oral cavity`

The oropharyngeal triangle

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behind the posterior apertures (choanae) of the nasal cavity

nasopharynx

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closes the pharyngeal isthmus

Elevation of the soft palate and constriction of the palatopharyngeal sphincter

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forms the pharyngeal (adenoids), palatine, and lingual tonsils

collection of lymph tissue

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opens into the nasopharynx

opening to pharyngotympanic tube

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Vessels that supply the upper part of the larynx include:

ascending pharyngeal, -palatine
tonsillar branches of the facial artery
branches of the maxillary and lingual

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lower part of larynx is supplied by:

pharyngeal branch (artery)

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form a plexus

veins of pharynx

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Superiorly they drain into the pterygoid plexus

- Inferiorly they drain into the facial and jugular veins

veins of pharynx

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drain into the deep cervical nodes, including:

- Retropharyngeal
- Paratracheal
- infrahyoid nodes

lymphatic vessels of pharynx

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drain into jugulodigastric nodes

palatine tonsils

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where does the innervation of the pharynx come from?

Motor and sensory innervation is mostly by branches of CN IX and X, forming a plexus

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what is the pharyngeal plexus formed by?

- Pharyngeal branch of vagus (X) nerve - External laryngeal nerve - Superior laryngeal branch - Pharyngeal branch of glossopharyngeal (IX)

- musculoligamentous structure | - continuous with the trachea and opens into the pharynx posterior and inferior to the tongue

larynx

It acts as both a valve to close off lower respiratory tract and as a sound producing structure

larynx

Composed of: - cartilages (cricoid, thyroid, epiglottis, arytenoid, corniculate, and cuneiform), -membranes - muscles

larynx

- completely closes airway | - most inferior cartilage

Cricoid

- enlarged and has 2 depressions separated by a vertical ridge that attaches to the esophagus - has 2 facets on each side for articulation with thyroid and arytenoid cartilages

posterior surface of cricoid

- Largest cartilage formed by right and left lamina - posteriorly set wide apart - anteriorly converge at the laryngeal prominence

thyroid cartilage

extend towards cricoid cartilage and hyoid bone respectively

Inferior and superior horns of thyroid cartilage

forms the attachment for extrinsic muscles of the larynx

oblique line of thyroid cartilage

- is more acute in men (90°) than in women (120°) | - So the laryngeal prominence is more obvious in men (Adam’s apple)

thyroid angle

-Leaf shaped cartilage

epiglottis

- stem of epiglottis | - attaches the epiglottis to the midline of the posterior aspect of the thyroid cartilage

thyro-epiglottic ligament

raised to form the epiglottic tubercle

inferior half of the posterior surface of epiglottis

-are pyramid shaped

2 arytenoid cartilages

articulates with cricoid

base of arytenoid

articulates with the corniculate cartilage

apex of arytenoid

has 2 depressions for muscle and ligament attachment

lateral surface of arytenoid

face each other

medial surfaces of arytenoid

attaches to the vocal process

vocal ligament

-2 small conical cartilages that articulate with the arytenoid apices

Corniculate cartilages

project posteromedially towards each other

apices of corniculate cartilages

are club shaped and suspended in the fibro-elastic membrane that attaches arytenoids to lateral margin of epiglottis

cuneiform cartilages

what are the extrinsic ligaments of the larynx?

- thyrohyoid membrane - triticeal cartilage - hyo-epiglottic - cricotrracheal ligament

tough fibro-elastic ligament spanning between superior margin of thyroid and hyoid bone above

thyrohyoid membrane

allows nerves and lymphatics to pass through

aperture of thyrohyoid membrane

thickened to form the lateral thyrohoid and median thyrohyoid ligaments

posterior and anterior borders of thyrohyoid

-occasionally a small cartilage in the lateral thyrohyoid ligament

triticeal cartilage

between hyoid and epiglottis

hyo-epiglottic ligament

between cricoid and 1st tracheal cartilage

cricotracheal ligament

what are the intrinsic ligaments of the larynx?

