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Human Anatomy > Chapter 5: Pelvis & Perineum > Flashcards

Chapter 5: Pelvis & Perineum Flashcards

1
Q

divided into the false pelvis and true pelvis

A

pelvis

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2
Q

the superior region and contains the upper parts of the pelvic bones and lumbar vertebrae

A

false pelvis

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3
Q

contains the inferior part of the pelvic bones, sacrum, coccyx, and pelvic outlet

A

true pelvis

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4
Q

inferior to the floor of the pelvic cavity and contains external genitalia, and opening to the genitourinary and gastrointestinal systems

A

perineum

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5
Q

Contains and supports bladder, rectum, anal canal, and reproductive tracts

A

pelvis

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6
Q

contains most of the reproductive tract in women and some of it in men

A

pelvic cavity

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7
Q

passes through the pelvic floor to the perineum where it opens externally

A

urethra in women

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8
Q

passes through the floor of the pelvic cavity to the perineum and passes into the base of the penis

A

urethra in men

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9
Q
  • the site of connection between the reproductive and urinary systems
  • contains major reproductive glands
A

pelvic cavity in men

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10
Q
  • firmly anchored to the bony margin of the pelvic outlet and the fibrous perineal membrane
  • contain erectile vascular tissue and skeletal muscle
A

roots of the external genitalia

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11
Q

bony ring formed by the sacrum, pelvic bones, and pubic symphysis

A

pelvic inlet

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12
Q

mostly formed by bone, muscle, and ligaments

A

pelvic walls

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13
Q

form most of the pelvic walls

A
  • sacrum
  • coccyx
  • pelvic bones
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14
Q

form part of the pelvic wall and help form the greater and lesser sciatic foramina

A

sacrotuberous and sacrospinous ligaments

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15
Q
  • complete the pelvic walls

- arise in the pelvis and exit through the sciatic foramen to act on the hip joint

A

piriformis and obturator internus muscles

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16
Q

formed by the bony pubic arch and the sacrotuberous ligaments

A

pelvic outlet

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17
Q

formed by muscle and fascia and separates the pelvic cavity from the perineum

A

pelvic floor

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18
Q

form most of the bowl shaped pelvic diaphragm

A

2 levator ani muscles
-(iliococcygeus and
pubococcygeus)

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19
Q

fascial sheath that fills the space between the arms of the pubic arch

A

perineal membrane

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20
Q
  • continuous with the peritoneum of the abdominal cavity

- drapes over the superior aspect of the pelvic viscera and in most cases does not reach the pelvic floor

A

peritoneum of the pelvic cavity

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21
Q

lie on the midline of the pelvic cavity

A

pelvic viscera

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22
Q

divides the perineum into the urogenital triangle and the anal triangle

A

imaginary line

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23
Q

contains the roots of the external genitalia

A

urogenital triangle

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24
Q

contains the openings to the vagina and urethra

A

urogenital triangle in women

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25
Q

enclosed in erectile tissue and opens at the end of the penis

A

urethra in men (urogenital triangle)

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26
Q

what do all structures passing between the pelvic and abdominal cavities pass through?

A

pelvic inlet

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27
Q

what are the 3 apertures in the pelvic wall that communicate with the lower limb?

A
  • Greater sciatic foramen
  • Lesser sciatic foramen
  • Obturator foramen
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28
Q

allows communication between the pelvic cavity and perineum

A

A gap between the pubic symphysis and the perineal membrane

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29
Q

what is the position of the pelvic cavity in anatomical position?

A

**tilted forward 50°-60°
-means the anal triangle
faces posteriorly while
the urogenital triangle
faces inferiorly

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30
Q

connect the kidneys to the bladder and are located on the lateral wall of the pelvic cavity

A

ureters

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31
Q

what crosses the ureter in women?

A

uterine artery

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32
Q

what crosses the ureter in men?

A

ductus deferens

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33
Q

passes through the prostate in men

A

urethra

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34
Q

what is the position of the prostate (in men)?

