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Human Anatomy > Chapter 4: The Abdomen pt 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 4: The Abdomen pt 2 Flashcards

1
Q
  • the largest visceral organ in the body
  • in the right hypochondrium and epigastric regions
  • has diaphragmatic and visceral surfaces
A

the liver

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2
Q
  • smooth and domed

- Associated with it are the subphrenic and hepatorenal recesses

A

diaphragmatic surface

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3
Q

part of the peritoneal cavity

A

hepatorenal recess

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4
Q

are continuous anteriorly

A

The subphrenic and hepatorenal recesses

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5
Q

divided into to right and left areas by the falciform ligament

A

subphrenic recess

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6
Q

covered by visceral peritoneum, except in the fossa for the gallbladder and the porta hepatis (gateway to the liver)

A

visceral surface of liver

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7
Q

serves as the point of entry for the portal vein, exit point for the hepatic ducts

A

porta hepatis

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8
Q

attaches the liver to the abdominal wall

A

The falciform ligament

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9
Q

covered in visceral peritoneum except for the bare area

A

liver

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10
Q

connect the liver to the stomach (hepatogastric ligament), duodenum (hepatoduodenal ligament), the diaphragm (left and right triangular ligament and anterior and posterior coronary ligaments)

A

Additional folds of the peritoneum

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11
Q

divided into right and left lobes by the fossa for the gallbladder and the inferior vena cava

A

liver

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12
Q

arise from the right lobe but are functionally distinct

A

quadrate and caudate lobes

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13
Q

made up of the neck, body, and fundus

A

gallbladder

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14
Q

what is the liver supplied by?

A

the right and left hepatic arteries, both of which arise from the hepatic artery proper

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15
Q

what is the gallbladder supplied by?

A

supplied by the cystic artery from the right hepatic artery

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16
Q

secondarily retroperitoneal (except for a small part of the tail)

A

pancreas

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17
Q

lies in the C-shaped concavity of the duodenum

A

head of pancreas

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18
Q

project off the head of the pancreas

A

uncinate process and neck

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19
Q

distal from the head of the pancreas

A

body and tail

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20
Q
  • begins in the tail and passes through the body into the head
  • joins the bile duct and forms the hepatopancreatic ampulla which enters the duodenum at the major duodenal papilla
A

pancreatic duct

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21
Q

empties into the duodenum via the minor duodenal papilla

A

accessory pancreatic duct

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22
Q

what is the arterial supply to the pancreas?

A

***ultimately arises from the celiac trunk
-common hepatic and
splenic branches which
feed the pancreas

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23
Q
  • drain respective lobes of the liver

- combine to form the common hepatic duct

A

right and left hepatic ducts

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24
Q

joins the cystic duct and forms the bile duct

A

common hepatic duct

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25
Q

drains into the duodenum

A

bile duct

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26
Q

produced in the liver and stored in the gallbladder until it is needed in the duodenum

A

bile

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27
Q
  • develops as part of the vascular system in the dorsal mesentery
  • lies against the diaphragm and stomach and is therefore found in the upper left quadrant
A

spleen

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28
Q
  • attached to the greater curvature of the stomach by the gastrosplenic ligament and to the left kidney by the splenorenal ligament
  • covered in visceral peritoneum except for the hilum
A

spleen

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29
Q
  • the entry point for the splenic vessels

- Occasionally the tail of the pancreas reaches this area

A

hilum of the spleen

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30
Q

what is the arterial supply of the spleen?

A

comes from the splenic artery which comes off the celiac trunk

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31
Q

extends from the aortic hiatus to the branch of the common iliac arteries

A

abdominal aorta

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32
Q

what are the anterior branches of the abdominal aorta that go to the GI tract?

A
  • celiac trunk
  • superior mesenteric
  • inferior mesenteric
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33
Q

begins with the abdominal esophagus and ends at the major duodenal papilla and is supplied by the celiac trunk

A

foregut

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34
Q

begins just inferior to the major duodenal papilla and ends 2/3 of the way along the transvers colon and is supplied by the superior mesenteric

A

midgut

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35
Q

begins 2/3 of the way along the transverse colon and ends at the upper part of the anal canal and is supplied by the inferior mesenteric

A

hindgut

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36
Q
  • arises immediately inferior to the aortic hiatus

