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Human Anatomy > Chapter 6: The Lower Limb > Flashcards

Chapter 6: The Lower Limb Flashcards

1
Q
  • attached to the axial skeleton via the sacro-iliac joint

- separated from the abdomen, back, and perineum via a continuous line

A

lower limb

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2
Q

what is the lower limb divided into?

A
  • gluteal
  • thigh
  • leg
  • foot
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3
Q

posterior region of lower limb

A

gluteal region

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4
Q

extends to the pelvis

A

anterior thigh

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5
Q

important transitions between regions of lower limb

A
  • femoral triangle
  • popliteal fossa
  • tarsal tunnel
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6
Q

contains major blood vessels of the lower limb and one of the major nerves (the femoral)

A

femoral triangle

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7
Q

pass between the thigh and leg through the popliteal fossa

A

major vessels and nerves

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8
Q

pass between the leg and foot through the tarsal tunnel

A

Most nerves and vessels and flexor tendons

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9
Q

major function is support of the body with little energy expenditure

A

lower limb

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10
Q

center of gravity is just anterior to vertebrae SII

A

standing erect

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11
Q

how is energy expenditure reduced while standing?

A

Hip and particularly knee joints can “lock” while standing

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12
Q

second function of the lower limb

A

locomotion

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13
Q

what are the movements at the hips?

A
  • flexion
  • extension
  • abduction
  • adduction
  • medial and lateral rotation
  • circumduction
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14
Q

is primarily a hinge joint that flexes and extends

A

the knee

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15
Q

what are the movements at the ankle?

A
  • dorsiflexion

- plantar flexion

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16
Q

what anatomical features work together to maximized efficiency of walking by reducing the amount that the body’s center of gravity moves?

A
  • Pelvic rotation minimizes a drop
  • Movement of knees to the midline reduces a lateral shift
  • Knee flexion minimizes a rise
  • Pelvic tilt minimizes a rise
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17
Q

how much does the body’s center of gravity fluctuate?

A

only 5 cm in the vertical and lateral planes

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18
Q

bones of the gluteal region

A
  • hip

- femur

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19
Q

joint between hip and femur

A

large ball and socket joint

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20
Q
  • the bone of the thigh, it articulates with the leg at the knee joint
  • shares an articular cavity with the patella
A

femur

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21
Q

the principle articulation of the knee

A

joint between the femur and tibia

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22
Q

bones of the leg

A
  • tibia

- fibula

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23
Q

large and weight bearing

A

tibia

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24
Q

lateral and does not take part in the knee joint nor bear any weight

A

fibula

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25
Q

formed by a recess formed between the tibia and fibula and part of the talus (tarsal bone)

A

ankle joint

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26
Q

bone of the foot

A
  • tarsals
  • metatarsals
  • phalanges
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27
Q

occurs at joints between the tarsal bones

A

inversion and eversion of the foot

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28
Q

how many tarsal bones are there?

A

7 tarsal bones

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29
Q

what are the 5 metatarsals limited in their movement by?

A

deep transverse ligaments

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30
Q

how many phalanges in digits II-V?

A

3

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31
Q

how many phalanges in digit I?

A

2

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32
Q

arranged in longitudinal and transverse arches

A

bones of the foot

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33
Q
  • held in place by muscles and ligaments

- absorb shock during walking and standing

A

transverse arches of the foot

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34
Q

consist predominately of extensors, rotators, and abductors of the hip joint

A

muscles of the gluteal region

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35
Q
  • move the thigh on a fixed pelvis

- control movement of the pelvis relative to the limb bearing the bodies weight

A

muscles of gluteal region

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36
Q

major flexors of the hip?

A

iliopsoas- psoas major and iliacus

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37
Q
  • originate on the posterior abdominal wall

- pass deep to the inguinal ligament and insert onto proximal parts of the femur

A

major flexors of the hip

iliopsoas- psoas major and iliacus

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38
Q

what are the muscles in the thigh and leg separated into 3 compartments by?

A

fascia, bone, and ligaments

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39
Q

what are the 3 compartments in the thigh?

A
  • medial (adductors)
  • posterior (hamstrings)
  • anterior (quadriceps)
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40
Q

act mainly on the hip joint

A

adductors of the thigh

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41
Q

extend the hip and flex the knee

A

hamstrings

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42
Q

extend the knee

A

quadriceps

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43
Q

what are the 3 compartments in the leg?

A
  • lateral (fibular)
  • anterior
  • posterior
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44
Q

evert the foot

A

lateral (fibular) compartment of the leg

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45
Q

dorsiflex the foot and extend digits

A

anterior compartment of the leg

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46
Q

plantarflex the foot and flex digits

A

posterior compartment of the leg

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47
Q

what are the 4 major entry points into the lower limb from the abdomen, pelvis, and perineum?

A
  • The gap between the inguinal ligament and pelvic bone
  • The greater sciatic foramen
  • The lesser sciatic foramen
  • The obturator canal
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48
Q

Somatic and general sensory innervation of the lower limb

A

nerves from the lumbar and sacral plexuses

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49
Q

formed by anterior rami from L1 to L3 and most of L4

A

lumbar plexus

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50
Q

formed by anterior rami from L4 to S5

A

sacral plexus

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51
Q
  • extend into the leg and innervate parts of the skin

- innervate muscles in the lower limb

A

Nerves from the lumbar and sacral plexuses

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52
Q
  • curves around the head of the fibula on its way into the leg
  • can be damaged here by impact
A

common fibular branch of the sciatic nerve

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53
Q

most important superficial veins

A

the small and great saphenous

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54
Q

runs up the medial side of the leg and thigh and joins the femoral vein

A

great saphenous vein

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55
Q

runs up the posterior side of the leg and dives deep into the back of the knee to join the popliteal vein

A

small saphenous vein

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56
Q

the main parts associated with the lower limb

A

external surfaces of the pelvis

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57
Q

a site for hamstring and an adductor muscle attachment

A

ischial tuberosity

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58
Q

covered by a bursa, which we sit on

A

medial part of ischial tuberosity

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59
Q
  • where the head of the femur articulates with the pelvis
  • large cup shaped
  • has a lunate (articular) surface and a non-articular acetabular fossa
A

acetabulum

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60
Q

marks the inferior region

A

acetabular notch

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61
Q

what does the proximal femur contain?