- fibro-elastic membrane - Lower cricothyroid ligament - upper quandrangle membrane

-links together the laryngeal cartilages and completes the architecture of the laryngeal cavity - composed of: - Lower cricothyroid ligament - upper quandrangle membrane

fibro-elastic membrane

- attaches to the superior margin of cricoid and ends as free margin within space of thyroid cartilage - Attaches anteriorly to the thyroid cartilage and posteriorly to vocal processes of arytenoids

Lower cricothyroid ligament

Forms vocal ligament, vocal fold, median cricothyroid ligament

Lower cricothyroid ligament

- Attaches to the lateral margin of epiglottis and anterolateral surface of arytenoid cartilage - forms vestibular fold (false vocal cords)

Quadrangular membrane

Has an upper free margin and lower free margin | -Lower free margin is thickened to form vestibular ligament

Quadrangular membrane

is lateral to the vocal ligament when viewed from above

vestibular ligament

-Joints between the thyroid and cricoid, cricoid and arytenoids are synovial joints

Cricothyroid Joints

puts tension on the vocal ligament

Forward movement and downward rotation of the thyroid cartilage

-arytenoids slide toward and away from each other and pivot the vocal processes toward or away from each other ~abducts and adducts the vocal ligaments

Crico-arytenoid Joints

- opens into the anterior aspect of the pharynx | - Divided into the vestibule, middle part, and infraglottic space

laryngeal inlet

- protrude laterally | - house mucous glands that lubricate the vocal folds

laryngeal ventricle and saccule

opening between vocal folds

rima glottidis

opening between vestibular fold

rima vestibular

control tension of vocal folds, open and close the rima glottidis, control linear dimension of the vestibule, close rima vestibule, help close laryngeal inlet

intrinsic muscles of larynx

-pull thyroid forward and rotate it down | ~lengthen (apply tension) the vocal folds

cricothyroid muscles

abduct and externally rotate arytenoids, opening rima glottidis

Posterior crico-thyroid muscles

internally rotates arytenoids adducting (closing) vocal folds

Lateral crico-arytenoid muscle

narrow the laryngeal inlet by constriction

Oblique arytenoid muscle

adjust tension in vocal folds

vocalis

- act as a sphincter and pushing soft tissues medially and narrowing the laryngeal inlet - pulls the epiglottis towards the arytenoid cartilages

Thyro-arytenoid muscles

origin: Anterolateral aspect of arch of cricoid cartilage

Cricothyroid muscle

insertion: Oblique part- inferior horn of the thyroid cartilage; straight part- inferior margin of thyroid cartilage

Cricothyroid muscle

innervation: External branch of superior laryngeal nerve from the vagus nerve (X)

Cricothyroid muscle

function: Forward and downward rotation of the thyroid cartilage at the cricothyroid joint

Cricothyroid muscle

origin: Oval depression on posterior surface of lamina of cricoid cartilage

Posterior crico-arytenoid muscle

insertion: Posterior surface of muscular process of arytenoid cartilage

Posterior crico-arytenoid muscle

innervation: Recurrent laryngeal branch of the vagus nerve (X)

Posterior crico-arytenoid muscle

function: Abduction and external rotation of the arytenoid cartilage. The posterior crico-arytenoid muscles are the primary abductors of the vocal folds

Posterior crico-arytenoid muscle

origin: Superior surface of arch of cricoid cartilage

Lateral crico-arytenoid muscle

insertion: Anterior surface of muscular process of arytenoid cartilage

Lateral crico-arytenoid muscle

innervation: Recurrent laryngeal branch of vagus nerve (X)

Lateral crico-arytenoid muscle

function: Internal rotation of the arytenoid cartilage and adduction of vocal fold

Lateral crico-arytenoid muscle

origin: Lateral border of posterior surface of arytenoid cartilage

Transverse arytenoid muscle

insertion: Lateral border of posterior surface of opposite arytenoid cartilage

Transverse arytenoid muscle

innervation: Recurrent laryngeal branch of vagus nerve (X)

Transverse arytenoid muscle

function: Adduction of arytenoid cartilages

Transverse arytenoid muscle

origin: Posterior surface of muscular process of arytenoid cartilage

Oblique arytenoid muscle

insertion: Posterior surface of apex of adjacent arytenoid cartilage

Oblique arytenoid muscle

innervation: Recurrent laryngeal branch of vagus nerve (X)

Oblique arytenoid muscle

function: Sphincter of the laryngeal inlet

Oblique arytenoid muscle

origin: Thyroid angle and adjacent cricothyroid ligament

Thyro-arytenoid muscle

insertion: Anterolateral surface of the arytenoid cartilage

Thyro-arytenoid muscle

innervation: Recurrent laryngeal branch of vagus nerve (X)

Thyro-arytenoid muscle

function: Sphincter of vestibule and of laryngeal in let

Thyro-arytenoid muscle

origin: Lateral surface of vocal process of arytenoid cartilage

vocalis muscle

insertion: Vocal ligament and thyroid angle

vocalis muscle

innervation: Recurrent laryngeal branch of vagus nerve (X)

vocalis muscle

function: Adjusts tension on vocal folds

vocalis muscle

what are the functions of the larynx?

