Chapter 8 pt 3: Head and Neck Flashcards
what are the 3 longitudinal muscles?
- Stylopharyngeus
- Salpingopharyngeus
- Palatopharyngeus
from the syloid process
Stylopharyngeus muscle
from catilaginous pharyngotympanic tube
Salpingopharyngeus muscle
from soft palate
Palatopharyngeus muscle
origin: Medial side of base of styloid process
Stylopharyngeus muscle
insertion: Pharyngeal wall
- Stylopharyngeus
- Salpingopharyngeus
- Palatopharyngeus
innervation: Glossopharyngeal (IX)
-Stylopharyngeus
function: elevation of pharynx
- Stylopharyngeus
- Salpingopharyngeus
origin: Inferior aspect of pharyngeal end of pharyngeal tympanic tube
-Salpingopharyngeus
innervation: vagus nerve (X)
- Salpingopharyngeus
- Palatopharyngeus
origin: Upper surface of palatine aponeurosis
-Palatopharyngeus
function: Elevation of pharynx; closure of the oropharyngeal isthmus
-Palatopharyngeus
allows muscles, nerves, and vessels to pass in and out of the oral cavity`
The oropharyngeal triangle
behind the posterior apertures (choanae) of the nasal cavity
nasopharynx
closes the pharyngeal isthmus
Elevation of the soft palate and constriction of the palatopharyngeal sphincter
forms the pharyngeal (adenoids), palatine, and lingual tonsils
collection of lymph tissue
opens into the nasopharynx
opening to pharyngotympanic tube
Vessels that supply the upper part of the larynx include:
- ascending pharyngeal, -palatine
- tonsillar branches of the facial artery
- branches of the maxillary and lingual
lower part of larynx is supplied by:
pharyngeal branch (artery)
form a plexus
veins of pharynx
- Superiorly they drain into the pterygoid plexus
- Inferiorly they drain into the facial and jugular veins
veins of pharynx
drain into the deep cervical nodes, including:
- Retropharyngeal - Paratracheal - infrahyoid nodes
lymphatic vessels of pharynx
drain into jugulodigastric nodes
palatine tonsils
where does the innervation of the pharynx come from?
Motor and sensory innervation is mostly by branches of CN IX and X, forming a plexus
what is the pharyngeal plexus formed by?
- Pharyngeal branch of vagus (X) nerve
- External laryngeal nerve
- Superior laryngeal branch
- Pharyngeal branch of glossopharyngeal (IX)
- musculoligamentous structure
- continuous with the trachea and opens into the pharynx posterior and inferior to the tongue
larynx
It acts as both a valve to close off lower respiratory tract and as a sound producing structure
larynx
Composed of:
- cartilages (cricoid, thyroid, epiglottis, arytenoid, corniculate, and cuneiform), -membranes
- muscles
larynx
- completely closes airway
- most inferior cartilage
Cricoid
- enlarged and has 2 depressions separated by a vertical ridge that attaches to the esophagus
- has 2 facets on each side for articulation with thyroid and arytenoid cartilages
posterior surface of cricoid
- Largest cartilage formed by right and left lamina
- posteriorly set wide apart
- anteriorly converge at the laryngeal prominence
thyroid cartilage
extend towards cricoid cartilage and hyoid bone respectively
Inferior and superior horns of thyroid cartilage
forms the attachment for extrinsic muscles of the larynx
oblique line of thyroid cartilage
- is more acute in men (90°) than in women (120°)
- So the laryngeal prominence is more obvious in men (Adam’s apple)
thyroid angle
-Leaf shaped cartilage
epiglottis
- stem of epiglottis
- attaches the epiglottis to the midline of the posterior aspect of the thyroid cartilage
thyro-epiglottic ligament
raised to form the epiglottic tubercle
inferior half of the posterior surface of epiglottis
-are pyramid shaped
2 arytenoid cartilages
articulates with cricoid
base of arytenoid
articulates with the corniculate cartilage
apex of arytenoid
has 2 depressions for muscle and ligament attachment
lateral surface of arytenoid
face each other
medial surfaces of arytenoid
attaches to the vocal process
vocal ligament
-2 small conical cartilages that articulate with the arytenoid apices
Corniculate cartilages
project posteromedially towards each other
apices of corniculate cartilages
are club shaped and suspended in the fibro-elastic membrane that attaches arytenoids to lateral margin of epiglottis
cuneiform cartilages
what are the extrinsic ligaments of the larynx?