A
  • Head
  • Neck
  • Fovea
  • Greater and lesser trochanter
  • Intertrochanteric line
  • The shaft
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62
Q

the site for muscle attachment for muscles found in the gluteal region

A

greater trochanter

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63
Q

the site for iliosoas and iliacs muscle attachment

A

lesser trochanter

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64
Q

inserts onto the intertrochanteric crest

A

quadratus femoris muscle

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65
Q

descends from lateral to medial

A

shaft of femur

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66
Q

triangular in cross section

A

middle 1/3 of the shaft of femur

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67
Q

formed by the linea aspera and is a major site of muscle attachment in the thigh

A

posterior margin of femur

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68
Q
  • joint between the femur and acetabulum

- is a stable, multi-axial, weight-bearing joint, at the cost of mobility

A

Ball and socket synovial joint

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69
Q

the head of the femur and lunate surface of acetabulum

A

The articular surfaces of the hip joint

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70
Q

what are the surfaces of the hip joint covered with? (except fovea)

A

hyaline cartilage

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71
Q

raised by the acetabular labrum

A

rim of the acetabulum

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72
Q

crosses the acetabular fossa as the acetabular ligament

A

acetabular labrum

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73
Q

attaches the fovea to the acetabular fossa

A

ligament of head of femur

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74
Q
  • attaches to the margins of the articular surfaces (of hip joint)
  • Forms a tubular covering around the ligament of head of femur
  • Covers the neck of the femur before reflecting onto the fibrous membrane
A

synovial membrane

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75
Q

what are the 3 ligaments that reinforce the fibrous membrane of the hip joint?

A
  • Iliofemoral
  • pubofemoral
  • ischiofemoral
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76
Q

oriented in a spiral around the joint so that they become taut when the hip is extended

A

fibers of Iliofemoral, pubofemoral, and ischiofemoral ligaments

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77
Q
  • mainly comes from:
  • branches of the obturator
  • medial and lateral circumflex femoral
  • superior and inferior gluteal
  • 1st perforating arteries
A

blood supply to hip joint

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78
Q
  • innervated by:
  • articular branches from the femoral
  • obturator
  • superior gluteal nerves
A

hip joint

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79
Q

what are the 4 ways that structures can pass into the lower limb from the abdomen and pelvis?

A
  • greater sciatic foramen above/below piriformis muscle
  • lesser sciatic foramen
  • obturator canal
  • gap between inguinal ligament and pelvic bone
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80
Q

Nerves that enter the lower limb from the abdomen and pelvis

A

terminal nerves from the lumbrosacral plexus

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81
Q

what are the major nerves that that enter the lower limb from the abdomen and pelvis?

A
  • femoral
  • obturator
  • sciatic
  • superior and inferior
  • gluteal nerves
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82
Q

what are the other nerves that that enter the lower limb from the abdomen and pelvis?

A
  • lateral cutaneous
  • obturator internus
  • quadratus femoris
  • posterior cutaneous
  • perforating cutaneous
  • branches of ilio-inguinal and genitofemoral nerves
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83
Q

what are the branches of the lumbrosacral plexus?

A
  • ilio-lingual branch
  • genitofemoral
  • femoral
  • obturator
  • sciatic
  • superior & inferior gluteal
  • lateral & posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh
  • nerve to quadratus femoris
  • nerve to obturator internus
  • perforating cutaneous nerve
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84
Q
  • SPINAL SEGMENT: L1
  • FUNCTION (MOTOR): No motor function in lower limb, but innervates muscles of the abdominal wall
  • FUNCTION (sensory/cutaneous): Skin over anteromedial part of upper thigh and adjacent skin of perineum
A

ilio-lingual branch of lumbrosacral plexus

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85
Q
  • SPINAL SEGMENT: L1, L2
  • FUNCTION (motor): No motor function in lower limb but genital branch innervates cremaster muscle in the wall of the spermatic cord in men
  • FUNCTION (sensory/cutaneous): Femoral branch innervates skin on anterior central part of upper thigh; genital branch innervates skin in anterior perineum (scrotum in men, mons pubis and anterior labia majora in women)
A

genitofemoral branch of lumbrosacral plexus

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86
Q
  • SPINAL SEGMENT: L2-L4
  • FUNCTION (motor): All muscles in the anterior compartment of thigh; in the abdomen, also gives rise to many branches that supply iliacus and pectineus
  • FUNCTION (sensory/cutaneous): Skin over the anterior thigh, anteromedial knee, medial side of the leg, and the medial side of the foot
A

femoral branch of lumbrosacral plexus

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87
Q
  • SPINAL SEGMENT: L2-L4
  • FUNCTION (motor): All muscles in the medial compartment of thigh (except pectineus and part of adductor magnus attached to ischium); also innervates obturator externus
  • FUNCTION (sensory/cutaneous): skin over upper medial aspect of thigh
A

obturator branch of lumbrosacral plexus

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88
Q
  • SPINAL SEGMENT: L4-S3
  • FUNCTION (motor): All muscles in the posterior compartment of the thigh and part of the adductor magnus attached to ischium; all muscles in the leg and foot
  • FUNCTION (sensory/cutaneous): Ski over lateral side of leg and foot, and over the sole and dorsal surface of foot
A

sciatic branch of lumbrosacral plexus

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89
Q
  • SPINAL SEGMENT: L4-S1

* FUNCTION (motor): Muscles of the gluteal region (gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, tensor fascia latae)

A

superior gluteal branch of lumbrosacral plexus

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90
Q
  • SPINAL SEGMENT: L5-S2

* FUNCTION (motor): Muscle of the gluteal region (gluteus maximus)

