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Human Anatomy > Chapter 2- The Back > Flashcards

Chapter 2- The Back Flashcards

1
Q

Consists of the posterior aspect of the body and provides the musculoskeletal acid of support for the body

A

The back

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2
Q

What are the parts of the back?

A
  • vertebrae
  • proximal elements of ribs
  • superior aspects of pelvis
  • posterior regions of base of skull
  • various interconnecting muscles
  • spinal cord
  • proximal parts of spinal nerves
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3
Q

What are the functions of the back?

A
  • support weight
  • transmit forces
  • carry and position head
  • brace and help maneuver limbs
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4
Q

What are the curvatures of the vertebral column?

A
  • primary curvature

- secondary curvature

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5
Q

Concave anteriorly; reflects original embryonic shape

A

Primary curvature

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6
Q

Concave posteriorly in cervical and lumbar regions; brings center of gravity into vertical line

A

Secondary curvature

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7
Q

What controls the movement of the back?

A

The extrinsic and intrinsic muscles

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8
Q

Move the limbs and ribs

A

Extrinsic muscles

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9
Q

Maintain posture and move the vertebral column: extension, flexion, lateral flexion, rotating

A

Intrinsic muscles

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10
Q

How restricted/unrestricted is movement of the back?

A

Movement between any 2 vertebrae is limited but effects between vertebrae are additive along the entire length of the vertebral column

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11
Q

Contains the spinal cord and proximal parts of the spinal nerves

A

The vertebral column

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12
Q

How many bones are in the vertebral column and what are the different regions?

A

Major bones = 33 vertebrae

  • 7 cervical
  • 12 thoracic
  • 5 lumbar
  • 5 sacral
  • 3/4 coccygeal
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13
Q

The sacral vertebrae are fused into 1 called the…..

A

Sacrum

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14
Q

Coccygeal vertebrae are rudimentary and are often fused into a single…..

A

Coccyx

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15
Q

Consists of body and arch

A

Typical vertebrae

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16
Q

What are vertebrae separated by?

A

Fibrocartilaginous intervertebral discs

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17
Q

Provides attachments for muscles and ligaments, levers of muscle actions, and sites of articulation for adjacent vertebrae

A

Vertebral arch

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18
Q

What are the other parts of typical vertebrae?

A
  • Pedicles
  • laminae
  • vertebral canal
  • spinous processes
  • transverse processes
  • superior and inferior articular facets
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19
Q
  • superficial and intermediate group
  • move the upper limb and thoracic wall
  • intermediate group helps you breathe in and out
  • innervated by anterior rami of spinal nerves
  • have embryonic origins outside of the back
  • develop from hypaxial muscles
A

Extrinsic muscles

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20
Q
  • deep group; deep in position
  • innervated by the posterior rami of spinal nerves
  • move the head and vertebral column; helps you straighten out
  • have embryonic origins in the back
  • develop from epaxial muscles
A

Intrinsic muscles

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21
Q

Consists of vertebral bodies, intervertebral discs, and ligaments

A

Anterior walk of the vertebral column

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22
Q

Consists of vertebral arches and ligaments

A

Lateral walls and roof of the vertebral column

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23
Q

What are the 3 meninges that the spinal cord is covered by?

A
  • dura mater
  • arachnoid mater
  • pia mater
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24
Q

Outermost and thickest meninges

A

Dura mater

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25
Q

Middle layer meninges

A

Arachnoid mater

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26
Q

Inner most meninges

Intimately associated with the spinal cord

A

Pia mater

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27
Q

How many spinal nerves are there and where do they emerge from?

A

31 pairs in segmental distribution

Emerge from the vertebral canal between Pericles of adjacent vertebrae

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28
Q

What are the different regions of spinal nerves?

A
  • 8 cervical (C1-C8)
  • 12 thoracic (t1-t12)
  • 5 lumbar (L1-L5)
  • 5 sacral (S1-S5)
  • 1 coccygeal (Co)
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29
Q

How do the spinal nerves attach to the spinal cord?

A

Via anterior and posterior root

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30
Q

Where do the spinal nerves go after exiting the spinal cord?