- divides into left gastric, splenic, and common hepatic arteries

A

celiac trunk

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37
Q
  • extends superiorly and curves back down the surface of the lesser curvature of the stomach
  • anastomoses with the right gastric
A

left gastric artery

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38
Q

the largest branch off the celiac trunk

A

splenic artery

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39
Q
  • passes along the superior margin of the pancreas and gives off numerous branches to the neck, body, and tail
  • Approaching the spleen it gives off the short gastric and left gastro-omental artery
A

splenic artery

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40
Q

runs to the right and divides into the hepatic artery proper and the gastroduodenal artery

A

common hepatic trunk

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41
Q

proper ascends toward the liver and divides into left and right hepatic arteries

A

hepatic artery

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42
Q

divides into supraduodenal, right gastro-omental, and the anterior superior pancreaticoduodenal arteries

A

gastroduodenal artery

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43
Q

The 1st branch off the superior mesenteric (SM)

A

the inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery

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44
Q

what does the superior mesenteric give off after the inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery?

A

jejunal and ileal branches to the left and middle and right colic and ileocolic arteries

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45
Q

supple the jejunum and most of the ileum

A

jejunal and ileal arteries

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46
Q

supplies the transverse colon

A

Middle colic artery

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47
Q

supplies part of the ascending colon

A

right colic artery

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48
Q

supplies part of the ascending colon, cecum, and appendix

A

ileocolic artery

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49
Q

branches into left colic, several sigmoid, and superior rectal arteries

A

inferior mesenteric artery

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50
Q

splits into ascending and descending branches which supply the distal end of the transverse colon and the upper and lower descending colon

A

left colic artery

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51
Q

supply the lowest part of the descending colon and the sigmoid colon

A

sigmoid arteries (2-4 branches)

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52
Q

supply the rectum

A

superior rectal arteries

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53
Q

where is the Venous drainage of the spleen, pancreas, gallbladder, and abdominal GI tract (except for inferior part of rectum) through?

A

the portal system

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54
Q

formed by the union of the splenic and superior mesenteric vein

A

portal vein

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55
Q

receives gastric veins, cystic veins, and para-umbilical veins

A

the portal vein as it ascends toward the liver

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56
Q

what are the tributaries to the splenic vein?

A
  • short gastric
  • left gastro-omental
  • pancreatic
  • inferior mesenteric veins
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57
Q

begins in the right iliac fossa as veins drain the terminal ileum, cecum, and appendix

A

superior mesenteric vein

58
Q
  • drains the rectum, sigmoid and descending colon, and splenic flexure
  • begins as the superior rectal vein
A

inferior mesenteric vein

59
Q

drain into pre-aortic lymph nodes

A

Lymph from the rectum, spleen, pancreas, gallbladder, and liver

60
Q

divided into: celiac, superior mesenteric, and inferior mesenteric groups

A

Pre-aortic lymph nodes

61
Q

innervated by both intrinsic and extrinsic components of the nervous system

A

abdominal viscera

62
Q

involve sending and receiving impulses from the CNS

A

Extrinsic components

63
Q

involve the enteric system

A

intrinsic components

64
Q

travel between the viscera and CNS via the spinal nerves, sympathetic trunks, splanchnic nerves, prevertebral plexus , and the vagus nerve

A

Afferent sensory fibers, sympathetic, and parasympathetic fibers

65
Q
  • carry sympathetic fibers

- travel from sympathetic ganglia to the prevertebral plexus

A

Thoracic, lumbar, and sacral splanchnic nerves

66
Q
  • carries parasympathetic fibers

- originate directly from anterior rami and travel to the hypogastric plexus

A

pelvic splanchnic nerve

67
Q

what are the 3 major divisions of the prevertebral plexus?

A
  • celiac plexus
  • aortic plexus
  • superior hypogastric plexus
68
Q

provides parasympathetic innervation to the foregut and midgut

A

vagus nerve

69
Q

provides parasympathetic innervation to the hindgut

A

pelvic splanchnic nerve

70
Q
  • A local neural network of the GI tract

- Controls many intestinal functions including peristalsis

A

enteric system

71
Q

what are the 2 interconnecting networks of the enteric system?

A
  • myenteric plexus

- submucosal plexus

72
Q
  • posterior to the abdominal GI tract
  • contains the abdominal aorta and associated nerve plexuses, inferior vena cava, sympathetic trunks, lymphatics, kidneys, and adrenal glands
A

posterior abdominal region

73
Q

what are the bones of the posterior abdominal region?

A
  • The 5 lumbar vertebrae and intervertebral discs project into this region
  • ribs, sacrum, and ilia form components of the bony make up of this posterior region
74
Q

what are the muscles of the posterior abdominal region?