- thyrohyoid membrane
- triticeal cartilage
- hyo-epiglottic
- cricotrracheal ligament
tough fibro-elastic ligament spanning between superior margin of thyroid and hyoid bone above
thyrohyoid membrane
allows nerves and lymphatics to pass through
aperture of thyrohyoid membrane
thickened to form the lateral thyrohoid and median thyrohyoid ligaments
posterior and anterior borders of thyrohyoid
-occasionally a small cartilage in the lateral thyrohyoid ligament
triticeal cartilage
between hyoid and epiglottis
hyo-epiglottic ligament
between cricoid and 1st tracheal cartilage
cricotracheal ligament
what are the intrinsic ligaments of the larynx?
- fibro-elastic membrane
- Lower cricothyroid ligament
- upper quandrangle membrane
-links together the laryngeal cartilages and completes the architecture of the laryngeal cavity
- composed of:
- Lower cricothyroid ligament
- upper quandrangle membrane
fibro-elastic membrane
- attaches to the superior margin of cricoid and ends as free margin within space of thyroid cartilage
- Attaches anteriorly to the thyroid cartilage and posteriorly to vocal processes of arytenoids
Lower cricothyroid ligament
Forms vocal ligament, vocal fold, median cricothyroid ligament
Lower cricothyroid ligament
- Attaches to the lateral margin of epiglottis and anterolateral surface of arytenoid cartilage
- forms vestibular fold (false vocal cords)
Quadrangular membrane
Has an upper free margin and lower free margin
-Lower free margin is thickened to form vestibular ligament
Quadrangular membrane
is lateral to the vocal ligament when viewed from above
vestibular ligament
-Joints between the thyroid and cricoid, cricoid and arytenoids are synovial joints
Cricothyroid Joints
puts tension on the vocal ligament
Forward movement and downward rotation of the thyroid cartilage
-arytenoids slide toward and away from each other and pivot the vocal processes toward or away from each other
~abducts and adducts the vocal ligaments
Crico-arytenoid Joints
- opens into the anterior aspect of the pharynx
- Divided into the vestibule, middle part, and infraglottic space
laryngeal inlet
- protrude laterally
- house mucous glands that lubricate the vocal folds
laryngeal ventricle and saccule
opening between vocal folds
rima glottidis
opening between vestibular fold
rima vestibular
control tension of vocal folds, open and close the rima glottidis, control linear dimension of the vestibule, close rima vestibule, help close laryngeal inlet
intrinsic muscles of larynx
-pull thyroid forward and rotate it down
~lengthen (apply tension) the vocal folds
cricothyroid muscles
abduct and externally rotate arytenoids, opening rima glottidis
Posterior crico-thyroid muscles
internally rotates arytenoids adducting (closing) vocal folds
Lateral crico-arytenoid muscle
narrow the laryngeal inlet by constriction
Oblique arytenoid muscle
adjust tension in vocal folds
vocalis
- act as a sphincter and pushing soft tissues medially and narrowing the laryngeal inlet
- pulls the epiglottis towards the arytenoid cartilages
Thyro-arytenoid muscles
origin: Anterolateral aspect of arch of cricoid cartilage
Cricothyroid muscle
insertion: Oblique part- inferior horn of the thyroid cartilage; straight part- inferior margin of thyroid cartilage
Cricothyroid muscle
innervation: External branch of superior laryngeal nerve from the vagus nerve (X)
Cricothyroid muscle
function: Forward and downward rotation of the thyroid cartilage at the cricothyroid joint
Cricothyroid muscle
origin: Oval depression on posterior surface of lamina of cricoid cartilage
Posterior crico-arytenoid muscle
insertion: Posterior surface of muscular process of arytenoid cartilage
Posterior crico-arytenoid muscle
innervation: Recurrent laryngeal branch of the vagus nerve (X)
Posterior crico-arytenoid muscle