A

Each nerve branches into anterior and posterior ramus

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31
Q

The smaller ramus

Innervates muscles of the back

A

Posterior ramus

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32
Q

The larger ramus

Innervates most other regions of the body, besides the back

A

Anterior ramus

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33
Q

How do the head and cranial meninges relate to the spinal cord meninges?

A

The brain and cranial meninges are continuous with spinal cord meninges

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34
Q

Ascend through the transverse foramen of the cervical vertebrae to supply blood to the brain

A

Paired vertebral arteries

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35
Q

Supports and moves head

Transmits spinal cord and vertebral arteries between head and neck

A

Cervical region

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36
Q

Provides support for thorax

A

Thoracic region

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37
Q

Provides support for the abdomen

A

Lumbar region

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38
Q

Transmits weight to lower limbs through pelvic bones

Framework for posterior aspect of pelvis

A

Sacral region

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39
Q

Where do the spinal cord and spinal nerves end?

A
  • spinal cord = vertebrae TXII

- spinal nerves = extend down as cauda equine

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40
Q

What do spinal nerves exit through?

A

Intervertebral foramina

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41
Q

What is the intervertebral foramina formed by?

A
  • superior and inferior margins formed by notches in adjacent pedicles
  • posterior margin formed by articular processes of vertebral arch and associated joint
  • anterior border formed by intervertebral disc
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42
Q

Joint between superior and inferior articular processes

A

Zygapophysial joint

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43
Q

Innervate intrinsic muscles and skin of the back

A

Posterior rami of spinal nerves

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44
Q

Where does the cutaneous distribution of posterior rami extend to?

A

Into the posterior regions of the head, gluteal region, and lower limb

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45
Q

The major skeletal components of the back

A

Vertebrae

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46
Q

Minor skeletal components of the back

A

Skull, ribs, pelvis

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47
Q

What are the cervical vertebrae characterized by?

A

Small size

Transverse foramen

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48
Q

What are the thoracic vertebrae characterized by?

A

By having complete ribs attached to them

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49
Q

What is are the lumbar vertebrae characterized by?

A

Their large size

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50
Q

How are vertebrae formed?

A

Formed intersegmentally from sclerotomes which originate from somites

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51
Q

What is each vertebrae derived from?

A

Each vertebrae is derived from the cranial parts of the 2 somites below (L & R side) and the caudal parts of the 2 somites above (L & R side)

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52
Q

What is found on typical vertebrae?

A
  • vertebral body
  • vertebral arch
  • vertebral canal
  • Pedicles
  • laminae
  • spinous process
  • transverse process
  • superior and inferior articular processes
  • superior and inferior vertebral notched
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53
Q

Found on typical vertebrae

Weight bearing

A

Vertebral body

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54
Q

Found on typical vertebrae

Lateral and posterior parts of vertebral foramen

A

Vertebral arch

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55
Q

Found on typical vertebrae

Houses/protects spinal cord

A

Vertebral canal

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56
Q

Found on typical vertebrae

Attach vertebral arch to vertebral body

A

Pedicles

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57
Q

Found on typical vertebrae

Roof of vertebral arch

A

Laminae

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58
Q

Found on typical vertebrae

Muscle and ligament attachment

A

Spinous process

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59
Q

Found on typical vertebrae

Rib attachment (thoracic) and muscle attachment

A

Transverse process

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60
Q

Found on typical vertebrae

Articulate with adjacent vertebrae

A

Superior and inferior articular processes

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61
Q

Found on typical vertebrae

Form intervertebral foramen

A

Superior and inferior vertebral notches

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62
Q

What are the characteristics of cervical vertebrae?

A
  • square shaped vertical body that has concave superior and convex inferior surface
  • trough shaped transverse process with foramen transversarium
  • bifid spinous process
  • triangular vertebral foramen
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63
Q

What are the structures of the Atlas (C1)?

A
  • lateral masses
  • superior articular surfaces
  • inferior articular surfaces
  • anterior arch
  • posterior arch
  • Atlanto occipital joint
  • transverse ligament
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64
Q

Part of the Atlas

Holds the skull

A

Lateral masses

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65
Q

Part of the Atlas

Connects lateral masses

A

Anterior arch and posterior arch

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66
Q

What does the Axis (C2) consist of?

