Chapter 2- The Back Flashcards
1
Q
Consists of the posterior aspect of the body and provides the musculoskeletal acid of support for the body
A
The back
2
Q
What are the parts of the back?
A
- vertebrae
- proximal elements of ribs
- superior aspects of pelvis
- posterior regions of base of skull
- various interconnecting muscles
- spinal cord
- proximal parts of spinal nerves
3
Q
What are the functions of the back?
A
- support weight
- transmit forces
- carry and position head
- brace and help maneuver limbs
4
Q
What are the curvatures of the vertebral column?
A
- primary curvature
- secondary curvature
5
Q
Concave anteriorly; reflects original embryonic shape
A
Primary curvature
6
Q
Concave posteriorly in cervical and lumbar regions; brings center of gravity into vertical line
A
Secondary curvature
7
Q
What controls the movement of the back?
A
The extrinsic and intrinsic muscles
8
Q
Move the limbs and ribs
A
Extrinsic muscles
9
Q
Maintain posture and move the vertebral column: extension, flexion, lateral flexion, rotating
A
Intrinsic muscles
10
Q
How restricted/unrestricted is movement of the back?
A
Movement between any 2 vertebrae is limited but effects between vertebrae are additive along the entire length of the vertebral column
11
Q
Contains the spinal cord and proximal parts of the spinal nerves
A
The vertebral column
12
Q
How many bones are in the vertebral column and what are the different regions?
A
Major bones = 33 vertebrae
- 7 cervical
- 12 thoracic
- 5 lumbar
- 5 sacral
- 3/4 coccygeal
13
Q
The sacral vertebrae are fused into 1 called the…..
A
Sacrum
14
Q
Coccygeal vertebrae are rudimentary and are often fused into a single…..
A
Coccyx
15
Q
Consists of body and arch
A
Typical vertebrae
16
Q
What are vertebrae separated by?
A
Fibrocartilaginous intervertebral discs
17
Q
Provides attachments for muscles and ligaments, levers of muscle actions, and sites of articulation for adjacent vertebrae
A
Vertebral arch
18
Q
What are the other parts of typical vertebrae?
A
- Pedicles
- laminae
- vertebral canal
- spinous processes
- transverse processes
- superior and inferior articular facets
19
Q
- superficial and intermediate group
- move the upper limb and thoracic wall
- intermediate group helps you breathe in and out
- innervated by anterior rami of spinal nerves
- have embryonic origins outside of the back
- develop from hypaxial muscles
A
Extrinsic muscles
20
Q
- deep group; deep in position
- innervated by the posterior rami of spinal nerves
- move the head and vertebral column; helps you straighten out
- have embryonic origins in the back
- develop from epaxial muscles
A
Intrinsic muscles
21
Q
Consists of vertebral bodies, intervertebral discs, and ligaments
A
Anterior walk of the vertebral column
22
Q
Consists of vertebral arches and ligaments
A
Lateral walls and roof of the vertebral column
23
Q
What are the 3 meninges that the spinal cord is covered by?
A
- dura mater
- arachnoid mater
- pia mater
24
Q
Outermost and thickest meninges
A
Dura mater
25
Middle layer meninges
Arachnoid mater
26
Inner most meninges
Intimately associated with the spinal cord
Pia mater
27
How many spinal nerves are there and where do they emerge from?
31 pairs in segmental distribution
Emerge from the vertebral canal between Pericles of adjacent vertebrae
28
What are the different regions of spinal nerves?
- 8 cervical (C1-C8)
- 12 thoracic (t1-t12)
- 5 lumbar (L1-L5)
- 5 sacral (S1-S5)
- 1 coccygeal (Co)
29
How do the spinal nerves attach to the spinal cord?
Via anterior and posterior root
30
Where do the spinal nerves go after exiting the spinal cord?
Each nerve branches into anterior and posterior ramus
31
The smaller ramus
Innervates muscles of the back
Posterior ramus
32
The larger ramus
Innervates most other regions of the body, besides the back
Anterior ramus
33
How do the head and cranial meninges relate to the spinal cord meninges?
The brain and cranial meninges are continuous with spinal cord meninges
34
Ascend through the transverse foramen of the cervical vertebrae to supply blood to the brain
Paired vertebral arteries
35
Supports and moves head
Transmits spinal cord and vertebral arteries between head and neck
Cervical region
36
Provides support for thorax
Thoracic region
37
Provides support for the abdomen
Lumbar region
38
Transmits weight to lower limbs through pelvic bones
Framework for posterior aspect of pelvis
Sacral region
39
Where do the spinal cord and spinal nerves end?