function: Abduction and external rotation of the arytenoid cartilage. The posterior crico-arytenoid muscles are the primary abductors of the vocal folds
Posterior crico-arytenoid muscle
origin: Superior surface of arch of cricoid cartilage
Lateral crico-arytenoid muscle
insertion: Anterior surface of muscular process of arytenoid cartilage
Lateral crico-arytenoid muscle
innervation: Recurrent laryngeal branch of vagus nerve (X)
Lateral crico-arytenoid muscle
function: Internal rotation of the arytenoid cartilage and adduction of vocal fold
Lateral crico-arytenoid muscle
origin: Lateral border of posterior surface of arytenoid cartilage
Transverse arytenoid muscle
insertion: Lateral border of posterior surface of opposite arytenoid cartilage
Transverse arytenoid muscle
innervation: Recurrent laryngeal branch of vagus nerve (X)
Transverse arytenoid muscle
function: Adduction of arytenoid cartilages
Transverse arytenoid muscle
origin: Posterior surface of muscular process of arytenoid cartilage
Oblique arytenoid muscle
insertion: Posterior surface of apex of adjacent arytenoid cartilage
Oblique arytenoid muscle
innervation: Recurrent laryngeal branch of vagus nerve (X)
Oblique arytenoid muscle
function: Sphincter of the laryngeal inlet
Oblique arytenoid muscle
origin: Thyroid angle and adjacent cricothyroid ligament
Thyro-arytenoid muscle
insertion: Anterolateral surface of the arytenoid cartilage
Thyro-arytenoid muscle
innervation: Recurrent laryngeal branch of vagus nerve (X)
Thyro-arytenoid muscle
function: Sphincter of vestibule and of laryngeal in let
Thyro-arytenoid muscle
origin: Lateral surface of vocal process of arytenoid cartilage
vocalis muscle
insertion: Vocal ligament and thyroid angle
vocalis muscle
innervation: Recurrent laryngeal branch of vagus nerve (X)
vocalis muscle
function: Adjusts tension on vocal folds
vocalis muscle
what are the functions of the larynx?
- Respiration/forced inspiration
- Phonation
- Effort closure
- Swallowing
what is the major arterial supply to the larynx?
superior and inferior laryngeal arteries
accompanies the superior laryngeal nerve through the thyrohyoid membrane to the larynx
superior artery
- areas above the vocal folds follow superior laryngeal artery and drain into deep cervical nodes
- areas below vocal folds drain into deep nodes
lymphatics of larynx
what veins drain into the larynx?
- superior laryngeal
- inferior laryngeal
drains into superior thyroid and into internal jugular
superior laryngeal
drains into inferior thyroid veins and into left brachiocephalic
inferior laryngeal
what nerves innervate the larynx?
- Sensory and motor innervation is by 2 branches of the vagus (X) nerve
- superior laryngeal nerve
- recurrent laryngeal nerve
originates from the inferior vagal ganglion and divides into internal and external branches
superior laryngeal nerve
sensory to laryngeal cavity below vocal folds and motor innervation to all intrinsic muscles except cricothyroid
recurrent laryngeal nerve
- the upper most parts of the respiratory tract
- contain olfactory receptors
- separated by the nasal septum
2 nasal cavities
open onto the inferior surface of the nose
the nares
open into nasopharynx
Posterior apertures (choanae)
form floor and roof of nasal cavities
Hard palate and parts of frontal, ethmoid, and sphenoid bones
- characterized by 3 curved shelves of bone (conchae)
- inferior
- middle
- superior
lateral wall of nasal cavity
separated by inferior, middle, superior nasal meatuses, and spheno-ethmoidal recess
3 conchae (inferior, middle, superior) and roof and floor of nasal cavity
increase the surface area of contact between the lateral wall and respired air
the conchae
are continuous with the nasal cavity
paranasal sinuses
erodes open during childhood
The openings between the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses
also opens into the nasal cavity
nasolacrimal duct
what are the 3 regions of each nasal cavity?