A
  • Dens (vertebral body of Atlas)
  • Atlanto axial joint
  • alar ligaments
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67
Q

What do thoracic vertebrae have?

A
  • superior and inferior costal facets on each side of the vertebral body
  • transverse costal facets on transverse processes
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68
Q

What do lumbar vertebrae have?

A

-long thin transverse processes that provide attachment for the iliolumbar ligament

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69
Q

Connects the transverse processes to the pelvis

A

Iliolumbar ligament

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70
Q
  • has 5 fused vertebrae that form triangular shaped bone
  • Apex points inferiority and is concave anteriorly
  • 4 anterior and posterior sacral foramina allow passage of anterior and posterior rami
A

Sacrum

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71
Q
  • small triangular bone made of 3-4 fused coccygeal vertebrae
  • characterized by small size and lack of vertebral canal
A

Coccyx

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72
Q

Formed by he superior and inferior vertebral notches on the Pedicles of adjacent vertebrae

Allow nerves and blood vessels to pass in and out of the vertebral canal

A

Intervertebral foramina

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73
Q

What is the intervertebral foramen bordered by?

A

Bordered posteriorly by the zygopophysial joint between articular processes of the 2 vertebrae

Bordered anteriorly by the intervertebral disc and adjacent vertebral bodies

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74
Q

How do the lamina and spinous process of adjacent vertebrae interact?

A
  • they overlap

- form reasonably complete bony dorsal wall for the vertebral canal

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75
Q

What are the gaps like in the lumbar region?

A
  • large gaps exist between adjacent vertebrae
  • gaps get larger towards the inferior end of the lumbar region
  • gaps can be made larger by flexion of the back and are useful for medical procedures
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76
Q

What are the two major types of joints between vertebrae?

A
  • symphyses

- synovial joints

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77
Q
  • type of joint between vertebrae
  • joint between vertebral bodies
  • solid cartilaginous joint
A

Symphyses

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78
Q
  • type of joints between vertebrae

- joint between articular processes

A

Synovial joints

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79
Q

How many joints does a typical vertebrae have?

A

6 joints with adjacent vertebrae
-4 synovial joints (2 above, 2 below)

  • 2 symphyses (1 above, 1 below)
  • each symphyses includes an intervertebral disc
80
Q

Formed from a layer of hyaline cartilage and an intervertebral disc

  • includes annulus fibrosis
  • nucleus pulposus
A

Symphyses

81
Q

Helps form symphyses

Collagen and fibrocartilage; limits rotation

A

Annulus fibrosus

82
Q

Helps form symphyses

Gelatinous, absorbs compression

A

Nucleus pulposus

83
Q

Lateral margins of the upper surface of cervical vertebrae are elevated into lips or crests called…..

A

Unicate processes

84
Q

Unicate processes may articulate with the vertebrae above to form……

A

Uncovertebral synovial joints (extra joints in cervical region)

85
Q

Where are the anterior and posterior ligaments located?

A

Located on the anterior and posterior sides of the vertebral bodies and extend along most of the vertebral column

86
Q

Attached superiorly to the base of the skull and inferiorly to the sacrum and vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs along its length

A

Anterior longitudinal ligament

87
Q

Lines anterior surface of vertebral canal and attached to vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs along its length and attaches to skull via the tectorial membrane

Runs through same tunnel as spinal cord

A

Posterior longitudinal ligament

88
Q

Passes between lamina of adjacent vertebrae on both sides

Forms part of posterior surface of vertebral canal

Fill in the gap between lumbar vertebrae

A

Ligamenta flava

89
Q

Connects and passes along tips of spinous processes from CVII to the sacrum

Very thing and long

Very tight

A

Supraspinous ligament

90
Q

Extends from CVII to the skull

Attached to the skull from the external occipital protuberance to the foramen magnum, the spinous process of vertebrae CII-CVII, and the posterior tubercle of CI

A

Ligamentum Nuchae

91
Q

Pass between adjacent vertebral spinous processes

Attach from the base to the apex of the spine

Blends with supraspinous ligament posteriorly and ligamentum flava anteriorly

A

Interspinous ligaments

92
Q

What are the three groups of the back?