A
  • Superiorly- the diaphragm
  • Medially- psoas major and minor
  • Laterally- quadratus lumborum
  • Inferiorly- iliacus
75
Q

arise from bodies of the vertebrae TXII and all 5 lumbar (minor- TXII and L1) and passes inferiorly along the pelvic brim onto the lesser trochanter of the femur

A

Psoas major and minor

76
Q

fills the space between the pelvis and rib XII

A

quadratus lumborum

77
Q

fills the iliac fossa and joins the psoas major to become the iliopsoas

A

iliacus

78
Q

ORIGIN: lateral surface of bodies of TXII and LI to LV vertebrae; transverse processes of the lumbar vertebrae, and intervertebral discs between TXII and LI to LV vertebrae

A

psoas major

79
Q

insertion: lesser trochanter of the femur

A

psoas major

80
Q

innervation: anterior rami of L1 to L3

A

psoas major

81
Q

function: flexion of thigh at hip

A

psoas major

82
Q

ORIGIN: lateral surface of bodies of TXII and LI vertebrae and intervening intervertebral disc

A

psoas minor

83
Q

INSERTION: pectineal line of the pelvic brim and iliopubic eminence

A

psoas minor

84
Q

innervation: anterior rami of L1

A

psoas minor

85
Q

FUNCTION: weak flexion of lumbar veterbral column

A

psoas minor

86
Q

ORIGIN: transverse process of LV vetebrae; iliolumbar ligament and iliac crest

A

quadratus lumborum

87
Q

INSERTION: transverse processes of LI to LIV vertebrae and inferior border of ribs XII

A

quadratus lumborum

88
Q

INNERVATION: anterior rami of T12 and L1 to L4

A

quadratus lumborum

89
Q

FUNCTION: depress and stabilize rib XII and some lateral bending of the trunk

A

quadratus lumborum

90
Q

ORIGIN: upper 2/3 of iliac fossa; anterior sacro-iliac and iliolumbar ligaments, and upper lateral surface of sacrum

A

iliacus

91
Q

INSERTION: lesser trochanter of femur

A

iliacus

92
Q

INNERVATION: femoral nerves (L2 to L4)

A

iliacus

93
Q

function: flexion of thigh at hip joint

A

iliacus

94
Q
  • consists of the central tendon surrounded by muscle
  • anchored to the lumbar vertebrae via the left and right crura which blend with the longitudinal ligament of the vertebral column
A

diaphragm

95
Q

are connected across the midline by the median arcuate ligament

A

crura

96
Q

attach medially to the transverse process of LI and laterally to rib XII

A

lateral acruate ligaments

97
Q

innervated by the phrenic nerve

A

diaphragm

98
Q

***these structures pass throug the:……..
-Aorta
-Thoracic duct
-Azygous and
hemiazygous vein
-Esophagus
-Vagal trunks
-Left gastric artery and
vein
-Inferior vena cava
-Right and left phrenic
nerve
-Splanchnic nerves
-Sympathetic trunks
-Epigastric vessels

A

diaphragm

99
Q

retroperitoneal in the posterior abdominal region

A

kidneys

100
Q

are located superiorly to the kidneys

A

suprarenal glands

101
Q

associated with the diaphragm, psoas major, quadratus lumborum, and transversalis abdominis

A

posterior side of the kidneys

102
Q

Immediately outside the renal capsule

A

perinephric fat which completely surrounds the kidney

103
Q

encloses the perinephric fat, kidney, and suprarenal gland

A

renal fascia

104
Q

surrounds the renal fascial compartment

A

paranephric fat

105
Q

has a smooth anterior and posterior surface covered in a fibrous renal capsule

A

each kidney

106
Q

what structures are found in the kidney?

A
  • Hilum
  • Renal cortex
  • Renal columns
  • Renal pyramids
  • Renal sinus
  • Renal papilla
  • Minor calyx
  • Major calyx
  • Renal pelvis
107
Q

supply and drain the kidneys

A

Renal arteries and veins

108
Q

divides into the anterior and posterior branches

A

renal artery

109
Q

drain renal lymph

A

lateral aortic nodes

110
Q
  • muscular tubes that transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder
  • continuous with the renal pelvis at the uteropelvic junction
A

ureters

111
Q

at what 3 points do the ureters narrow?

A
  • 1st at the uteropelvic junction
  • 2nd at the pelvic inlet
  • 3rd at the entrance to the bladder
112
Q

can get lodged at the constrictions of the ureters

A

kidney stones

113
Q

found on the superior poles of the kidneys

A

suprarenal glands

114
Q

what is the blood supply to the suprarenal glands?