- nasal vestibule
- respiratory region
- olfactory
small dilated area just internal to nares
nasal vestibule
largest and rich neurovascular supply
respiratory region
small and at the apex of the nasal cavity
olfactory
heats, moistens, and cleans the air, smelling
nasal cavity
Innervation is by 3 CN-
- olfactory (I) - trigeminal (V) - facial nerve (VII)
nasal cavity
what is the blood supply of the nasal cavity?
- maxillary artery
- facial artery
- ophthalmic artery
what are the bones that contribute to the nasal cavities?
- the unpaired ethmoid, sphenoid, frontal, and vomer bones
- paired nasal, maxillary, palatine, and lacrimal bones, and inferior conchae
composed of 2 ethmoidal labyrinths on each side of the cribriform plate
-perpendicular plate descends vertically
ethmoid bone
attaches to the falx cerebri of dura mater
crista galli
- extends out onto the face and positions nares so they point downwards
- Held open by some bone (posteriorly) but mainly cartilage (anteriorly)
external nose
forms anterior part of the nasal septum
- lateral processes of septal cartilages
- major alar
- 3-4 minor alar cartilages
- single septal cartilage in midline
what are the 4 paranasal air sinuses?
- ethmoidal cells
- sphenoid
- maxillary
- frontal sinuses
are lined with respiratory mucosa (ciliated and mucous producing), open into nasal cavities, and innervated by branches of trigeminal (V)
all paranasal sinuses
the most superior paranasal sinus
frontal sinus
found in the ethmoid labyrinth
ethmoidal cells
the largest paranasal sinus
maxillary sinus
- found on either side within the body of the sphenoid
- opens into the superior posterior end of the nasal cavity
sphenoid sinus
mucosa-covered septum (septal cartilage, perpendicular plate of ethmoid, nasal crests of maxilla and palatine bones, vomer)
medial wall of nasal cavity
- is smooth and concave and much wider than the roof
- Formed by the palatine process of maxilla and horizontal plate of palatine bones
floor of nasal cavity
form the anterior floor of nasal cavity
soft tissues of the external nares
Highest and narrow part formed by the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone
roof of nasal cavity
what is the roof of the nasal cavity formed by anteriorly?
by nasal spine of frontal bone, nasal bones, and lateral processes of septal cartilages
what is the roof of the nasal cavity formed by posteriorly?
sphenoid bone
-is complex and formed by bone, cartilage, and soft tissue
lateral wall of nasal cavity
what is the bone support of lateral wall of nasal cavity formed by?
- ethmoidal labyrinth
- superior and middle concha
- uncinated process
- perpendicular plate of palatine
- pterygoid plate
- lacrimal bones
- maxillae
- inferior concha
opens onto the lateral wall
nasolacrimal duct
where do the openings on the lateral wall come from?
most come from paranasal sinuses
- are oval apertures that are held open by surrounding alar and septal cartilages, and inferior nasal spine of maxilla
- can be widened further by nasalis, depressor septi nasi, and levator labii superioris
the nares
- Oval shaped openings between nasal cavity and nasopharynx
- Formed by horizontal plate of palatine, pterygoid plate, vomer
choanae
maxillary artery, V2 (nasopalatine and superior nasal branches) enter this:
Sphenopalatine foramen
nasopalatine nerve and greater palatine artery enter this:
incisive canal
Internal nasal branches (V2), inferior nasal branches (V2)
small foramina
what are the gateways of the nasal cavities?
- Sphenopalatine foramen
- incisive canal
- small foramina
has a rich vascular supply for altering humidity and temperature of respired air
nasal cavity
what are the branches off the external carotid that supply the nasal cavity?