- spinal cord = vertebrae TXII
| - spinal nerves = extend down as cauda equine
40
What do spinal nerves exit through?
Intervertebral foramina
41
What is the intervertebral foramina formed by?
- superior and inferior margins formed by notches in adjacent pedicles
- posterior margin formed by articular processes of vertebral arch and associated joint
- anterior border formed by intervertebral disc
42
Joint between superior and inferior articular processes
Zygapophysial joint
43
Innervate intrinsic muscles and skin of the back
Posterior rami of spinal nerves
44
Where does the cutaneous distribution of posterior rami extend to?
Into the posterior regions of the head, gluteal region, and lower limb
45
The major skeletal components of the back
Vertebrae
46
Minor skeletal components of the back
Skull, ribs, pelvis
47
What are the cervical vertebrae characterized by?
Small size
Transverse foramen
48
What are the thoracic vertebrae characterized by?
By having complete ribs attached to them
49
What is are the lumbar vertebrae characterized by?
Their large size
50
How are vertebrae formed?
Formed intersegmentally from sclerotomes which originate from somites
51
What is each vertebrae derived from?
Each vertebrae is derived from the cranial parts of the 2 somites below (L & R side) and the caudal parts of the 2 somites above (L & R side)
52
What is found on typical vertebrae?
- vertebral body
- vertebral arch
- vertebral canal
- Pedicles
- laminae
- spinous process
- transverse process
- superior and inferior articular processes
- superior and inferior vertebral notched
53
Found on typical vertebrae
Weight bearing
Vertebral body
54
Found on typical vertebrae
Lateral and posterior parts of vertebral foramen
Vertebral arch
55
Found on typical vertebrae
Houses/protects spinal cord
Vertebral canal
56
Found on typical vertebrae
Attach vertebral arch to vertebral body
Pedicles
57
Found on typical vertebrae
Roof of vertebral arch
Laminae
58
Found on typical vertebrae
Muscle and ligament attachment
Spinous process
59
Found on typical vertebrae
Rib attachment (thoracic) and muscle attachment
Transverse process
60
Found on typical vertebrae
Articulate with adjacent vertebrae
Superior and inferior articular processes
61
Found on typical vertebrae
Form intervertebral foramen
Superior and inferior vertebral notches
62
What are the characteristics of cervical vertebrae?
- square shaped vertical body that has concave superior and convex inferior surface
- trough shaped transverse process with foramen transversarium
- bifid spinous process
- triangular vertebral foramen
63
What are the structures of the Atlas (C1)?
- lateral masses
- superior articular surfaces
- inferior articular surfaces
- anterior arch
- posterior arch
- Atlanto occipital joint
- transverse ligament
64
Part of the Atlas
Holds the skull
Lateral masses
65
Part of the Atlas
Connects lateral masses
Anterior arch and posterior arch
66
What does the Axis (C2) consist of?
- Dens (vertebral body of Atlas)
- Atlanto axial joint
- alar ligaments
67
What do thoracic vertebrae have?
- superior and inferior costal facets on each side of the vertebral body
- transverse costal facets on transverse processes
68
What do lumbar vertebrae have?
-long thin transverse processes that provide attachment for the iliolumbar ligament
69
Connects the transverse processes to the pelvis
Iliolumbar ligament
70
- has 5 fused vertebrae that form triangular shaped bone
- Apex points inferiority and is concave anteriorly
- 4 anterior and posterior sacral foramina allow passage of anterior and posterior rami
Sacrum
71
- small triangular bone made of 3-4 fused coccygeal vertebrae
- characterized by small size and lack of vertebral canal
Coccyx
72
Formed by he superior and inferior vertebral notches on the Pedicles of adjacent vertebrae
Allow nerves and blood vessels to pass in and out of the vertebral canal
Intervertebral foramina
73
What is the intervertebral foramen bordered by?
Bordered posteriorly by the zygopophysial joint between articular processes of the 2 vertebrae
Bordered anteriorly by the intervertebral disc and adjacent vertebral bodies
74
How do the lamina and spinous process of adjacent vertebrae interact?