A
  • Superior suprarenal
  • Middle suprarenal
  • Inferior suprarenal arteries
115
Q

what is the venous drainage of the suprarenal glands?

A

the suprarenal veins that drain into the renal veins

116
Q
  • begins at the abdominal hiatus

- passes down the midline and ends as a split into right and left common iliac arteries

A

abdominal aorta

117
Q

what do branches off the abdominal aorta supply?

A
  • organs (visceral),
  • diaphragm and body wall (posterior)
  • terminal branches (common iliacs)
118
Q
  • Branch= anterior
  • origin= Immediately inferior to the aortic hiatus of the diaphragm
  • supplies= abdominal foregut
A

celiac trunk

119
Q
  • branch= anterior
  • origin= Immediately inferior to the celiac trunk
  • supplies= abdominal midgut
A

superior mesenteric

120
Q
  • branch= anterior
  • origin= inferior to renal arteries
  • supplies= abdominal hindgut
A

inferior mesenteric artery

121
Q
  • branch= lateral
  • origin= Immediately superior to the renal arteries
  • supplies= suprarenal glands
A

middle suprarenal artery

122
Q
  • branch= lateral
  • origin= Immediately inferior to superior mesenteric
  • supplies= kidneys
A

renal arteries

123
Q
  • branch= paired anterior
  • origin= Inferior to renal arteries
  • supplies= testes/ovaries
A

testicular/ovarian artery

124
Q
  • branch= lateral
  • origin= Immediately inferior to aortic hiatus
  • supplies= diaphragm
A

inferior phrenic artery

125
Q
  • branch= posterior
  • origin= usually in 4 pairs
  • supplies= posterior abdominal wall and spinal cord
A

lumbar artery

126
Q
  • branch= posterior

- origin= Just superior to the aortic bifurcation, passes inferiorly across lumbar vertebrae, sacrum, and coccyx

A

median sacral artery

127
Q
  • branch= terminal

- origin= bifurcation usually occurs at LIV vertebra

A

common iliac artery

128
Q
  • returns blood from all structures below the diaphragm

- formed when the 2 common iliac veins join just to the right of the midline

A

inferior vena cava

129
Q

***receives these tributaries:
-Common iliac veins
-Lumbar veins
-Right testicular or
ovarian vein
-Renal veins
-Right supernal
-Inferior phrenic veins
-Hepatic veins

A

inferior vena cava

130
Q

do all lumbar veins drain directly into the inferior vena cava?

A

no

131
Q

long, anastomosing venous channels that connect the common iliac, iliolumbar, and lumbar veins with the azygous and hemiazygous

A

ascending lumbar vein

132
Q
  • generally drains into nodes associated with the major blood vessels
  • then predominately drains into the thoracic duct
A

lymph of abdominal

133
Q

anterior to the aorta

A

pre-aortic nodes

134
Q

lateral (left and right sides) of the aorta

A

lateral aortic nodes

135
Q

found in the posterior abdominal region

A

sympathetic trunks, splanchnic nerves, plexuses, and ganglia associated with the aorta

136
Q

extend off ganglia on the sympathetic trunks and connect to the prevertebral plexus

A

Splanchnic nerves

137
Q
  • extends along the aorta from the diaphragm to the bifurcation into the common iliacs
  • divided into the celiac plexus, aortic plexus, superior hypogastric plexus
A

prevertebral plexus

138
Q
  • found in the prevertebral plexus
  • named after nearest abdominal branch
    • celiac
    • superior mesenteric
    • aorticorenal
    • inferior mesenteric
A

prevertebral ganglia

139
Q
  • formed by the anterior rami of nerves L1-L4

- forms in the substance of the psoas major muscle

A

lumbar plexus

140
Q

what are the nerves that emerge from the lumbar plexus?

A
  • Iliohypogastric
  • Ilio-inguinal
  • Genitofemoral
  • Lateral cutaneous
  • Iliacus
  • Femoral
  • Obturator
141
Q

what are the nerves relative to the psoas major?

A
  • Genitofemoral emerges anteriorly
  • Obturator emerges medially
  • Iliohypogastric, ilio-inguinal, femoral, and lateral cutaneous emerge laterally
142
Q

have certain cutaneous and muscular distributions in the leg

A

nerves that emerge from the lumbar plexus

Human Anatomy (11 decks)

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