- sphenopalatine
- greater palatine
- superior labial
- lateral nasal
what are the branches off the internal carotid that supply the nasal cavity?
anterior and posterior ethmoidal
Veins (of nasal cavity) that pass with branches from the maxillary artery drain into the:
pterygoid plexus
Veins from anterior regions of nasal cavity join the:
facial vein
what nerves innervate the nasal cavity?
- olfactory nerve (I)
- branches of ophthalmic (V1) and maxillary (V2)
anterior and posterior ethmoidal nerves
ophthalmic branches
lateral nasal, nasopalatine, posterior inferior nerves
maxillary branches
drain into the face and then submandibular nodes
lymphatics in anterior regions of nasal cavity
drains into upper deep cervical nodes
lymphatics in posterior regions (of nasal cavity) and paranasal sinuses
- Inferior to nasal cavities
- Has floor, walls, roof
- divided into the oral vestibule and oral cavity proper
oral cavity
opens into oral vestibule
oral fissure
-Formed by:
~paired maxillae, palatine, and temporal bones
~Unpaired mandible, sphenoid, and hyoid bones
skeletal framework of skull?
projects backward from margin of hard palate
posterior nasal spine
provides attachment for muscles of the tongue
~such as styloglossus
styloid process
fuse at the mandibular symphysis
left and right parts of mandible
houses the teeth
alveolar arch
- has many points of muscle attachment:
- mental spines for tongue muscles
- mylohyoid line for mylohyoid muscle,
medial surface of mandible
- Small U-shaped bone with body, greater horns, and lesser horns
- Connects floor of mouth with pharynx and larynx
hyoid bone
what are the walls of the oral cavity formed by?
cheeks
consist of fascia and skeletal muscle (buccinator) sandwiched between skin on the outside and oral mucosa on the inside
cheeks
- the largest facial muscle
- It is in the same plane as the superior constrictor
buccinator
provide continuity between the walls of the oral and pharyngeal cavities
- buccinator muscle
- superior constrictor muscle
Formed by a muscular diaphragm that fills the U-shaped gap
floor of oral cavity
join centrally via raphe
paired mylohyoid muscles
- runs from the mandible to the hyoid
- strap like
geniohyoid
what are the muscles of the floor of the mouth?
- mylohyoid
- geniohyoid
origin: Mylohyoid line of mandible
mylohyoid muscle
insertion: Median fibrous raphe and adjacent hyoid bone
mylohyoid muscle
innervation: Nerve to mylohyoid from inferior alveolar branch of mandibular
mylohyoid muscle
function: Supports and elevates floor of oral cavity; depresses mandible when hyoid is fixed; elevates and pulls hyoid forward when mandible is fixed
mylohyoid muscle
origin: Inferior mental spines of mandible
geniohyoid muscle
insertion: body of hyoid bone
geniohyoid muscle
innervation: C1
geniohyoid muscle
function: Elevates and pulls hyoid bone forward; depresses mandible when hyoid is fixed
geniohyoid muscle
- a major route through which structures pass from the neck and infratemporal fossa into the oral cavity
- gateway to the floor of the oral cavity
triangular aperture (oropharyngeal triangle)
what structures pass through the triangular aperture of oral cavity?
structures associated with the tongue:
- muscles (hypoglossus and styloglossus) - vessels (lingual) - nerves (lingual, hypoglossal (XII), glossopharyngeal(IX)) - lymphatics
is anterior behind incisors
apex of tongue
attached to the mandible and hyoid
root of tongue
is 2/3 of tongue
superior surface of tongue
is 1/3 of tongue
pharyngeal surface of tongue
what are the parts of the tongue?
- Fungiform
- filiform
- vallate
- foliate papillae
which part of the tongue doesn’t have taste buds?
filiform
all muscles of the tongue are:
paired-separated by the septum
what are the extrinsic muscles of the tongue?