A

Superficial
Intermediate
Deep

93
Q

Muscles that relate to movement of the upper limb

A group of the back

A

Superficial

94
Q

Muscles attached to ribs that may serve breathing function

Group of the back

A

Intermediate

95
Q

Muscles that relate to movement of the vertebral column

Group of the back

A

Deep

96
Q

Referred to as appendicular group because muscles play an important role in moving the upper limb

A

Superficial muscle group

97
Q

What are the parts of the superficial muscle group?

A 
Trapezius 
Latissiumus dorsi 
Rhomboid major
Rhomboid minor
Levator scapulae
98
Q

What is the superficial muscle group innervated by?

A

Innervated by anterior rami of spinal nerves and have embryonic origin outside of the back

99
Q

Assists in rotating the scapula during abduction of humerus above horizontal, upper fibers elevate, middle fibers adduct, lower fibers depress scapula

Superficial branch of transverse cervical artery

A

Trapezius

100
Q

Extends, addicts, and medically rotates humerus

Thoracodorsal artery

A

Latissimus dorsi

101
Q

Elevated scapula

Transverse and ascending cervical artery

A

Levator scapulae

102
Q

Retracts (adducts) and elevates scapula

Superficial branch of transverse cervical artery

A

Rhomboid major

103
Q

Retracts (adducts) and elevates scapula

Superficial branch of transverse cervical artery

A

Rhomboid minor

104
Q

How is the superficial muscle group supplied blood and innervated?

A

Superficial branch of transverse cervical artery

Accessory nerve [XI]

105
Q

How are the rhomboid muscles supplied blood and innervated?

A

Dorsal scapular nerve

Superficial branch of transverse cervical artery

106
Q

Referee to as a respiratory group

Includes the serratus posterior superior

Includes serratus posterior inferior

A

Intermediate muscle group

107
Q

How is the intermediate muscle group supplied blood and innervated?

A

Blood supply via similar segmental pattern through intercostal arteries

Innervated by anterior rami of spinal nerves and have embryonic origin outside of the back

108
Q

Originates from the lower portion of lagamentum nuchae, spinous processes of CVII to TIII, and supraspinous ligaments

Inserts into the upper border of ribs II to V just lateral to their angles

Is innervated by the anterior rami of upper thoracic nerves

Functions to elevate ribs II to V

A

Serratus superior

109
Q

Originates from the spinous processes of TXI to LIII and supraspinous ligaments

Inserts at the lower border of ribs IX to XII just lateral to their angles

Innervated by the anterior rami of lower thoracic nerves (T9-T12)

Functions to depress ribs IX to XII and may prevent lower ribs from being elevated when diaphragm contracts

A

Serratus posterior inferior

110
Q

Extend the back from the pelvis to the skull

Innervated by segmental branches of the posterior rami of spinal nerves

Their embryonic origin is in the back

A

Deep muscles

111
Q

What is the blood supply to the deep muscle group?

A

The blood supply is through branches from vertebral, deep cervical, occipital, transverse cervical, posterior intercostal, subcostal, lumbar, and lateral sacral arteries

112
Q

What covers the deep muscles?

A

Thoracolumbar fascia

113
Q

What is the thoracolumbar fascia continuous with superiorly?

A

Continuous with the deep fascia in the neck

114
Q

What does the thoracolumbar fascia do in the thoracic region?

A

It covers the deep muscles

Separates them the muscles from superficial and intermediate layers

115
Q

What does the thoracolumbar fascia attach to medially?

A

Attached to the spinous processes of thoracic vertebrae

116
Q

What does the thoracolumbar fascia attach to laterally?

A

The angle of the rib

117
Q

What are the layers of the thoracolumbar fascia in the lumbar region?

A

Posterior
Middle
Anterior

118
Q

Consists of 2 muscles that run from spinous processes and ligamentum nuchae upward and laterally

- splenius capitis 
- splenius cervicis
A

Spinotransversales muscles

119
Q

What do the spinotransversales muscles do?