A

inferior gluteal branch of lumbrosacral plexus

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91
Q
  • SPINAL SEGMENT: L2, L3

* FUNCTION (sensory/cutaneous): Parietal peritoneum in iliac fossa; skin over anterolateral thigh

A

lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh of lumbrosacral plexus

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92
Q
  • SPINAL SEGMENT: S1-S3
  • FUNCTION (sensory/cutaneous): Skin over gluteal fold and upper medial aspect of thigh and adjacent perineum, posterior aspect of thigh and upper posterior leg
A

posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh of lumbrosacral plexus

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93
Q
  • SPINAL SEGMENT: L4-S1

* FUNCTION (motor): Muscles of gluteal region (quadratus femoris and gemellus inferior)

A

Nerve to quadratus femoris

of lumbrosacral plexus

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94
Q
  • SPINAL SEGMENT: L5-S2

* FUNCTION (motor): Muscles of gluteal region (obturator internus and gemellus superior)

A

nerve to obturator internus of lumbrosacral plexus

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95
Q
  • SPINAL SEGMENT: S, S3

* FUNCTION (sensory/cutaneous): Skin over medial aspect of gluteal fold

A

perforating cutaneous nerve of lumbrosacral plexus

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96
Q

major artery supplying the lower limb

A

femoral artery

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97
Q

supply most of the thigh and all of the leg and foot

A

Branches off the femoral artery

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98
Q

arise from the internal iliac artery and supply the gluteal region

A

superior and inferior gluteal arteries

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99
Q

branches off the internal iliac and supplies the medial compartment of the thigh

A

obturator artery

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100
Q

form deep and superficial groups

A

veins draining the lower limb

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101
Q

generally follow the arteries (femoral, superior gluteal, inferior gluteal, and obturator)

A

deep veins

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102
Q

the major vein of the lower limb

A

femoral vein

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103
Q

in the subcutaneous connective tissue and ultimately drain into deep veins

A

superficial veins

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104
Q

arise from a dorsal arch in the foot

A

great and small saphenous veins (superficial veins)

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105
Q

drain into the deep and superficial inguinal nodes

A

lymphatics of lower limb

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106
Q

parallel the course of the inguinal ligament

A

10 superficial nodes

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107
Q

medial to the femoral vein

A

3 deep inguinal nodes

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108
Q

receive lymph from the superficial vessels

A

popliteal nodes

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109
Q

an outer layer of deep connective tissue that forms a stocking-like membrane that covers the limb

A

fascia lata

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110
Q

superiorly, it is attached to the inguinal ligament, iliac crest, sacrum, coccyx, sacrotuberous ligament, pubic bone

A

fascia lata

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111
Q

a lateral longitudinal thickening of the fascia lata

A

iliotibial tract (IT band)

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112
Q

a muscle associated with the superior and anterior aspects of the IT band

A

tensor fasciae latae

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113
Q

has 1 prominent opening, the saphenous opening

A

fascia lata

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114
Q

passes through the opening to join the femoral vein

A

great saphenous vein

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115
Q

formed by the inguinal ligament, medial border of the adductor magnus, medial margin of the Sartorius

A

femoral triangle

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116
Q

formed by the pectineus, adductor longus, and iliopsoas muscles

A

floor of the femoral triangle

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117
Q

what is the apex of the femoral triangle?

A

the adductor canal

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118
Q

pass between the abdomen and lower limb under the inguinal ligament and into the femoral triangle

A

femoral nerve, artery, and vein and lymphatics

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119
Q

pass inferiorly though the adductor canal and become the popliteal artery and vein behind the knee

A

femoral artery and vein

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120
Q

meet the sciatic and distribute with its branches (behind knee)

A

femoral artery and vein

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121
Q

are wrapped in the femoral sheath as they descend

A

femoral artery, vein, and associated lymphatic vessels

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122
Q

-lies posterolateral to the bony pelvis

A

gluteal region

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123
Q

The gluteal region communicates with the pelvic region through the……

A

greater sciatic foramen

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124
Q

The gluteal region communicates with the perineum through the….

A

lesser sciatic foramen

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125
Q

passes from the pelvic cavity into the lower limb through the greater sciatic foramen

A

sciatic nerve

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126
Q

pass through the greater sciatic foramen into the gluteal region then through the lesser sciatic foramen into the perineum

A

pudendal nerve and internal pudendal vessels

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127
Q

what are the 2 groups of the gluteal region?

A

deep and superficial groups

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128
Q

what muscles are part of the deep group of the gluteal region?

A

-small, lateral rotatores (piriformis, obturator internus, gemellus superior, gemellus inferior, and quadratus femoris)

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129
Q

what muscles are part of the superficial group of the gluteal region?

A
  • large abductors

- large extenders (glutes & tensor fascia lata)

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130
Q
  • largest muscle of the gluteal region
  • overlies most of the other muscles of the gluteal region
  • a powerful extender of the femur at the hip joint
A

gluteus maximus

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131
Q
  • the most anterior of the superficial muscles of the gluteal region
  • stabilizes the knee in extension and stabilizes the hip joint by holding the head of the femur in the acetabulum
A

tensor fasciae latae

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132
Q

ORIGIN: Anterior surface of sacrum between anterior sacral foramina

A

piriformis muscle

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133
Q

INSERTION: Medial side of superior border of greater trochanter of femur

A

piriformis muscle

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134
Q

INNERVATION: Branches S1 and S2

A

piriformis muscle

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135
Q

FUNCTION: Laterally rotates the extended femur at hip joint; abducts flexed femur at hip joint

A

piriformis muscle

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136
Q

ORIGIN: Anterolateral wall of true pelvis; deep surface of obturator membrane and surrounding bone

A

Obturator internus muscle

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137
Q

INSERTION: Medial side of greater trochanter of femur

A

Obturator internus muscle

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138
Q

INNERVATION: Nerve to obturator internus (L5, S1)

A
  • Obturator internus muscle
  • Gemellus superior
  • Gemellus inferior
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139
Q