- genioglossus
- hyoglossus
- styloglossus
- palatoglossus
what are the intrinsic muscles of the tongue?
- superior and inferior longitudinal muscles
- transverse muscles
- vertical muscles
- makes a substantial contribution to the tongue
- Depresses central part of tongue and protrudes the anterior part
- innervated by hypoglossal (CN XII)
Genioglossus muscle
- is a thin quadrangular muscle lateral to genioglossus
- depresses the tongue
hyoglossus muscle
- originates from styloid process and passes through the oropharyngeal triangle
- retract the tongue and pull the back of the tongue superiorly
styloglossus muscle
- associated with the soft palate
- elevate the back of the tongue, move palatoglossal arches of mucosa toward midline, and depress soft palate
Palatoglossus muscles
origin: Submucosal connective tissue at the back of the tongue and from the median septum of tongue
superior longitudinal muscle of tongue
insertion: Muscle fibers pass forward and obliquely to submucosal connective tissue and mucosa on margins of tongue
superior longitudinal muscle of tongue
innervation: hypoglossal nerve (XII)
- superior longitudinal
- inferior longitudinal
- transverse
- vertical muscle
- genioglossus
- hyoglossus
- styloglossus
- patatoglossus
function: Shortens tongue; curls apex and sides of tongue
superior longitudinal muscle
origin: roof of tongue
inferior longitudinal muscle of tongue
insertion: apex of tongue
inferior longitudinal muscle of tongue
function: Shortens tongue; uncurls apex and turns it downward
inferior longitudinal muscle of tongue
origin: Median septum of the tongue
transverse muscle of tongue
insertion: Submucosal connective tissue on lateral margins of tongue
transverse muscle of tongue
function:
Narrows and elongates tongue
origin: Submucosal connective tissue on dorsum of tongue
vertical muscle of tongue
insertion: connective tissue in more ventral regions of tongue
vertical muscle of tongue
function: flattens and widens tongue
vertical muscle of tongue
origin: superior mental spines
genioglossus muscle of tongue
insertion: Body of hyoid; entire length of tongue
genioglossus muscle of tongue
function: Protrudes tongue; depresses center of tongue
genioglossus muscle of tongue
origin: Greater horn and adjacent part of hyoid bone
hyoglossus muscle of tongue
insertion: lateral surface of tongue
hyoglossus muscle of tongue
function: depresses tongue
hyoglossus muscle of tongue
origin: styloid process
styloglossus muscle of tongue
insertion: Lateral surface of tongue
styloglossus muscle of tongue
function: elevates and retracts tongue
styloglossus muscle of tongue
origin: inferior surface of palatine aponeurosis
palatoglossus muscle of tongue
insertion: Lateral margin of tongue
palatoglossus muscle of tongue
function: Depresses palate; moves palatoglossal fold toward midline; elevates back of tongue
palatoglossus muscle of tongue
what is the major artery of the tongue?
lingual artery
what is the venous drainage of the tongue?
drained by the deep and dorsal lingual veins
what are the nerves that innervate the tongue?
- Glossopharyngeal (IX)
- Lingual (from V3)
- Facial (VII)
- Hypoglossal (XII)
what are the nerves involved in sensory function of the tongue?
linigual) V3, (facial) VII, IX (glossopharyngeal)
what are the nerves involved in the motor functions of the tongue?
- hypoglossal (XII)
- vagus nerve (X)
- innervates the anterior 2/3 of the oral part of the tongue
- originates in the infratemporal fossa and passes through the oropharyngeal triangle
lingual nerve
which muscle of the tongue is not innervated by the hypoglossal nerve?