- Respiration/forced inspiration - Phonation - Effort closure - Swallowing

what is the major arterial supply to the larynx?

superior and inferior laryngeal arteries

accompanies the superior laryngeal nerve through the thyrohyoid membrane to the larynx

superior artery

- areas above the vocal folds follow superior laryngeal artery and drain into deep cervical nodes - areas below vocal folds drain into deep nodes

lymphatics of larynx

what veins drain into the larynx?

- superior laryngeal | - inferior laryngeal

drains into superior thyroid and into internal jugular

superior laryngeal

drains into inferior thyroid veins and into left brachiocephalic

inferior laryngeal

what nerves innervate the larynx?

* Sensory and motor innervation is by 2 branches of the vagus (X) nerve - superior laryngeal nerve - recurrent laryngeal nerve

originates from the inferior vagal ganglion and divides into internal and external branches

superior laryngeal nerve

sensory to laryngeal cavity below vocal folds and motor innervation to all intrinsic muscles except cricothyroid

recurrent laryngeal nerve

- the upper most parts of the respiratory tract - contain olfactory receptors - separated by the nasal septum

2 nasal cavities

open onto the inferior surface of the nose

the nares

open into nasopharynx

Posterior apertures (choanae)

form floor and roof of nasal cavities

Hard palate and parts of frontal, ethmoid, and sphenoid bones

* characterized by 3 curved shelves of bone (conchae) - inferior - middle - superior

lateral wall of nasal cavity

separated by inferior, middle, superior nasal meatuses, and spheno-ethmoidal recess

3 conchae (inferior, middle, superior) and roof and floor of nasal cavity

increase the surface area of contact between the lateral wall and respired air

the conchae

are continuous with the nasal cavity

paranasal sinuses

erodes open during childhood

The openings between the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses

also opens into the nasal cavity

nasolacrimal duct

what are the 3 regions of each nasal cavity?

- nasal vestibule - respiratory region - olfactory

small dilated area just internal to nares

nasal vestibule

largest and rich neurovascular supply

respiratory region

small and at the apex of the nasal cavity

olfactory

heats, moistens, and cleans the air, smelling

nasal cavity

Innervation is by 3 CN- - olfactory (I) - trigeminal (V) - facial nerve (VII)

nasal cavity

what is the blood supply of the nasal cavity?

- maxillary artery - facial artery - ophthalmic artery

what are the bones that contribute to the nasal cavities?

- the unpaired ethmoid, sphenoid, frontal, and vomer bones | - paired nasal, maxillary, palatine, and lacrimal bones, and inferior conchae

composed of 2 ethmoidal labyrinths on each side of the cribriform plate -perpendicular plate descends vertically

ethmoid bone

attaches to the falx cerebri of dura mater

crista galli

- extends out onto the face and positions nares so they point downwards - Held open by some bone (posteriorly) but mainly cartilage (anteriorly)

external nose

forms anterior part of the nasal septum

- lateral processes of septal cartilages - major alar - 3-4 minor alar cartilages - single septal cartilage in midline

what are the 4 paranasal air sinuses?

- ethmoidal cells - sphenoid - maxillary - frontal sinuses

are lined with respiratory mucosa (ciliated and mucous producing), open into nasal cavities, and innervated by branches of trigeminal (V)

all paranasal sinuses

the most superior paranasal sinus

frontal sinus

found in the ethmoid labyrinth

ethmoidal cells

the largest paranasal sinus

maxillary sinus

- found on either side within the body of the sphenoid | - opens into the superior posterior end of the nasal cavity

sphenoid sinus

mucosa-covered septum (septal cartilage, perpendicular plate of ethmoid, nasal crests of maxilla and palatine bones, vomer)

medial wall of nasal cavity

- is smooth and concave and much wider than the roof | - Formed by the palatine process of maxilla and horizontal plate of palatine bones

floor of nasal cavity

form the anterior floor of nasal cavity

soft tissues of the external nares

Highest and narrow part formed by the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone

roof of nasal cavity

what is the roof of the nasal cavity formed by anteriorly?

by nasal spine of frontal bone, nasal bones, and lateral processes of septal cartilages

what is the roof of the nasal cavity formed by posteriorly?

sphenoid bone

-is complex and formed by bone, cartilage, and soft tissue

lateral wall of nasal cavity

what is the bone support of lateral wall of nasal cavity formed by?