A

anterior to the rectum

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35
Q

largely innervated by spinal cord levels S3 to S5

A

perineum

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36
Q

innervates anterior parts of the perineum

A

Spinal cord level L1

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37
Q

predominantly innervate the lower limb

A

Levels from L2 and S2

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38
Q

provided by by spinal cord levels S2 to S4 (pudendal nerve)

A

Somatic skeletal muscle and sensory information of this region

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39
Q
  • the major nerve of the perineum

- exits the pelvic cavity through the lesser sciatic foramen

A

pudendal nerve

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40
Q

closely associated to the ischial spine of the pelvis and can be accessed by palpating the ischial spine

A

pudenal nerve

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41
Q

controlled by parasympathetic fibers from spinal cord level S2-S4

A

Genital erection in men and women

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42
Q

enter the inferior hypogastric plexuses on either side

A

sacral spinal nerves

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43
Q

penetrate the pelvic floor and innervate the erectile tissues in the penis or clitoris

A

nerves from hypogastric plexuses

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44
Q

intersect with structures of the perineum at the pelvic body

A

structures of the pelvic floor

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45
Q

what are the structures that converge at the perineal body?

A
  • Levator ani muscles
  • Muscles of urogenital and anal triangles, including skeletal muscles sphincters associated with the urethra, vagina, and anus
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46
Q

how is the course of the urethra in men and women different?

A
  • in women it is short

- in mean it is longer and has 2 angles associated with it

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47
Q

consists of 2 pelvic (hip) bones and the sacrum and coccyx

A

pelvis

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48
Q
  • made up of 2 parts separated by the linea terminalis

- have important landmarks that include spines, tuberosity’s, notches, and tubercles

A

pelvic bone

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49
Q

forms the walls of the false pelvic cavity

A

pelvic bone above linea terminalis

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50
Q

forms the lateral wall of the true pelvis

A

pelvic bone below the linea terminalis

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51
Q

the articular socket for the head of the femur

A

acetabulum

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52
Q

have important landmarks that include spines, tuberosity’s, notches, and tubercles

A

pelvic bone

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53
Q

formed by the ilium, ischium, and pubis

A

each pelvic bone

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54
Q

most superior pelvic bone

A

ilium

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55
Q

anterior pelvic bone

A

pubis

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56
Q

posterior pelvic bone

A

ischium

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57
Q

where do the ilium, pubis, and ischium converge?

A

acetabulum

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58
Q

separates the upper and lower parts of the ilium

A

arcuate line

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59
Q

expanded into a flat “wing” shaped piece of bone

A

upper part of ilium (pelvic bone)

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60
Q

connects the pelvic bones to the sacrum

A

L-shaped articular surface

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61
Q

-an inverted triangle formed from 5 fused sacral vertebrae

A

sacrum

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62
Q

contain anterior and posterior rami

A

Anterior and posterior sacral foramina

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63
Q

has an L-shaped facet for articulating with pelvic bones

A

Each lateral surface of sacrum

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64
Q

between sacrum and LV, formed by zygapophyseal joint and an intervertebral disc

A

Lumbrosacral joints

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65
Q

synovial joints that transmit forces from the lower limbs to the vertebral column, stabilized by anterior sacro-iliac ligaments

A

Sacro-iliac joints

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66
Q
  • stabilized by interosseous sacro-iliac ligaments and posterior sacro-iliac ligaments
  • become fibrous with age and can become completely ossified
A

Sacro-iliac joints

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67
Q

lies anteriorly between adjacent surfaces of the pubic bones

A

pubic symphysis joint

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68
Q

covered by hyaline cartilage

A

each of the pubic symphysis joint surfaces

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69
Q

links the surfaces across the midline of the pubic symphysis joint

A

fibrocartilage

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70
Q

what are the ligaments associated with the pubic symphysis joint?