A

They draw back the head backward extending the neck, individually muscles rotate the head

120
Q

What are the spinotransversales muscles innervated by?

A

Posterior rami of cervical nerves

121
Q

Attaches to the occipital bone and mastoid process of temporal bone

A

Splenius capitis

122
Q

Attaches to spinous processes of upper cervical vertebrae

A

Splenius cervicis

123
Q

This muscle group is divided into 3 vertical columns, all arising from a broad thick tendon

A

Erector spinae muscles

124
Q

What are the 3 vertical columns of the erector spinae muscles?

A

From lateral to medial:
Iliocostalis
Longissimus
Spinalis

125
Q

How are the 3 vertical columns of erector spinae muscles further divided?

A

Divided into lumborum, thoracis, cervicis, and capitis depending on superior muscle attachment

126
Q

What do erector spinae muscles do?

A

They are the primary extensors of the vertebral column (bilateral contraction) and they bend the column laterally (unilateral contraction)

127
Q

Originates from the sacrum, spinous processes of lumbar and lower 2 thoracic vertebrae and their supraspinous ligaments, and iliac crest

Inserts at the angles of the lower 6 or 7 ribs

A

Iliocostalis lumborum

128
Q

Originates from the angles of the lower 6 ribs

Inserts at the angles of the upper 6 ribs and the transverse process of CVII

A

Iliocostalis thoracis

129
Q

Originates from the angles of ribs 3 to 6

Inserts at the transverse processes of CIV to CVI

A

Iliocostalis cervicis

130
Q

Blends with iliocostalis in lumbar region and is attached to transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae

Insertion at the transverse processes of all thoracic vertebrae and just lateral to the tubercles of lower 9 and 10 ribs

A

Longissimus thoracis

131
Q

Originates from the transverse processes of upper 4 or 5 thoracic vertebrae

Insertion at the transverse processes of CII to CVI

A

Longissimus cervicis

132
Q

Originates from the transverse processes of upper 4 or 5 thoracic vertebrae and articular processes of lower 3 or 4 cervical vertebrae

Insertion at the posterior margin of mastoid process

A

Longissimus capitis

133
Q

Originates from the spinous processes of TX or TXI to LII

Insertion at the spinous processes of TI to TVIII (varies)

A

Spinalis thoracis

134
Q

Originates from the lower part of ligamentum nochae and spinous process of CVII

Insertion at the spinous process of CII (axis)

A

Spinalis cervicis

135
Q

Usually blends with semi spinalis capitis

Inserts with the semispinalis capitis

A

Spinalis capitis

136
Q

What do the transversospinales muscles consist of?

A

Semispinalis
Multifidus
Rotatores

137
Q

Transversospinalis muscles

Most superficial

Start in thoracic region and end by attaching to the skull, cross 4-6 vertebrae from origin

A

Semispinalis

138
Q

Transversospinales muscles

Just deep to semispinalis

Span the length of the vertebral column

Pass medially and upward from origin passing over 2-4 vertebrae

A

Multifidus

139
Q

Transversospinales muscles

Deepest

Fibers pass upward and medially crossing 1-2 vertebrae

A

Rotatores

140
Q

What do the segmental muscles consist of?

A

Levatores costarum

Interspinales

Intertransversarii

141
Q

Segmental muscle

Arise from transverse processes (CVII and TI-TXI)

Extend obliquely lateral and downward

Insert in ribs below vertebrae of origin

Elevate ribs

A

Levatores costarum

142
Q

Segmental muscle

Pass between adjacent spinous processes

Postural muscles; stabilize adjoining vertebrae

A

Interpsinales

143
Q

Segmental muscle

Pass between adjacent transverse processes

Postural muscles; stabilize adjoining vertebrae

A

Intertransversarii

144
Q

What are segmental muscles innervated by?

A

Innervated by posterior rami of spinal nerves

145
Q

Small group of deep muscles below the skull that attach CI to C2 and connect both to the base of the skull

A

Suboccipital muscles

146
Q

What do the suboccipital muscle group include?