palatoglossus muscle
It leaves the skull through the hypoglossal foramen and passes through the oropharyngeal triangle to enter the floor of the oral cavity
hypoglossal nerve
includes the paired parotid glands, submandibular, and sublingual
large salivary glands
is entirely outside the oral cavity
parotid salivary gland
takes saliva to the oral cavity
parotid duct
- is a hook-shaped gland
- larger hook is outside the oral cavity, with the smaller one hooking around the mylohyoid
submandibular gland
lies directly against the medial surface of the mandible
sublingual gland
Parasympathetic innervation of all glands in the oral cavity is by the:
facial nerve (VI)
receives parasympathetic fiber from the glossopharyngeal (IX) via the auriculotemporal (from V3)
parotid gland
travels with the lingual nerve and gives off preganglionic fibers to the sublingual ganglion
chorda tympani nerve
leave the ganglion and pass into the submandibular, sublingual, and lingual nerve
post ganglionic fibers
-Consists of anterior hard and posterior soft palates
roof-palate
consists of a bony plate covered in respiratory mucosa above and below by oral mucosa
hard palate of roof-palate
- continuous with the hard palate
- depresses to help close the oropharyngeal isthmus
- Elevates to separate nasopharynx from oropharynx
soft palate of roof-palate
what are the muscles of the roof-palate
- tensor veli palatine
- levator veli palatine
- palatopharyngeus
- palatoglossus
- musculus uvulae
- Connects the tongue to the soft palate
- Depresses the soft palate and moves palatoglossal arches toward the midline like curtains
Palatoglossus muscle
origin: Scaphoid fossa of sphenoid bone; fibrous part of pharyngotympanic tube; spine of sphenoid
Tensor veli palatine
insertion: Palatine aponeurosis
Tensor veli palatine
innervation: Mandibular nerve (V3)
Tensor veli palatine
function: Tenses the soft palate; opens pharyngotympanic tube
Tensor veli palatine
origin: Petrous part of temporal bone anterior to opening for carotid canal
Levator veli palatini
insertion: Superior surface of palatine aponeurosis
Levator veli palatini
innervation: Vagus (X) via pharyngeal branch to pharyngeal plexus
- Levator veli palatini
- Palatopharyngeus
- Palatoglossus
- Musculus uvulae
function: Only muscle to elevate the soft palate above the neutral position
Levator veli palatini
origin: Superior surface of palatine aponeurosis
Palatopharyngeus
insertion: pharyngeal wall
Palatopharyngeus
function: Depresses soft palate; moves palatopharyngeal arch toward midline
Palatopharyngeus
origin: Inferior surface of palatine aponeurosis
Palatoglossus
insertion: Lateral margin of tongue
Palatoglossus
function: Depresses palate; moves palatoglossus toward midline
Palatoglossus
origin: Posterior nasal spine of hard palate
Musculus uvulae
insertion: Connective tissue of uvula
Musculus uvulae
function:
Elevates and retracts uvula; thickens central region of soft palate
what are the arteries of the soft palate?
- greater palatine
- ascending palatine
supply the hard palate before diving into the incisive fossa
The greater palatine artery and nerve
generally follow the arteries and drain into the pterygoid plexus
veins from the palate
via the deep cervical nodes
lymphatic drainage of palate
descend through the pterygopalatine fossa to reach the palate
greater and lesser palatine nerves
also descends from the pterygopalatine fossa and passes medially
nasopalatine nerve
the slit between the lips that connects the oral vestibule to the outside world
oral fissure
include the philtrum and the medial labial frenulum
the lips
the gingiva
the gums
are attached via sockets (alveoli)
teeth
what are different types of teeth based on?
- morphology
- position
- function
front/cutting
incisors
grasp teeth
canine
grind
premolar
grind
molars
supplied by posterior and anterior superior and inferior alveolar vessels
teeth
supplied by the inferior alveolar and lingual vessels
gingiva
where do the lymphatics of the teeth and gums drain into?
- submental nodes
- submandibular nodes
- deep cervical nodes
innervated by the inferior alveolar nerve
lower teeth
branch off the maxillary nerve (V2) and innervate the upper teeth
Anterior, middle, and superior alveolar nerves
innervated by nerves that arise from the trigeminal (V)
gingiva
innervated by the maxillary (V2)
upper gums
innervated by the mandibular (V3)
lower gums