A
  • Superiorly- superior pubic ligament

- Inferiorly- inferior pubic ligament

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71
Q

located in the same plane in anatomical position

A

anterior iliac spines and the pubic symphysis

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72
Q

tilted anteriorly

A

pelvic inlet

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73
Q

are positioned nearly horizontal

A

bodies of the pubic bones and the pubic arch

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74
Q

more circular in women

A

pelvic inlet

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75
Q

more acute in men (50°-60°) than in women (80°-85°)

A

Angle formed by the 2 pubic arches

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76
Q

do not project as far medially in women as in men

A

ischial spines

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77
Q
  • circular opening between the abdominal and pelvic cavities
  • completely surrounded by bones and joints
A

pelvic inlet

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78
Q

forms the margin of the pelvic inlet posteriorly

A

promontory of the sacrum forms

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79
Q

formed by the margin of the ala, arcuate line, pecten pubis, pubic crest, and pubic symphysis

A

margins of the pelvic inlet moving laterally

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80
Q

formed by the sacrum, coccyx, and pelvic bones inferior to the linea terminalis, 2 ligaments, and 2 muscles

A

walls of pelvic cavity

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81
Q
  • ligaments of pelvic wall

- prevent upward tilting and form greater and lesser sciatic notches

A

sacrospinous and sacrotuberous ligaments

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82
Q
  • muscles of the pelvic wall

- originate in the pelvic cavity but insert onto the femur

A

obturator internus and piriformis muscles

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83
Q

a fan-like muscle that makes a 90° bend around the ischium

A

obturator internus

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84
Q

is triangular in shape and passes through the greater sciatic foramen

A

piriformis muscles

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85
Q

ORIGIN:Anterolateral wall of true pelvis (deep surface of obturator membrane and surrounding bone)

A

obturator internus

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86
Q

INSERTION: Medial surface of greater trochanter of femur

A

obturator internus

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87
Q

INNERVATION: Nerve to obturator internus (L5 and S1)

A

obturator internus

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88
Q

FUNCTION: Lateral rotation of the extended hip-joint; abduction of flexed hip

A

obturator internus

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89
Q

ORIGIN: Anterior surface of sacrum between anterior sacral foramina

A

piriformis

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90
Q

INSERTION: Medial side of superior border of greater trochanter of femur

A

piriformis

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91
Q

INNERVATION: Branches from S1 and S2

A

piriformis

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92
Q

FUNCTION: Lateral rotation of the extended hip joint; abduction of flexed hip

A

piriformis

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93
Q

what are the 3 apertures of the pelvic wall?

A
  • obturator canal

- the greater and lesser sciatic foramina

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94
Q

diamond shaped and defined anteriorly predominantly by bone and posteriorly by ligaments

A

pelvic outlet

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95
Q

pass through the pelvic outlet

A

Terminal parts of the urinary, gastrointestinal tracts and vagina

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96
Q

muscular part of the pelvic floor

A

pelvic diaphragm

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97
Q
  • forms the pelvic diaphragm

- made of 3 muscles

A

levator ani

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98
Q
  • attaches to the pubic bone, tendinous arch, and spine of ischium
  • In the midline it blends with the vagina (in females) and the anal aperture in both sexes
A

levator ani

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99
Q

form the anococcygeal ligament posteriorly

A

levator ani

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100
Q

ORIGIN: In the line around the pelvic wall beginning on the posterior aspect of the pubic bone and extending across the obturator internus muscle as a tendinous arch (thickening of the obturator internus fascia) to the ischial spine

A

levator ani

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101
Q

INSERTION: Anterior part is attached to the superior surface of the perineal membrane; the posterior part meets is partner on the other side at the perineal body, around the anal canal, and along the anococcygeal ligament

A

levator ani

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102
Q

INNERVATION: Branches directly from the anterior ramus of S4, and by the inferior rectal branch of the pudendal nerve

A

levator ani

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103
Q

FUNCTION: Contributes to the formation of the pelvic floor, which supports the pelvic viscera, maintains an angle between the rectum and anal canal; reinforces the external anal sphincter and, in women, function as a vaginal sphincter