- they overlap
| - form reasonably complete bony dorsal wall for the vertebral canal
75
What are the gaps like in the lumbar region?
- large gaps exist between adjacent vertebrae
- gaps get larger towards the inferior end of the lumbar region
- gaps can be made larger by flexion of the back and are useful for medical procedures
76
What are the two major types of joints between vertebrae?
- symphyses
| - synovial joints
77
- type of joint between vertebrae
- joint between vertebral bodies
- solid cartilaginous joint
Symphyses
78
- type of joints between vertebrae
| - joint between articular processes
Synovial joints
79
How many joints does a typical vertebrae have?
6 joints with adjacent vertebrae
-4 synovial joints (2 above, 2 below)
- 2 symphyses (1 above, 1 below)
- each symphyses includes an intervertebral disc
80
Formed from a layer of hyaline cartilage and an intervertebral disc
- includes annulus fibrosis
- nucleus pulposus
Symphyses
81
Helps form symphyses
Collagen and fibrocartilage; limits rotation
Annulus fibrosus
82
Helps form symphyses
Gelatinous, absorbs compression
Nucleus pulposus
83
Lateral margins of the upper surface of cervical vertebrae are elevated into lips or crests called.....
Unicate processes
84
Unicate processes may articulate with the vertebrae above to form......
Uncovertebral synovial joints (extra joints in cervical region)
85
Where are the anterior and posterior ligaments located?
Located on the anterior and posterior sides of the vertebral bodies and extend along most of the vertebral column
86
Attached superiorly to the base of the skull and inferiorly to the sacrum and vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs along its length
Anterior longitudinal ligament
87
Lines anterior surface of vertebral canal and attached to vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs along its length and attaches to skull via the tectorial membrane
Runs through same tunnel as spinal cord
Posterior longitudinal ligament
88
Passes between lamina of adjacent vertebrae on both sides
Forms part of posterior surface of vertebral canal
Fill in the gap between lumbar vertebrae
Ligamenta flava
89
Connects and passes along tips of spinous processes from CVII to the sacrum
Very thing and long
Very tight
Supraspinous ligament
90
Extends from CVII to the skull
Attached to the skull from the external occipital protuberance to the foramen magnum, the spinous process of vertebrae CII-CVII, and the posterior tubercle of CI
Ligamentum Nuchae
91
Pass between adjacent vertebral spinous processes
Attach from the base to the apex of the spine
Blends with supraspinous ligament posteriorly and ligamentum flava anteriorly
Interspinous ligaments
92
What are the three groups of the back?
Superficial
Intermediate
Deep
93
Muscles that relate to movement of the upper limb
A group of the back
Superficial
94
Muscles attached to ribs that may serve breathing function
Group of the back
Intermediate
95
Muscles that relate to movement of the vertebral column
Group of the back
Deep
96
Referred to as appendicular group because muscles play an important role in moving the upper limb
Superficial muscle group
97
What are the parts of the superficial muscle group?
```
Trapezius
Latissiumus dorsi
Rhomboid major
Rhomboid minor
Levator scapulae
```
98
What is the superficial muscle group innervated by?
Innervated by anterior rami of spinal nerves and have embryonic origin outside of the back
99
Assists in rotating the scapula during abduction of humerus above horizontal, upper fibers elevate, middle fibers adduct, lower fibers depress scapula
Superficial branch of transverse cervical artery
Trapezius
100
Extends, addicts, and medically rotates humerus
Thoracodorsal artery
Latissimus dorsi
101
Elevated scapula
Transverse and ascending cervical artery
Levator scapulae
102
Retracts (adducts) and elevates scapula
Superficial branch of transverse cervical artery
Rhomboid major
103
Retracts (adducts) and elevates scapula
Superficial branch of transverse cervical artery
Rhomboid minor
104
How is the superficial muscle group supplied blood and innervated?
Superficial branch of transverse cervical artery
Accessory nerve [XI]
105
How are the rhomboid muscles supplied blood and innervated?
Dorsal scapular nerve
Superficial branch of transverse cervical artery
106
Referee to as a respiratory group
Includes the serratus posterior superior
Includes serratus posterior inferior
Intermediate muscle group
107
How is the intermediate muscle group supplied blood and innervated?