FUCNTION: Laterally rotates the extended femur at hip joint; abducts flexed femur at hip joint

A

Obturator internus muscle

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140
Q

ORIGIN: External surface of ischial spine

A

Gemellus superior muscle

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141
Q

INSERTION: Along length of superior surface of the obturator internus tendon and into the medial side of greater trochanter of femur with obturator internus tendon

A

Gemellus superior muscle

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142
Q

FUNCTION: Laterally rotates the extended femur at hip joint; abducts the flexed femur at hip joint

A

Gemellus superior muscle

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143
Q

ORIGIN: Upper aspect of ischial tuberosity

A

Gemellus inferior muscle

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144
Q

INSERTION: Along length of inferior surface of the obturator internus tendon and into the medial side of greater trochanter of femur with obturator internus tendon

A

Gemellus inferior muscle

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145
Q

FUNCTION: Laterally rotates the extended femur at hip joint; abducts flexed femur at hip joint

A

Gemellus inferior muscle

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146
Q

ORIGIN: Lateral aspect of the ischium just anterior to the ischial tuberosity

A

Quadratus femoris muscle

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147
Q

INSERTION: Quadrate tubercle on the intertrochanteric crest of the proximal femur

A

Quadratus femoris muscle

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148
Q

INNERVATION: Nerve to quadratus femoris

A

Quadratus femoris muscle

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149
Q

FUNCTION: Laterally rotates femur at hip

A

Quadratus femoris muscle

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150
Q

ORIGIN: External surface of ilium between inferior and anterior gluteal lines

A
  • gluteus minimus

- gluteus medius

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151
Q

INSERTION: Linear facet on the anterolateral aspect of the greater trochanter

A

gluteus minimus

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152
Q

INNERVATION: Superior gluteal nerve (L4, L5, S1)

A
  • gluteus minimus
  • gluteus medius
  • tensor fasciae latae
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153
Q

FUNCTION: Abducts femur at hip joint; holds pelvis secure over stance leg and prevents pelvic drop on the opposite swing side during walking; medially rotates thigh

A
  • gluteus minimus

- gluteus medius

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154
Q

INSERTION: Elongate facet of the lateral surface of the greater trochanter

A

gluteus medius

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155
Q

ORIGIN: Fascia covering gluteus medius, external surface of ilium behind posterior gluteal line, fascia of erector spinae, dorsal surface of lower sacrum, lateral margin of coccyx, external surface of sacrotuberous ligament

A

gluteus maximus

156
Q

INSERTION: Posterior aspect of iliotibial tract of fascia lata and gluteal tuberosity of proximal femur

A

gluteus maximus

157
Q

INNERVATION: Inferior gluteal nerve (L5, S1, S2)

A

gluteus maximus

158
Q

FUNCTION: Powerful extensor of flexed femur at hip joint, lateral stabilizer of hip joint and knee joint; laterally rotates and abducts thigh

A

gluteus maximus

159
Q

ORIGIN: Lateral aspect of crest of ilium between anterior superior iliac spine and tubercle of the cress

A

tensor fasciae latae

160
Q

INSERTION: Iliotibial tract of fascia lata

A

tensor fasciae latae

161
Q

FUNCTION: Stabilizes the knee in extension

A

tensor fasciae latae

162
Q

how many nerves enter the gluteal region through the greater sciatic foramen?

A

7 nerves

163
Q

how many nerves enter the gluteal region by passing through the sacrotuberous ligament?

A

1 nerve

164
Q

in the plane between the superficial and deep layers

A

most nerves of the gluteal region

165
Q

what arteries enter the gluteal region from the pelvic cavity?

A

superior and inferior gluteal arteries

166
Q

arises from the internal iliac and passes though the gluteal region and into the posterior thigh

A

inferior gluteal artery

167
Q

arises from the internal iliac artery and splits into superficial and deep branches

A

superior gluteal artery

168
Q

anastomose with branches from the femoral artery

A

superior and inferior gluteal arteries

169
Q

separate the thigh from the abdomen and gluteal region respectively

A

inguinal ligament and gluteal fold

170
Q

what are the routes used by structures to pass into the thigh?

A
  • gluteal region
  • anteriorly just deep to the inguinal ligament
  • medially through the obturator canal
171
Q

what parts is the thigh divided into?

A

anterior, posterior, and medial compartments

172
Q

what is the bone of the thigh?

A

femur

173
Q

where do the largest muscles of the thigh insert?

A

insert into the proximal ends of the leg bones (tibia and fibula)

174
Q

has attachment points for the gastrocnemius of the leg

A

distal end of the femur

175
Q
  • largest sesamoid bone in the body

- formed in the tendon of the quadriceps

A

patella

176
Q

points inferiorly and attaches to the patellar ligament

A

apex of patella

177
Q

attaches top the quadriceps tendon

A

base of patella

178
Q

articulates with the femur and has medial and lateral facets

A

posterior surface of patella

179
Q

is expanded in the transverse plain into the medial and lateral condyles

A

proximal end of the tibia

180
Q
  • articular

- separated by the intercondylar region where the cruciate ligaments attach

A

superior surfaces of the condyles (of tibia)

181
Q
  • articular surface of the medial and lateral condyles

- articulates with the femur

A

tibial plateau

182
Q
  • inferior to the tibial plateau

- where the patellar ligament attaches

A

tibial tuberosity

183
Q
  • does not take part in the knee joint nor is it weight bearing
  • consists of a head, neck, and shaft
A

fibula

184
Q

has a facet for articulation with the tibia and an impression for the attachment of the biceps femoris

A

head of fibula

185
Q

attaches to the head of the fibula

A

fibular collateral ligament of the knee

186
Q

is triangular in cross section with 3 surfaces and 3 borders

A

shaft of fibula

187
Q

what are the compartments of the muscles of the thigh?

A
  • anterior compartment
  • medial compartment
  • posterior compartment
188
Q

what muscles belong to the anterior compartment of the thigh?