A

levator ani

104
Q

ORIGIN: Ischial spine and pelvic surface of the sacrospinous ligament

A

Coccygeus

105
Q

INSERTION: Lateral margin of coccyx and related border of sacrum

A

Coccygeus

106
Q

INNERVATION: Branches from the anterior rami of S3 and S4

A

Coccygeus

107
Q

FUNCTION: Contributes to the formation of the pelvic floor, which supports the pelvic viscera; pulls coccyx forward after defecation

A

Coccygeus

108
Q
  • is a thick fascial triangular structure that spans the gap between the bony pelvic framework of the pubic arch
  • is related to the deep perineal pouch
A

perineal membrane

109
Q

located above the perineal membrane

A

deep perineal pouch

110
Q

part of the pelvic floor in the urogenital hiatus

A

perineal membrane

111
Q

penetrates the perineal membrane and passes into the deep perineum pouch

A

urethra

112
Q

-group of muscle fibers, within the deep perineal pouch, surrounding the urethra in men and women

A

external urethral sphincter

113
Q

what are the 2 additional groups of muscle fibers that surround the urethra and vagina in women?

A
  • sphincter urethrovaginalis

- compressor urethrae

114
Q

FUNCTION: From the inferior ramus of the pubis on each side and adjacent walls of the deep perineal pouch

A

External urethral sphincter

115
Q

INSERTION: Surrounds membranous part of urethra

A

External urethral sphincter

116
Q

INNERVATION: Perineal branches of the pudendal nerve (S2 to S4)

A

External urethral sphincter

117
Q

FUNCTION: Compresses the membranous urethra; relaxes during micturition

A

External urethral sphincter

118
Q

ORIGIN: Medial aspect of ischial ramus

A

Deep transverse perineal

119
Q

INSERTION: Perineal body

A

Deep transverse perineal

120
Q

INNERVATION: Perineal branches of the pudendal nerve (S2 to S4)

A

Deep transverse perineal

121
Q

FUNCTION: Stabilizes the position of the perineal body

A

Deep transverse perineal

122
Q

ORIGIN: Ischiopubis ramus on each side

A

Compressor urethrae (women only)

123
Q

INSERTION: Blends with partner on other side anterior to the urethra

A

Compressor urethrae (women only)

124
Q

INNERVATION: Perineal branches of the pudendal nerve (S2 to S4)

A

Compressor urethrae (women only)

125
Q

FUNCTION: Functions as an accessory sphincter of the urethra

A

Compressor urethrae (women only)

126
Q

ORIGIN: Perineal body

A

Sphincter urethrovaginalis (women only)

127
Q

INSERTION: Passes forward lateral to the vagina to blend with partner on other side anterior to the urethra

A

Sphincter urethrovaginalis (women only)

128
Q

INNERVATION: Perineal branches of the pudendal nerve (S2 to S4)

A

Sphincter urethrovaginalis (women only)

129
Q

FUNCTION: Functions as an accessory sphincter of the urethra (also may facilitate closing the vagina)

A

Sphincter urethrovaginalis (women only)

130
Q

-positioned in the midline along the posterior border of the perineal membrane, -attaches to perineal membrane

A

perineal body

131
Q

also attaches to the perineal body

A

posterior end of the urogenital hiatus (levator ani muscle)

132
Q

intersects the perineal body

A

deep transverse perineal muscle and sphincter urethrovaginalis in women

133
Q

what are the pelvic viscera?

A

GI, urinary, and reproductive systems

134
Q

where are the pelvic viscera (GI, urinary, reproductive) found?

A

in the midline of the cavity

135
Q

arises from the pelvic walls and passes medially to the organs

A

Neurovascular supply

136
Q

continuous with the sigmoid colon above and the anal canal below

A

rectum

137
Q

penetrates the pelvic floor and the perineum and ends as the anus

A

anal canal

138
Q

what are the pelvic parts of the urinary system?