A
  • rectus capitis posterior major
  • rectus capitis posterior minor
  • obliquus capitis inferior
  • obliquus capitis superior
  • suboccipital triangle
147
Q

Formed by the rectus capitis posterior (medial border), obliquus capitis superior (lateral border), and obliquus capitis inferior (inferior border)

A

Suboccipital triangle

148
Q

Origin: spinous process of axis (C2)

Insertion: lateral portion of occipital bone

Innervation: posterior ramus of C1

Function: extension of head, rotation of face

A

Rectus capitis posterior major

149
Q

Origin: posterior tubercle of Atlas (C1)

Insertion: median portion of occipital bone

Innervation: posterior ramus of C1

Function: extension of head

A

Rectus capitis posterior minor

150
Q

Origin: transverse process of atlas (C1)

Insertion: occipital bone

Innervation: posterior ramus of C1

Function: extension of head, bend to same side

A

Obliquus capitis superior

151
Q

Origin: spinous process of axis (C2)

Insertion: transverse process of atlas

Innervation: posterior ramus of C1

Function: rotation of face to same side

A

Obliquus capitis inferior

152
Q

Extends from the foramen magnum to between LI and LII in adults

A

Spinal cord

153
Q

Where does the distal/inferior end of the spinal cord end?

A

In the conus medullaris

154
Q

Continues inferiorly from the apex of conus medullaris

A

A filament of connective tissue (filum terminale)

155
Q

Is the spinal cord of uniform thickness?

A

No, it has 2 major swellings (associated with plexuses)

- cervical enlargement 
- lumbosacral enlargement
156
Q

The external surface of the spinal cord is marked by fissures and sulci, what are they?

A

Anterior median fissure

Posterior median sulcus

Posterolateral sulcus

157
Q

Extends the length of the anterior surface of the spinal cord

A

Anterior median fissure

158
Q

Extends sliding the posterior surface of the spinal cord

A

Posterior median sulcus

159
Q

Where the posterior rootlets enter the spinal cord

A

Posterolateral sulcus

160
Q

Internally, what is the central canal of the spinal cord surrounded by?

A

Gray and white matter

161
Q

Where does the arterial blood supply come from?

A
  • longitudinally oriented muscles

- feeder arteries/segmental arteries

162
Q

Where do longitudinally oriented vessels come from?

A

They arise superior to cervical portions of the spinal cord and descend on the surface of the spinal cord

163
Q

Where do feeder arteries come from?

A

They enter the vertebral canal through intervertebral foramina at every level: vertebral and deep cervical arteries in the neck, posterior intercostals in thorax, and lumbar arteries in abdomen

164
Q

What are the anterior and posterior spinal arteries reinforced by?

A

10 segmental medullary arteries

165
Q

What do segmental arteries give rise to after leaving the intervertebral foramina?

A

Anterior and posterior ridicules arteries and, at various levels, segmental medullary arteries

166
Q

What do longitudinally oriented arteries consist of?

A

Anterior and posterior spinal arteries

167
Q

What are the longitudinal veins that drain the spinal cord?

A
  • 2 pairs bracket the anterior tootled connections
  • 1 midline channel parallels the anterior fissure
  • 1 midline channel passes along the posterior median sulcus
168
Q

What do the longitudinal veins drain into?

A

An extensive internal vertebral plexus in the extradural (epidural) space

169
Q

What does the internal vertebral plexus drain into?

A

Drains into segmental veins that connect to major systemic veins such as the azygous

170
Q

What are the three spinal cord meninges?

A

Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater

171
Q

The outer most meninge that is separated from surrounding bone by the epidural space

Superiorly, it is continuous with the dura matter of the brain at the foramen magnum

Inferiorly, it forms an investing sheath for the pial part of the filum terminale

A

Dura mater

172
Q

Delicate membrane against but not adherent to deep surface of dura, separated from the pia by the subarachnoid space, it ends at vertebra S2

A

Arachnoid mater

173
Q

Contains CSF and it is continuous with subarachnoid space of the brain

Inferiorly, it terminates at vertebrae S2

Large blood vessels are suspended in it

arachnoid traveculae span the space and connect the arachnoid and pia maters

A

Subarachnoid space

174
Q

a vascular membrane that firmly adheres to the surface of the spinal cord

Covers anterior and posterior rootlets that are in the subarachnoid space

A

pia mater

175
Q

longitudinal extensions of the pia mater

- Medially they attach to the spinal cord in a plane between rootlets
- Laterally they form triangular extensions that attach between spinal nerves
A

denticulate ligament

176
Q

what is the vertebral canal bordered by anteriorly?