A
  • quadriceps
  • sartorius
  • innervated by the femoral nerve
189
Q

what muscles belong to the medial compartment of the thigh?

A
  • adductor muscles

- most of which are innervated by the obturator nerve

190
Q

what muscles belong to the posterior compartment of the thigh?

A

hamstrings innervated by the sciatic nerve

191
Q

act on the hip and knee joint

A

Muscles of the anterior compartment of the thigh

192
Q
  • act on the hip and are powerful flexors of the thigh at the hip joint
  • contribute to lateral rotation
A

psoas major and iliacus

193
Q

why are the psoas major and iliacus known as the iliopsoas?

A

psoas major and iliacus originate as separate muscles but insert in a common tendon on the lesser trochanter

194
Q

act on the hip and the knee

A

sartorius and rectus femoris

195
Q

act on the knee

A

vastus muscles

196
Q

mainly extend the leg at the knee but also help stabilize the patellar

A

quadriceps

197
Q

a small muscle that pulls the suprapatellar bursa away from the knee joint during extension

A

articular genus

198
Q

a 3-pronged combined tendon of the sartorius, gracilis, semitendinosus muscles

A

pes anserinus (goose foot)

199
Q

ORIGIN: Posterior abdominal wall (lumbar and thoracic vertebrae and tendinous arches

A

Psoas major

200
Q

INSERTION: Lesser trochanter of femur

A
  • Psoas major

- iliacus

201
Q

INNERVATION: Anterior rami (L1, L2, L3)

A

Psoas major

202
Q

FUNCTION: Flexes thigh at hip joint

A
  • Psoas major

- iliacus

203
Q

ORIGIN: Posterior abdominal wall (iliac fossa)

A

iliacus

204
Q

INNERVATION: Femoral nerve (L2, L3)

A
  • iliacus
  • Vastus medialis
  • Vastus intermedius
  • Vastus lateralis
  • Rectus femoris
  • Sartorius
205
Q

ORIGIN: Femur- medial part of intertrochanteric line, pectineal line, medial lip of the linea aspera, medial supra condylar line

A

vastus medialis

206
Q

INSERTION: Quadriceps femoris tendon and medial border of patella

A

vastus medialis

207
Q

FUNCTION: Extends leg at knee

A
  • vastus medialis
  • Vastus intermedius
  • Vastus lateralis
208
Q

ORIGIN: Femur- upper 2/3 of anterior and lateral surfaces

A

Vastus intermedius

209
Q

INSERTION: Quadriceps femoris tendon, lateral margin of patella, and lateral condyle of tibia

A

Vastus intermedius

210
Q

ORIGIN: Femur- lateral part of intertrochanteric line, margin of greater trochanter, lateral margin of gluteal tuberosity, lateral lip of linea aspera

A

Vastus lateralis

211
Q

INSERTION: Quadriceps femoris tendon and lateral margin of patella

A

Vastus lateralis

212
Q

ORIGIN: Straight head originates from anterior iliac spine; reflected head from ilium just superior to acetabulum

A

Rectus femoris

213
Q

INSERTION: Quadriceps femoris tendon

A

Rectus femoris

214
Q

FUNCTION: Flexes thigh at hip joint and extends leg at knee joint

A

Rectus femoris

215
Q

ORIGIN: Anterior superior iliac spine

A

sartorius

216
Q

INSERTION: Medial surface of tibia inferomedial to tibial tuberosity

A

sartorius

217
Q

FUNCTION: Flexes thigh at hip, flexes leg at knee

A

sartorius

218
Q
  • these muscles mainly adduct the thigh at the hip joint

- Some muscles in this group medially rotate the thigh at the hip

A

muscles in medial compartment of the thigh

219
Q
  • lateral rotator of the thigh at the hip

- inserts on the posterior side of the femur and thus externally rotates the thigh

A

obturator externus

220
Q

more anterior than other muscles in the medial compartment of the thigh

A

pectineus and the adductor longus

221
Q

the next deepest muscle in the medial compartment after the pectineus and the adductor longus

A

adductor brevis

222
Q
  • the largest and is more posterior than the other muscles in medial compartment of thigh
  • made of the adductor and hamstring parts
  • has perforations for the branches of the deep artery of the thigh
A

adductor magnus

223
Q
  • separates the adductor and hamstring parts

- allows the femoral artery and associated veins to pass between the adductor canal and the popliteal fossa

A

adductor hiatus

224
Q

ORIGIN: A line on the external surface of the body of the pubis, the inferior pubic ramus, and ramus of ischium

A

gracilis muscle

225
Q

INSERTION: Medial surface of proximal shaft of tibia

A

gracilis muscle

226
Q

INNERVATION: Obturator nerve (L2, L3)

A
  • gracilis muscle

- adductor brevis

227
Q

FUNCTION: Adducts thigh at hip joint and flexes leg at knee joint

A

gracilis muscle

228
Q

ORIGIN: Pectineal line (pectin pubis) and adjacent bone of pelvis

A

Pectineus muscle

229
Q

INSERTION: Oblique line extending from base of lesser trochanter to linea aspera on posterior surface of proximal femur

A

Pectineus muscle

230
Q

INNERVATION: Femoral nerve (L2, L3)

A

Pectineus muscle

231
Q

FUNCTION: Adducts and flexes thigh at hip joint

A

Pectineus muscle

232
Q

ORIGIN: External surface of body of pubis

A

Adductor longus muscle

233
Q

INSERTION: Linea aspera on middle 1/3 of shaft of femur

A

Adductor longus muscle

234
Q

INNERVATION: Obturator nerve (L2, L3, L4)

A

Adductor longus muscle

235
Q

FUNCTION: Adducts and medially rotates thigh at hip joint

A
  • Adductor longus muscle
  • Adductor brevis
  • Adductor magnus
236
Q

ORIGIN: External surface of body of pubis and inferior pubic ramus

A

adductor brevis muscle

237
Q

INSERTION: Posterior surface of proximal femur and upper 1/3 of linea aspera

A

adductor brevis muscle

238
Q

ORIGIN: Adductor part- ischiopubic ramus; Hamstring part- ischial tuberosity

A

Adductor magnus muscle

239
Q

INSERTION: Posterior surface of proximal femur and upper 1/3 of linea aspera; adductor tubercle and supracondylar line