- ethmoidal labyrinth - superior and middle concha - uncinated process - perpendicular plate of palatine - pterygoid plate - lacrimal bones - maxillae - inferior concha

opens onto the lateral wall

nasolacrimal duct

where do the openings on the lateral wall come from?

most come from paranasal sinuses

- are oval apertures that are held open by surrounding alar and septal cartilages, and inferior nasal spine of maxilla - can be widened further by nasalis, depressor septi nasi, and levator labii superioris

the nares

- Oval shaped openings between nasal cavity and nasopharynx | - Formed by horizontal plate of palatine, pterygoid plate, vomer

choanae

maxillary artery, V2 (nasopalatine and superior nasal branches) enter this:

Sphenopalatine foramen

nasopalatine nerve and greater palatine artery enter this:

incisive canal

Internal nasal branches (V2), inferior nasal branches (V2)

small foramina

what are the gateways of the nasal cavities?

- Sphenopalatine foramen - incisive canal - small foramina

has a rich vascular supply for altering humidity and temperature of respired air

nasal cavity

what are the branches off the external carotid that supply the nasal cavity?

- sphenopalatine - greater palatine - superior labial - lateral nasal

what are the branches off the internal carotid that supply the nasal cavity?

anterior and posterior ethmoidal

Veins (of nasal cavity) that pass with branches from the maxillary artery drain into the:

pterygoid plexus

Veins from anterior regions of nasal cavity join the:

facial vein

what nerves innervate the nasal cavity?

- olfactory nerve (I) | - branches of ophthalmic (V1) and maxillary (V2)

anterior and posterior ethmoidal nerves

ophthalmic branches

lateral nasal, nasopalatine, posterior inferior nerves

maxillary branches

drain into the face and then submandibular nodes

lymphatics in anterior regions of nasal cavity

drains into upper deep cervical nodes

lymphatics in posterior regions (of nasal cavity) and paranasal sinuses

- Inferior to nasal cavities - Has floor, walls, roof - divided into the oral vestibule and oral cavity proper

oral cavity

opens into oral vestibule

oral fissure

-Formed by: ~paired maxillae, palatine, and temporal bones ~Unpaired mandible, sphenoid, and hyoid bones

skeletal framework of skull?

projects backward from margin of hard palate

posterior nasal spine

provides attachment for muscles of the tongue | ~such as styloglossus

styloid process

fuse at the mandibular symphysis

left and right parts of mandible

houses the teeth

alveolar arch

* has many points of muscle attachment: - mental spines for tongue muscles - mylohyoid line for mylohyoid muscle,

medial surface of mandible

- Small U-shaped bone with body, greater horns, and lesser horns - Connects floor of mouth with pharynx and larynx

hyoid bone

what are the walls of the oral cavity formed by?

cheeks

consist of fascia and skeletal muscle (buccinator) sandwiched between skin on the outside and oral mucosa on the inside

cheeks

- the largest facial muscle | - It is in the same plane as the superior constrictor

buccinator

provide continuity between the walls of the oral and pharyngeal cavities

- buccinator muscle | - superior constrictor muscle

Formed by a muscular diaphragm that fills the U-shaped gap

floor of oral cavity

join centrally via raphe

paired mylohyoid muscles

- runs from the mandible to the hyoid | - strap like

geniohyoid

what are the muscles of the floor of the mouth?

- mylohyoid | - geniohyoid

origin: Mylohyoid line of mandible

mylohyoid muscle

insertion: Median fibrous raphe and adjacent hyoid bone

mylohyoid muscle

innervation: Nerve to mylohyoid from inferior alveolar branch of mandibular

mylohyoid muscle

function: Supports and elevates floor of oral cavity; depresses mandible when hyoid is fixed; elevates and pulls hyoid forward when mandible is fixed

mylohyoid muscle

origin: Inferior mental spines of mandible

geniohyoid muscle

insertion: body of hyoid bone

geniohyoid muscle

innervation: C1

geniohyoid muscle

function: Elevates and pulls hyoid bone forward; depresses mandible when hyoid is fixed

geniohyoid muscle

- a major route through which structures pass from the neck and infratemporal fossa into the oral cavity - gateway to the floor of the oral cavity

triangular aperture (oropharyngeal triangle)

what structures pass through the triangular aperture of oral cavity?