Blood supply via similar segmental pattern through intercostal arteries
Innervated by anterior rami of spinal nerves and have embryonic origin outside of the back
108
Originates from the lower portion of lagamentum nuchae, spinous processes of CVII to TIII, and supraspinous ligaments
Inserts into the upper border of ribs II to V just lateral to their angles
Is innervated by the anterior rami of upper thoracic nerves
Functions to elevate ribs II to V
Serratus superior
109
Originates from the spinous processes of TXI to LIII and supraspinous ligaments
Inserts at the lower border of ribs IX to XII just lateral to their angles
Innervated by the anterior rami of lower thoracic nerves (T9-T12)
Functions to depress ribs IX to XII and may prevent lower ribs from being elevated when diaphragm contracts
Serratus posterior inferior
110
Extend the back from the pelvis to the skull
Innervated by segmental branches of the posterior rami of spinal nerves
Their embryonic origin is in the back
Deep muscles
111
What is the blood supply to the deep muscle group?
The blood supply is through branches from vertebral, deep cervical, occipital, transverse cervical, posterior intercostal, subcostal, lumbar, and lateral sacral arteries
112
What covers the deep muscles?
Thoracolumbar fascia
113
What is the thoracolumbar fascia continuous with superiorly?
Continuous with the deep fascia in the neck
114
What does the thoracolumbar fascia do in the thoracic region?
It covers the deep muscles
Separates them the muscles from superficial and intermediate layers
115
What does the thoracolumbar fascia attach to medially?
Attached to the spinous processes of thoracic vertebrae
116
What does the thoracolumbar fascia attach to laterally?
The angle of the rib
117
What are the layers of the thoracolumbar fascia in the lumbar region?
Posterior
Middle
Anterior
118
Consists of 2 muscles that run from spinous processes and ligamentum nuchae upward and laterally
- splenius capitis
- splenius cervicis
Spinotransversales muscles
119
What do the spinotransversales muscles do?
They draw back the head backward extending the neck, individually muscles rotate the head
120
What are the spinotransversales muscles innervated by?
Posterior rami of cervical nerves
121
Attaches to the occipital bone and mastoid process of temporal bone
Splenius capitis
122
Attaches to spinous processes of upper cervical vertebrae
Splenius cervicis
123
This muscle group is divided into 3 vertical columns, all arising from a broad thick tendon
Erector spinae muscles
124
What are the 3 vertical columns of the erector spinae muscles?
From lateral to medial:
Iliocostalis
Longissimus
Spinalis
125
How are the 3 vertical columns of erector spinae muscles further divided?
Divided into lumborum, thoracis, cervicis, and capitis depending on superior muscle attachment
126
What do erector spinae muscles do?
They are the primary extensors of the vertebral column (bilateral contraction) and they bend the column laterally (unilateral contraction)
127
Originates from the sacrum, spinous processes of lumbar and lower 2 thoracic vertebrae and their supraspinous ligaments, and iliac crest
Inserts at the angles of the lower 6 or 7 ribs
Iliocostalis lumborum
128
Originates from the angles of the lower 6 ribs
Inserts at the angles of the upper 6 ribs and the transverse process of CVII
Iliocostalis thoracis
129
Originates from the angles of ribs 3 to 6
Inserts at the transverse processes of CIV to CVI
Iliocostalis cervicis
130
Blends with iliocostalis in lumbar region and is attached to transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae
Insertion at the transverse processes of all thoracic vertebrae and just lateral to the tubercles of lower 9 and 10 ribs
Longissimus thoracis
131
Originates from the transverse processes of upper 4 or 5 thoracic vertebrae
Insertion at the transverse processes of CII to CVI
Longissimus cervicis
132
Originates from the transverse processes of upper 4 or 5 thoracic vertebrae and articular processes of lower 3 or 4 cervical vertebrae
Insertion at the posterior margin of mastoid process
Longissimus capitis
133
Originates from the spinous processes of TX or TXI to LII
Insertion at the spinous processes of TI to TVIII (varies)
Spinalis thoracis
134
Originates from the lower part of ligamentum nochae and spinous process of CVII
Insertion at the spinous process of CII (axis)
Spinalis cervicis
135
Usually blends with semi spinalis capitis
Inserts with the semispinalis capitis
Spinalis capitis
136
What do the transversospinales muscles consist of?