A

Adductor magnus muscle

240
Q 
INNERVATION: Obturator nerve (L2, L3);
Sciatic nerve (tibial division) (L2, L3, L4)
A

Adductor magnus muscle

241
Q

ORIGIN: External surface of obturator membrane and adjacent bone

A

obturator externus muscle

242
Q

INSERTION: trochanteric fossa

A

obturator externus muscle

243
Q

INNERVATION: Obturator nerve (posterior division (L3, L4)

A

obturator externus muscle

244
Q

FUNCTION: Laterally rotates thigh at hip joint

A

obturator externus muscle

245
Q

cross both the hip and knee joints

A

all muscles in the posterior compartment of the thigh EXCEPT biceps femoris

246
Q
  • they flex the knee joint and extend the hip joint

- rotators at both joints

A

muscles in the posterior compartment of the thigh (hamstrings)

247
Q

ORIGIN: Long head- inferomedial part of upper area of ischial tuberosity; short head- lateral lip of linea aspera

A

Biceps femoris

248
Q

INSERTION: head of fibula

A

Biceps femoris

249
Q

INNERVATION: Sciatic (L5, S1, S2

A
  • Biceps femoris
  • Semitendinosus
  • Semimembranosus
250
Q

FUNCTION: Flexes leg at knee joint; extends and laterally rotates thigh at hip joint and laterally rotates leg at knee joint

A

Biceps femoris

251
Q

ORIGIN: Inferomedial part of upper area of the ischial tuberosity

A

Semitendinosus

252
Q

INSERTION: Medial surface of proximal tibia

A

Semitendinosus

253
Q

FUNCTION: Flexes leg at knee joint and extends thigh at hip joint; medially rotates thigh at hip joint and leg at knee joint

A
  • Semitendinosus

- Semimembranosus

254
Q

ORIGIN: Superolateral impression on the ischial tuberosity

A

Semimembranosus

255
Q

INSERTION: Groove and adjacent bone on medial and posterior surface of medial tibial condyle

A

Semimembranosus

256
Q
  • the 3 arteries that enter the thigh

- contribute to an anastomotic network around the hip-joint

A
  • femoral
  • obturator
  • inferior gluteal arteries
257
Q

the largest and supplies most of the lower limb

A

femoral artery

258
Q

the 4 small branches that originate off the femoral artery?

A
  • superficial epigastric
  • superficial circumflex iliac
  • superficial external pudendal
  • deep pudendal arteries
259
Q

branch off the deep artery in the thigh and penetrate into the posterior compartment

A

perforating arteries

260
Q
  • arises off the internal iliac artery in the pelvic cavity

- branches into the anterior and posterior branches that form a ring around the margin of the obturator membrane

A

obturator artery

261
Q

superficial and passes through the saphenous ring

A

great saphenous vein

262
Q

what are the 3 major nerves associated with the thigh?

A
  • femoral nerve
  • obturator nerve
  • sciatic nerve
263
Q

-originates from the lumbar plexus (L2-L4) and enters the femoral triangle by passing deep to the inguinal ligament and innervates the anterior compartment

A

femoral nerve

264
Q

Before entering the lower limb it supplies the iliacus and pectineus muscles

A

femoral nerve

265
Q

After passing into the lower limb it divides into posterior and anterior branches

A

femoral nerve

266
Q

what are the additional branches of the femoral nerve?

A
  • anterior cutaneous branches
  • numerous motor nerves
  • one long cutaneous nerve (the saphenous)
267
Q
  • originates from the lumbar plexus (L2-L4) and descends in the psoas muscle
  • innervates most of the adductors and skin of the medial compartment
A

obturator nerve

268
Q
  • passes into the medial compartment by passing through the obturator canal
  • Upon entering the lower limb it divides into the anterior and posterior branches
A

obturator nerve

269
Q

-a branch off the lumbrosacral plexus (L4-S3) that descends into the posterior compartment from the gluteal region

A

sciatic nerve

270
Q
  • Its branches continue into the lower limb and foot

- Proximal to the knee it divides into the tibial and common fibular nerve

A

sciatic nerve

271
Q

supplies all muscles in the posterior compartment of the thigh and leg (except short head of biceps femoris) and all intrinsic muscles of the sole of the foot and parts of the skin

A

tibial nerve

272
Q

innervates the short head of biceps femoris, all muscles in the anterior lateral compartments of the leg, muscles in the foot, and parts of the skin

A

common fibular nerve

273
Q
  • the largest synovial joint in the body

- consists of the articulation between the femur and tibia (weight-bearing) and between the patella and femur

A

knee joint

274
Q

allows the pull of the quadriceps muscles to be directed over the knee onto the tibia without tendon wear

A

patella

275
Q

accommodate changes in shape of the articular surfaces during movement

A

2 menisci

276
Q
  • It is reinforced by 2 collateral and 2 cruciate ligaments

- a hinge joint that can also lock

A

knee

277
Q

surfaces of the articular bones that contribute to the knee are covered in…….

A

hyaline

278
Q

what are the major surfaces of the knee?

A

the 2 femoral condyles and the adjacent surfaces of the superior aspect of the tibial condyles

279
Q

The areas of the femoral condyles that articulate with the tibia in extension are….

A

flat

280
Q

the areas that articulate with the tibia during flexion are….