A

Anteriorly- bodies of vertebrae, intervertebral discs, and longitudinal ligament

177
Q

what is the vertebral canal bordered by posteriorly?

A

Posteriorly- lamina and ligamenta flavum, and in the medial plane interspinous ligaments and vertebral spinous processes

178
Q

What is the vertebral canal bordered by laterally?

A

pedicles ad intervertebral foramina

179
Q

What does the epidural space contain in the vertebral canal?

A

contains internal vertebral plexus and fat

180
Q

what is each spinal nerve attached to the spinal cord by?

A

by anterior and posterior rootlets

181
Q

contain the processes of sensory neurons carrying information to the CNS (afferents)

A

posterior roots

182
Q

contain motor nerve fibers which carry signals away from the CNS (efferents)

A

anterior roots

183
Q

where are the cell bodies of sensory neurons derived from and where are they found?

A
  • embryonically derived from the neural crest

- found in the spinal ganglion, usually in the intervertebral foramina

184
Q

the area that gives rise to the posterior and anterior roots that all join to form a spinal nerve

A

a spinal segment

185
Q

laterally, how do the spinal nerves divide?

A

into posterior and anterior rami

186
Q

innervate epaxial muscles and an associated strip of skin

A

posterior rami

187
Q

innervate hypaxial muscles including limbs and most remaining skin areas

A

anterior rami

188
Q

Where does CI emerge from?

A

emerges from the vertebral canal between the skull and vetebrae CI

189
Q

where does C8 emerge from?

A

emerges from the vertebral canal between vertebra C7 and T1

190
Q

origin: Lower half of ligamentum nuchae, spinous processes of CVII to TIV
insertion: Mastoid process, skull below lateral one third of superior nuchal line
innervation: Posterior rami of middle cervical plexus
function: Together- draw head backward, extending neck; individually- draw and rotate head to one side (turn face to same side)

A

Splenius capitus

191
Q

origin: Spinous processes of TII to TVI
insertion: Transverse processes of CI to CIII
innervation: Posterior rami of lower cervical nerves
function: Together- extend neck; individually- draw and rotate head to one side (turn face to same side)

A

Splenius cervicis

192
Q

origin: Superior nuchal line, external occipital protuberance, ligamentum nuchae, spinous process of CVII to TXII
insertion: Lateral 1/3 of clavicle, acromion, spine of scapula

innervation: Motor- accessory nerve (XI)
Proprioception- C3 and C4

function: Assists in rotating the scapula during abduction of humerus above horizontal, upper fibers elevate, middle fibers adduct, lower fibers depress scapula

A

trapezius

193
Q

origin: Spinous process of TVII to LV and sacrum, iliac crest, ribs X-XII
insertion: Floor of intertubercular sulcus of humerus
innervation: Thoracodorsal nerve (C6 to C8)
function: Extends, adducts, and medially rotates humerus

A

Latissimus dorsi

194
Q

origin: Transverse process of CI to CIV
insertion: Upper portion medial border of scapula
innervation: C3 to C4 and dorsal scapular nerve (C4, C5)
function: elevates scapula

A

Levator scapulae

195
Q

origin: Spinous process of TII to TV

Insertion: Medal border of scapula between spine and inferior angle

innervation: Dorsal scapula nerve (C4, C5)
function: Retracts (adducts)and elevates scapula

A

Rhomboid major

196
Q

Origin: Lower portion of ligamentum nuchae, spinous process of CVII, TI

Insertion: Medial border of scapula at spine of scapula

Innervation: Dorsal scapular nerve (C4, C5)

function:Retracts (adducts) and elevates scapula

A

rhomboid minor

Human Anatomy (11 decks)

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