A
  • distal ends of the ureters
  • bladder
  • proximal part of the urethra
139
Q
  • enter the pelvic cavity anterior to the bifurcation of the common iliac and cross the ductus deferens in men and the uterine artery in women
  • enter the base of the bladder
A

ureters

140
Q
  • expands superiorly into the abdomen when full

- the most anterior element of the pelvic viscera

A

bladder

141
Q

has a 3-sided pyramid shape with a base, apex, superior, and inferolateral surfaces

A

empty bladder

142
Q

continues off the apex to the umbilicus

A

median umbilical ligament

143
Q

surrounds the origin of the urethra where the 2 inferolateral surfaces and the base intersect

A

neck of the bladder

144
Q

how is the neck of the bladder held in place?

A
  • pubovesical ligament in women

- puboprostatic ligament in men

145
Q

blends with the capsule surrounding the prostate gland

A

puboprostatic ligament

146
Q
  • about 4 cm long

- passing through the deep perineal pouch and perineal membrane

A

urethra in women

147
Q
  • about 20 cm long
  • bends twice along its course
  • passes through the prostate, deep perineal pouch and perineal membrane and directly into the root of the penis
A

urethra in men

148
Q

what are the 4 parts of the urethra in men?

A
  • preprostatic part
  • prostatic part
  • membranous part
  • spongy part
149
Q

3 to 4 cm long and surrounded by the prostate

A

prostatic part of urethra

150
Q

marked by the urethral crest, openings of ducts, prostatic utricle, and ejaculatory ducts

A

lumen of the prostatic urethra

151
Q

come from the male reproductive tract

A

Ejaculatory ducts

152
Q

-has components in the abdomen, pelvis, and perineum

A

reproductive system in men

153
Q

what are the major components of the reproductive system in men?

A
  • testis
  • epididymis
  • ductus deferens
  • ejaculatory tract on each side
  • urethra and penis in the midline
154
Q

what are some important glands in the male reproductive system?

A
  • the single prostate
  • paired seminal vesicles
  • paired bulbo-urethral glands
155
Q

the connection between the testis and abdomen

A

spermatic cord

156
Q

contains the tunica vaginalis, capsule, seminiferous tubules, straight tubules, rete testis, efferent ductules, epididymis (head, body, and tail)

A

testes

157
Q

stored in the epididymis until ejaculation

A

spermatozoa

158
Q
  • accessory glands of the male reproductive system

- formed as blind-ended outgrowths from the ductus deferens

A

seminal vesicles

159
Q

joins the ductus deferens and forms the ejaculatory duct

A

duct from the seminal vesicle

160
Q

found inferior to the bladder

A

prostate gland

161
Q

passes through the prostate

A

urethra

162
Q

found mainly in the pelvic cavity and peritoneum

A

reproductive system in women

163
Q

what are the major components of the reproductive system in women?

A
  • ovary on each side
  • uterus
  • vagina
  • clitoris in the midline
  • pair of greater vestibular glands
164
Q
  • descend from the same location as the testis in men but do not migrate through the inguinal canal
  • bring their lymphatics, vessels, and nerves with them when they descend
A

ovaries

165
Q
  • assume a position in the lateral wall of the pelvic cavity

- site of oogenesis

A

ovaries

166
Q

ovulated into the peritoneal cavity and directed to the uterine tubes by cilia

A

eggs

167
Q
  • A thick walled muscular organ
  • Composed of body and cervix which joins the vagina
  • fundus is rounded superior end
A

uterus

168
Q

extend from the superior end of the uterus to the lateral pelvic wall

A

uterine tubes

169
Q

the expanded end of the unterine tubes that wraps around the superolateral pole of the ovary

A

infundibulum

170
Q

extend off the margins of the infundibulum

A

fimbriae

171
Q
  • Forms the inferior part of the uterus

- the end of it is dome shaped and bulges into the vagina forming the anterior and posterior fornix

A

cervix

172
Q

opens into the vagina

A

external os (of cervix)

173
Q

opens into the uterus

A

internal os (of cervix)