A

rounded

281
Q

is where the patellar articulates with the femur

A

V-shaped trench on the anterior side of the femoral condyle

282
Q
  • 2 found in the knee joint

- are attached to facets in the intertubercular region of the tibial plateau

A

C-shaped fibrocartilaginous menisci

283
Q

attached to the joint capsule whereas the lateral meniscus is not and is therefore more mobile

A

medial meniscus

284
Q
  • are attached via the transverse ligament of the knee
  • improve congruency between femoral and tibial condyles where articulating femoral surfaces change from curved to flat in flexion and extension
A

menisci

285
Q

attaches to the margins of the articular surfaces and the inferior and superior margins of the menisci

A

synovial membrane

286
Q

outside the articular cavity

A

2 cruciate ligaments

287
Q

provide low-friction surfaces for movement of the knee joint

A

subpopliteal recess and the suprapatellar bursa

288
Q
  • extensive and encloses the articular cavity and intercondylar region
  • strengthened by the IT band and oblique popliteal ligament
A

fibrous membrane of the knee joint

289
Q

continuous with the fibrous membrane

A

tibial collateral

290
Q

separated from the fibrous membrane

A

fibular collateral

291
Q

major ligaments of the knee

A
  • patellar
  • tibial (medial) collateral
  • fibular (lateral) collateral
  • cruciate ligaments
292
Q

attached to the deeper fibrous membrane

A

tibial (medial) collateral

293
Q

is separated from the fibrous membrane by a bursa

A

fibular (lateral) collateral

294
Q

prevents anterior displacement of tibia on fixed femur

A

anterior cruciate

295
Q

prevents posterior displacement of tibia on fixed femur

A

posterior cruciate

296
Q

-knee joint is locked into place, reducing the work needed

A

standing postition

297
Q

provide a stable platform for extension of knee joint

A

flat portions of the femoral condyle that articulate with the tibia during extension

298
Q

tightens all associated ligaments

A

Medial rotation of the femur

299
Q

maintains knee extension

A

A center of gravity in a plane anterior to the knee

300
Q

unlocks the knee by initiating lateral rotation

A

popliteus muscle

301
Q

mainly through the genicular branches of the femoral, popliteal, lateral circumflex femoral, circumflex fibular, and recurrent branches from anterior tibial

A

Vascular supply of the knee joint

302
Q

form an anastomotic network around the joint

A

vascular supply of knee joint

303
Q

what is the knee innervated by?

A
  • obturator
  • femoral
  • tibial
  • common fibular nerves (sciatic)
304
Q
  • is synovial and allows little movement

- reinforced by anterior and posterior ligaments

A

small proximal tibiofibular joint

305
Q

articulates with the tibia on the underside of the lateral condyle

A

fibula

306
Q
  • the major route between the thigh and leg
  • is a diamond shaped fossa formed by muscles
  • contains: tibial and common fibular nerves and popliteal artery and vein
A

popliteal fossa

307
Q

formed by superficial fascia and skin

A

roof of popliteal fossa

308
Q

penetrates the roof of popliteal fossa to join the popliteal vein

A

small saphenous

309
Q

penetrates the roof before descending with the small saphenous

A

posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh

310
Q

the part of the lower limb between the knee and the ankl

A

the leg

311
Q

how do structures pass into the leg from the thigh?

A

popliteal fossa

312
Q

how do structures pass into the foot from the leg?

A

tarsal tunnel

313
Q

separate the anterior and posterior compartments of the leg

A
  • tibia
  • fibula
  • interosseous membrane
314
Q

separate the lateral compartment from the anterior and posterior compartments of the leg

A

fibula and anterior and posterior intermuscular septa

315
Q

is triangular in cross section

A

shaft of tibia

316
Q

is rectangular with a bony protuberance, the medial malleolus

A

distal end of tibia

317
Q

triangular in cross section and, except for the ends, is enclosed in muscle

A

fibular

318
Q

forms the lateral malleolus

A

distal end of fibula

319
Q
  • is a tough fibrous sheet of connective tissue
  • connects the tibia and fibula
  • provides increased surface area for muscle attachment
A

interosseous membrane

320
Q

allow blood vessels to pass through the membrane

A

the 2 apertures of interosseous membrane

321
Q

separated into superficial and deep groups

A

Muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg

322
Q

contains the gastrocnemius, plantaris, and soleus

A

superficial group of muscles of posterior compartment of leg

323
Q
  • insert into the calcaneal tendon

- as a unit propel the body forward off the planted foot

A

gastrocnemius, plantaris, and soleus

324
Q

ORIGIN: Medial head- posterior surface of distal femur just superior to medial condyle; lateral head- upper posterolateral surface of lateral femoral condyle

A

gastrocnemius muscle

325
Q

INSERTION: Via calcaneal tendon, to posterior surface of calcaneus

A
  • gastrocnemius muscle
  • plantaris
  • soleus
326
Q

INNERVATION: Tibial nerve (S1, S2)

A
  • gastrocnemius muscle
  • plantaris
  • soleus
327
Q

FUNCTION: Plantarflexes foot and flexes knee

A

gastrocnemius muscle

  • plantaris
  • soleus
328
Q

ORIGIN: Inferior part of lateral supracondylar line of femur and oblique popliteal ligament of knee

A

plantaris

329
Q

ORIGIN: Soleal line and medial border of tibia; posterior aspect of fibular head and adjacent surfaces of neck proximal shaft; tendinous arch between tibial and fibular attachments

A

soleus

330
Q

what are the 4 muscles in the deep group of the posterior compartment of the leg?