structures associated with the tongue: - muscles (hypoglossus and styloglossus) - vessels (lingual) - nerves (lingual, hypoglossal (XII), glossopharyngeal(IX)) - lymphatics

is anterior behind incisors

apex of tongue

attached to the mandible and hyoid

root of tongue

is 2/3 of tongue

superior surface of tongue

is 1/3 of tongue

pharyngeal surface of tongue

what are the parts of the tongue?

- Fungiform - filiform - vallate - foliate papillae

which part of the tongue doesn't have taste buds?

filiform

all muscles of the tongue are:

paired-separated by the septum

what are the extrinsic muscles of the tongue?

- genioglossus - hyoglossus - styloglossus - palatoglossus

what are the intrinsic muscles of the tongue?

- superior and inferior longitudinal muscles - transverse muscles - vertical muscles

* makes a substantial contribution to the tongue - Depresses central part of tongue and protrudes the anterior part - innervated by hypoglossal (CN XII)

Genioglossus muscle

- is a thin quadrangular muscle lateral to genioglossus | - depresses the tongue

hyoglossus muscle

- originates from styloid process and passes through the oropharyngeal triangle - retract the tongue and pull the back of the tongue superiorly

styloglossus muscle

- associated with the soft palate | - elevate the back of the tongue, move palatoglossal arches of mucosa toward midline, and depress soft palate

Palatoglossus muscles

origin: Submucosal connective tissue at the back of the tongue and from the median septum of tongue

superior longitudinal muscle of tongue

insertion: Muscle fibers pass forward and obliquely to submucosal connective tissue and mucosa on margins of tongue

superior longitudinal muscle of tongue

innervation: hypoglossal nerve (XII)

- superior longitudinal - inferior longitudinal - transverse - vertical muscle - genioglossus - hyoglossus - styloglossus - patatoglossus

function: Shortens tongue; curls apex and sides of tongue

superior longitudinal muscle

origin: roof of tongue

inferior longitudinal muscle of tongue

insertion: apex of tongue

inferior longitudinal muscle of tongue

function: Shortens tongue; uncurls apex and turns it downward

inferior longitudinal muscle of tongue

origin: Median septum of the tongue

transverse muscle of tongue

insertion: Submucosal connective tissue on lateral margins of tongue

transverse muscle of tongue

function:

Narrows and elongates tongue

origin: Submucosal connective tissue on dorsum of tongue

vertical muscle of tongue

insertion: connective tissue in more ventral regions of tongue

vertical muscle of tongue

function: flattens and widens tongue

vertical muscle of tongue

origin: superior mental spines

genioglossus muscle of tongue

insertion: Body of hyoid; entire length of tongue

genioglossus muscle of tongue

function: Protrudes tongue; depresses center of tongue

genioglossus muscle of tongue

origin: Greater horn and adjacent part of hyoid bone

hyoglossus muscle of tongue

insertion: lateral surface of tongue

hyoglossus muscle of tongue

function: depresses tongue

hyoglossus muscle of tongue

origin: styloid process

styloglossus muscle of tongue

insertion: Lateral surface of tongue

styloglossus muscle of tongue

function: elevates and retracts tongue

styloglossus muscle of tongue

origin: inferior surface of palatine aponeurosis

palatoglossus muscle of tongue

insertion: Lateral margin of tongue

palatoglossus muscle of tongue

function: Depresses palate; moves palatoglossal fold toward midline; elevates back of tongue

palatoglossus muscle of tongue

what is the major artery of the tongue?

lingual artery

what is the venous drainage of the tongue?

drained by the deep and dorsal lingual veins

what are the nerves that innervate the tongue?

- Glossopharyngeal (IX) - Lingual (from V3) - Facial (VII) - Hypoglossal (XII)

what are the nerves involved in sensory function of the tongue?

linigual) V3, (facial) VII, IX (glossopharyngeal)

what are the nerves involved in the motor functions of the tongue?