Semispinalis
Multifidus
Rotatores
137
Transversospinalis muscles
Most superficial
Start in thoracic region and end by attaching to the skull, cross 4-6 vertebrae from origin
Semispinalis
138
Transversospinales muscles
Just deep to semispinalis
Span the length of the vertebral column
Pass medially and upward from origin passing over 2-4 vertebrae
Multifidus
139
Transversospinales muscles
Deepest
Fibers pass upward and medially crossing 1-2 vertebrae
Rotatores
140
What do the segmental muscles consist of?
Levatores costarum
Interspinales
Intertransversarii
141
Segmental muscle
Arise from transverse processes (CVII and TI-TXI)
Extend obliquely lateral and downward
Insert in ribs below vertebrae of origin
Elevate ribs
Levatores costarum
142
Segmental muscle
Pass between adjacent spinous processes
Postural muscles; stabilize adjoining vertebrae
Interpsinales
143
Segmental muscle
Pass between adjacent transverse processes
Postural muscles; stabilize adjoining vertebrae
Intertransversarii
144
What are segmental muscles innervated by?
Innervated by posterior rami of spinal nerves
145
Small group of deep muscles below the skull that attach CI to C2 and connect both to the base of the skull
Suboccipital muscles
146
What do the suboccipital muscle group include?
- rectus capitis posterior major
- rectus capitis posterior minor
- obliquus capitis inferior
- obliquus capitis superior
- suboccipital triangle
147
Formed by the rectus capitis posterior (medial border), obliquus capitis superior (lateral border), and obliquus capitis inferior (inferior border)
Suboccipital triangle
148
Origin: spinous process of axis (C2)
Insertion: lateral portion of occipital bone
Innervation: posterior ramus of C1
Function: extension of head, rotation of face
Rectus capitis posterior major
149
Origin: posterior tubercle of Atlas (C1)
Insertion: median portion of occipital bone
Innervation: posterior ramus of C1
Function: extension of head
Rectus capitis posterior minor
150
Origin: transverse process of atlas (C1)
Insertion: occipital bone
Innervation: posterior ramus of C1
Function: extension of head, bend to same side
Obliquus capitis superior
151
Origin: spinous process of axis (C2)
Insertion: transverse process of atlas
Innervation: posterior ramus of C1
Function: rotation of face to same side
Obliquus capitis inferior
152
Extends from the foramen magnum to between LI and LII in adults
Spinal cord
153
Where does the distal/inferior end of the spinal cord end?
In the conus medullaris
154
Continues inferiorly from the apex of conus medullaris
A filament of connective tissue (filum terminale)
155
Is the spinal cord of uniform thickness?
No, it has 2 major swellings (associated with plexuses)
- cervical enlargement
- lumbosacral enlargement
156
The external surface of the spinal cord is marked by fissures and sulci, what are they?
Anterior median fissure
Posterior median sulcus
Posterolateral sulcus
157
Extends the length of the anterior surface of the spinal cord
Anterior median fissure
158
Extends sliding the posterior surface of the spinal cord
Posterior median sulcus
159
Where the posterior rootlets enter the spinal cord
Posterolateral sulcus
160
Internally, what is the central canal of the spinal cord surrounded by?
Gray and white matter
161
Where does the arterial blood supply come from?
- longitudinally oriented muscles
| - feeder arteries/segmental arteries
162
Where do longitudinally oriented vessels come from?
They arise superior to cervical portions of the spinal cord and descend on the surface of the spinal cord
163
Where do feeder arteries come from?
They enter the vertebral canal through intervertebral foramina at every level: vertebral and deep cervical arteries in the neck, posterior intercostals in thorax, and lumbar arteries in abdomen
164
What are the anterior and posterior spinal arteries reinforced by?
10 segmental medullary arteries
165
What do segmental arteries give rise to after leaving the intervertebral foramina?
Anterior and posterior ridicules arteries and, at various levels, segmental medullary arteries
166
What do longitudinally oriented arteries consist of?
Anterior and posterior spinal arteries
167
What are the longitudinal veins that drain the spinal cord?
- 2 pairs bracket the anterior tootled connections
- 1 midline channel parallels the anterior fissure
- 1 midline channel passes along the posterior median sulcus
168
What do the longitudinal veins drain into?
An extensive internal vertebral plexus in the extradural (epidural) space
169
What does the internal vertebral plexus drain into?
Drains into segmental veins that connect to major systemic veins such as the azygous
170
What are the three spinal cord meninges?
Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater
171
The outer most meninge that is separated from surrounding bone by the epidural space
Superiorly, it is continuous with the dura matter of the brain at the foramen magnum
Inferiorly, it forms an investing sheath for the pial part of the filum terminale
Dura mater
172
Delicate membrane against but not adherent to deep surface of dura, separated from the pia by the subarachnoid space, it ends at vertebra S2
Arachnoid mater
173
Contains CSF and it is continuous with subarachnoid space of the brain
Inferiorly, it terminates at vertebrae S2
Large blood vessels are suspended in it
arachnoid traveculae span the space and connect the arachnoid and pia maters
Subarachnoid space
174
a vascular membrane that firmly adheres to the surface of the spinal cord
Covers anterior and posterior rootlets that are in the subarachnoid space
pia mater
175
longitudinal extensions of the pia mater
- Medially they attach to the spinal cord in a plane between rootlets
- Laterally they form triangular extensions that attach between spinal nerves
denticulate ligament
176
what is the vertebral canal bordered by anteriorly?
Anteriorly- bodies of vertebrae, intervertebral discs, and longitudinal ligament
177
what is the vertebral canal bordered by posteriorly?
Posteriorly- lamina and ligamenta flavum, and in the medial plane interspinous ligaments and vertebral spinous processes
178
What is the vertebral canal bordered by laterally?
pedicles ad intervertebral foramina
179
What does the epidural space contain in the vertebral canal?
contains internal vertebral plexus and fat
180
what is each spinal nerve attached to the spinal cord by?
by anterior and posterior rootlets
181
contain the processes of sensory neurons carrying information to the CNS (afferents)
posterior roots
182
contain motor nerve fibers which carry signals away from the CNS (efferents)
anterior roots
183
where are the cell bodies of sensory neurons derived from and where are they found?
- embryonically derived from the neural crest
| - found in the spinal ganglion, usually in the intervertebral foramina
184
the area that gives rise to the posterior and anterior roots that all join to form a spinal nerve
a spinal segment
185
laterally, how do the spinal nerves divide?
into posterior and anterior rami
186
innervate epaxial muscles and an associated strip of skin
posterior rami
187
innervate hypaxial muscles including limbs and most remaining skin areas
anterior rami
188
Where does CI emerge from?
emerges from the vertebral canal between the skull and vetebrae CI
189
where does C8 emerge from?
emerges from the vertebral canal between vertebra C7 and T1
190
origin: Lower half of ligamentum nuchae, spinous processes of CVII to TIV
insertion: Mastoid process, skull below lateral one third of superior nuchal line
innervation: Posterior rami of middle cervical plexus
function: Together- draw head backward, extending neck; individually- draw and rotate head to one side (turn face to same side)
Splenius capitus
191
origin: Spinous processes of TII to TVI
insertion: Transverse processes of CI to CIII
innervation: Posterior rami of lower cervical nerves
function: Together- extend neck; individually- draw and rotate head to one side (turn face to same side)
Splenius cervicis
192
origin: Superior nuchal line, external occipital protuberance, ligamentum nuchae, spinous process of CVII to TXII
insertion: Lateral 1/3 of clavicle, acromion, spine of scapula
innervation: Motor- accessory nerve (XI)
Proprioception- C3 and C4
function: Assists in rotating the scapula during abduction of humerus above horizontal, upper fibers elevate, middle fibers adduct, lower fibers depress scapula
trapezius
193
origin: Spinous process of TVII to LV and sacrum, iliac crest, ribs X-XII
insertion: Floor of intertubercular sulcus of humerus
innervation: Thoracodorsal nerve (C6 to C8)
function: Extends, adducts, and medially rotates humerus
Latissimus dorsi
194
origin: Transverse process of CI to CIV
insertion: Upper portion medial border of scapula
innervation: C3 to C4 and dorsal scapular nerve (C4, C5)
function: elevates scapula
Levator scapulae
195
origin: Spinous process of TII to TV
Insertion: Medal border of scapula between spine and inferior angle
innervation: Dorsal scapula nerve (C4, C5)
function: Retracts (adducts)and elevates scapula
Rhomboid major
196
Origin: Lower portion of ligamentum nuchae, spinous process of CVII, TI
Insertion: Medial border of scapula at spine of scapula
Innervation: Dorsal scapular nerve (C4, C5)
function:Retracts (adducts) and elevates scapula
rhomboid minor