A
  • politeus
  • flexor hallicus longus
  • flexor digitorum longus
  • tibialis posterior
331
Q
  • the smallest muscle of deep group

- it unlocks the knee joint at the initiation of flexion

A

popliteus

332
Q

ORIGIN: lateral femoral condyle

A

popliteus

333
Q

INSERTION: posterior surface of proximal tibia

A

popliteus

334
Q

INNERVATION: Tibial nerve (L4 to S1)

A

popliteus

335
Q

FUCNTION: Stabilizes knee joint (resists lateral rotation of tibia on femur). Unlocks knee joint (laterally rotates femur on fixed tibia)

A

popliteus

336
Q

ORIGIN: Posterior surface of fibula and adjacent interosseous membrane

A

Flexor hallicus longus

337
Q

INNERVATION: Plantar surface of distal phalanx of great toe

A

Flexor hallicus longus

338
Q

INNERVATION: Tibial nerve (S2, S3)

A
  • Flexor hallicus longus

- Flexor digitorum longus

339
Q

FUNCTION: flexes great toe

A

Flexor hallicus longus

340
Q

ORIGIN: Medial side of posterior surface of the tibia

A

Flexor digitorum longus

341
Q

INSERTION: Plantar surfaces of bases of distal phalanges of the lateral 4 toes

A

Flexor digitorum longus

342
Q

FUNCTION: flexes 4 lateral toes

A

Flexor digitorum longus

343
Q

ORIGIN: Posterior surface of interosseous membrane and adjacent regions of tibia and fibula

A

tibialis posterior

344
Q

INSERTION: Mainly to tuberosity of navicular and adjacent region of medial compartment

A

tibialis posterior

345
Q

INNERVATION: Tibial nerve (L4, L5)

A

tibialis posterior

346
Q

FUNCTION: Inversion and plantarflexion of foot; support of medial arch of foot during walking

A

tibialis posterior

347
Q
  • major blood supply to the leg

- divides into the anterior and posterior tibial arteries

A

popliteal artery

348
Q

branch off the popliteal artery to supply the gastrocnemius, soleus, and plantaris muscles

A

2 large sural arteries

349
Q

passes through the superior aperture of the interosseous membrane to supply the anterior compartment

A

anterior tibial artery

350
Q

supplies the posterior compartment and has 2 major branches (circumflex fibular and fibular arteries)

A

posterior tibial artery

351
Q

passes through the inferior aperture to anastomose with the anterior tibial artery

A

perforating branch

352
Q
  • is the major nerve of the posterior compartment of leg

- passes into the foot via the tarsal tunnel where supplies most of the intrinsic muscles and skin

A

tibial nerve (a branch of the sciatic)

353
Q

gives rise to the branches that supply all the muscles and 2 cutaneous branches (sural and medial calcaneal nerves)

A

tibial nerve in the leg

354
Q
  • the 2 muscles in the lateral compartment of the leg
  • evert the foot
  • innervated by the superficial fibular nerve (branch of the common fibular)
A

fibularis longus and brevis

355
Q

ORIGIN: Upper lateral surface of fibula, head of fibula, and occasionally the lateral tibial condyle

A

fibularis longus

356
Q

INSERTION: Undersurface of lateral sides of distal end of medial cuneiform and base of metatarsal I

A

fibularis longus

357
Q

INNERVATION: Superficial fibular nerve (L5, S1, S2)

A
  • fibularis longus

- fibularis brevis

358
Q

FUNCTION: Eversion and plantarflexion of foot; supports arches of foot

A

fibularis longus

359
Q

ORIGIN: Lower 2/3 of lateral surface of shaft of fibula

A

fibularis brevis

360
Q

INSERTION: Lateral tubercle at base of metatarsal V

A

fibularis brevis

361
Q

FUNCTION: Eversion of foot

A

fibularis brevis

362
Q

do any major arteries pass vertically through the lateral compartment?

A

no

363
Q

mostly supplied by the branches of the fibular artery from the posterior compartment

A

lateral compartment of the leg

364
Q

nerve associated with the lateral compartment

A

superficial fibular nerve which is a branch of the common fibular

365
Q

gives off 2 cutaneous branches (sural communicating and lateral sural nerves) before continuing around into the lateral compartment

A

common fibular nerve

366
Q

splits into the superficial and deep fibular nerves

A

common fibular nerve

367
Q
  • the 4 muscles in the anterior compartment of the leg
  • they dorsiflex the foot at the ankle joint, extend the toes, and invert the foot
  • are innervated by the fibular nerve
A
  • tibialis anterior
  • extensor hallicus longus
  • extensor digitorum longus
  • fibularis tertius
368
Q

ORIGIN: Lateral surface of tibia and adjacent interosseous membrane

A

tibialis anterior

369
Q

INSERTION: Medial and inferior surfaces of medial cuneiform and adjacent surfaces on base of metatarsal I

A

tibialis anterior

370
Q

INNERVATION: Deep fibular nerve (L4, L5)

A

tibialis anterior

371
Q

FUNCTION: Dorsiflexion of foot at ankle joint; inversion of foot; dynamic support of medial arch of foot

A

tibialis anterior

372
Q

ORIGIN: Middle ½ of medial surface of fibula and adjacent surface of interosseous membrane

A

Extensor hallicus longus

373
Q

INSERTION: Dorsal surface of base of distal phalanx of great toe

A

Extensor hallicus longus

374
Q

INNERVATION: Deep fibular nerve (L4, S1)

A
  • Extensor hallicus longus
  • Extensor digitorum longus
  • fibularis tertius
375
Q

FUNCTION: Extension of great toe and dorsiflexion of foot

A

Extensor hallicus longus

376
Q

ORIGIN: Proximal ½ of medial surface of fibula and related surface of lateral tibial condyle

A

Extensor digitorum longus

377
Q

INSERTION: Via dorsal digital expansions into base of distal and middle phalanges of lateral 4 toes

A

Extensor digitorum longus

378
Q

FUNCTION: Extension of lateral 4 toes and dorsiflexion of foot

A

Extensor digitorum longus

379
Q

ORIGIN: Distal part of medial surface of fibula

A

fibularis tertius

380
Q

INSERTION: Dorsomedial surface of base of metatarsal V

A

fibularis tertius

381
Q

FUNCTION: Dorsiflexion and eversion of foot

A

fibularis tertius

382
Q
  • artery associated with the anterior compartment of leg

- enters the anterior compartment through the superior interosseous aperture

A

anterior tibial artery

383
Q

gives off the recurrent branch that supplies the knee

A

anterior tibial artery (proximally)

384
Q

gives off the anterior medial malleolar and anterior lateral malleolar arteries before passing into the foot

A

anterior tibial artery (distally)

385
Q

innervates the all muscles in the anterior compartment and continues down to innervate muscles of the foot

A

deep fibular nerve

Human Anatomy (11 decks)

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