- hypoglossal (XII) | - vagus nerve (X)

- innervates the anterior 2/3 of the oral part of the tongue | - originates in the infratemporal fossa and passes through the oropharyngeal triangle

lingual nerve

which muscle of the tongue is not innervated by the hypoglossal nerve?

palatoglossus muscle

It leaves the skull through the hypoglossal foramen and passes through the oropharyngeal triangle to enter the floor of the oral cavity

hypoglossal nerve

includes the paired parotid glands, submandibular, and sublingual

large salivary glands

is entirely outside the oral cavity

parotid salivary gland

takes saliva to the oral cavity

parotid duct

- is a hook-shaped gland | - larger hook is outside the oral cavity, with the smaller one hooking around the mylohyoid

submandibular gland

lies directly against the medial surface of the mandible

sublingual gland

Parasympathetic innervation of all glands in the oral cavity is by the:

facial nerve (VI)

receives parasympathetic fiber from the glossopharyngeal (IX) via the auriculotemporal (from V3)

parotid gland

travels with the lingual nerve and gives off preganglionic fibers to the sublingual ganglion

chorda tympani nerve

leave the ganglion and pass into the submandibular, sublingual, and lingual nerve

post ganglionic fibers

-Consists of anterior hard and posterior soft palates

roof-palate

consists of a bony plate covered in respiratory mucosa above and below by oral mucosa

hard palate of roof-palate

- continuous with the hard palate - depresses to help close the oropharyngeal isthmus - Elevates to separate nasopharynx from oropharynx

soft palate of roof-palate

what are the muscles of the roof-palate

- tensor veli palatine - levator veli palatine - palatopharyngeus - palatoglossus - musculus uvulae

- Connects the tongue to the soft palate | - Depresses the soft palate and moves palatoglossal arches toward the midline like curtains

Palatoglossus muscle

origin: Scaphoid fossa of sphenoid bone; fibrous part of pharyngotympanic tube; spine of sphenoid

Tensor veli palatine

insertion: Palatine aponeurosis

Tensor veli palatine

innervation: Mandibular nerve (V3)

Tensor veli palatine

function: Tenses the soft palate; opens pharyngotympanic tube

Tensor veli palatine

origin: Petrous part of temporal bone anterior to opening for carotid canal

Levator veli palatini

insertion: Superior surface of palatine aponeurosis

Levator veli palatini

innervation: Vagus (X) via pharyngeal branch to pharyngeal plexus

- Levator veli palatini - Palatopharyngeus - Palatoglossus - Musculus uvulae

function: Only muscle to elevate the soft palate above the neutral position

Levator veli palatini

origin: Superior surface of palatine aponeurosis

Palatopharyngeus

insertion: pharyngeal wall

Palatopharyngeus

function: Depresses soft palate; moves palatopharyngeal arch toward midline

Palatopharyngeus

origin: Inferior surface of palatine aponeurosis

Palatoglossus

insertion: Lateral margin of tongue

Palatoglossus

function: Depresses palate; moves palatoglossus toward midline

Palatoglossus

origin: Posterior nasal spine of hard palate

Musculus uvulae

insertion: Connective tissue of uvula

Musculus uvulae

function:

Elevates and retracts uvula; thickens central region of soft palate

what are the arteries of the soft palate?

- greater palatine | - ascending palatine

supply the hard palate before diving into the incisive fossa

The greater palatine artery and nerve

generally follow the arteries and drain into the pterygoid plexus

veins from the palate

via the deep cervical nodes

lymphatic drainage of palate

descend through the pterygopalatine fossa to reach the palate

greater and lesser palatine nerves

also descends from the pterygopalatine fossa and passes medially

nasopalatine nerve

the slit between the lips that connects the oral vestibule to the outside world

oral fissure

include the philtrum and the medial labial frenulum

the lips

the gingiva

the gums

are attached via sockets (alveoli)

teeth

what are different types of teeth based on?

- morphology - position - function

front/cutting

incisors

grasp teeth

canine

grind

premolar

grind

molars

supplied by posterior and anterior superior and inferior alveolar vessels

teeth

supplied by the inferior alveolar and lingual vessels

gingiva

where do the lymphatics of the teeth and gums drain into?

- submental nodes - submandibular nodes - deep cervical nodes

innervated by the inferior alveolar nerve

lower teeth

branch off the maxillary nerve (V2) and innervate the upper teeth

Anterior, middle, and superior alveolar nerves

innervated by nerves that arise from the trigeminal (V)

gingiva

innervated by the maxillary (V2)

upper gums

innervated by the mandibular (V3)

lower gums