174
Q
  • copulatory organ in women

- fibromuscular tube that extends from the perineum through the pelvic floor and into the pelvic cavity

A

vagina

175
Q

enlarged to form the vaginal vault

A

internal end of the vagina

176
Q

formed between the margin of the cervix and vaginal walls

A

lateral, posterior, and anterior fornixes

177
Q

separates the posterior surface of the vagina from the rectum

A

rectovaginal septum in women

178
Q

help stabilize the uterus in the pelvic cavity

A

pubocervical, transverse cervical, and uterosacral ligaments

179
Q

what is the most important ligament that helps stabilize the uterus in the pelvic cavity?

A

the transverse ligament that attaches laterally to the pelvic wall

180
Q

contains the prostatic plexus of veins

A

prostatic fascia (in men) on the lateral and anterior surfaces of the prostate

181
Q

continuous with the rectovesical septum which separates the posterior surface of the prostate and base of the bladder from the rectum

A

prostatic fascia

182
Q

separates the posterior surface of the prostate and base of the bladder from the rectum

A

rectovesical septum

183
Q

drapes over the pelvic viscera, covering the anterior surface of the viscera

A

peritoneum

184
Q

what are the 2 pouches formed in women?

A
  • anteriorly the vesico-uterine pouch

- posteriorly the recto-uterine pouch

185
Q

is a sheet-like fold of the peritoneum enclosing the uterine tube and the ovary

A

broad ligament

186
Q

what are the 3 parts of the broad ligament?

A
  • mesometrium
  • mesovarium
  • mesosalpinx
187
Q

what are other ligaments of the peritoneum in the pelvis? (in women)

A
  • suspensory
  • ligament of ovary
  • round
188
Q

drapes over the bladder and reflects up onto the rectum

-only the rectovesical pouch between the rectum and bladder

A

peritoneum in men

189
Q

-formed by anterior rami of S1-Co, with significant contributions from L4 and L5

A

sacral and coccygeal plexuses

190
Q
  • mainly somatic plexuses
  • supply muscles of the leg, pelvis, and perineum
  • Cutaneous branches supply skin of the leg, foot, and perineum
A

sacral and coccygeal plexuses

191
Q

formed by anterior rami of S1-S4 and the lumbrosacral trunk (L4 and L5)

A

sacral plexus

192
Q

has a ventral and dorsal division that combines with similar divisions from other levels

A

each anterior ramus of sacral plexus

193
Q

originates from S2-S4

A

pelvic splanchnic nerve

194
Q

a large nerve of the lower limb

A

sciatic nerve

195
Q

innervates skin and skeletal muscle of perineum

A

pudendal nerve

196
Q
  • from the ganglia of the sympathetic trunk
  • connect to each anterior rami
  • carry postganglionic fibers
  • destined for the periphery, to the somatic nerves
A

gray rami communicantes

197
Q

originate from S2 to S4 and provide preganglionic parasympathetic fibers to the prevertebral hypogastric plexus

A

pelvic splanchnic nerves

198
Q

forms the paravertebral plexus in the pelvis

A

sympathetic trunk

199
Q

leave the paravertebral trunk

A

sacral splanchnic nerves

200
Q

enters sympathetic trunk as bundles called hypogastric nerves

A

prevertebral plexus

201
Q

joined by pelvic splanchnic nerves forming the inferior hypogastric plexuses

A

hypogastric nerves

202
Q

innervates pelvic viscera and reproductive organs

- erectile tissues of the penis and clitoris and bladder control (parasympathetic) - innervates blood vessels, smooth muscle associated with reproductive tract (sympathetic)
A

visceral plexus

203
Q

generally carry pain

A

Afferent fibers heading back to the CNS (from visceral plexus)

204
Q
  • major artery of the pelvis and perineum
  • supplies the viscera, walls, floor of the pelvis, and structures of the perineum
  • divides into the anterior and posterior trunk around the pelvic inlet
A

internal iliac

205
Q

supplies the lower posterior abdominal wall, posterior pelvic wall, and gluteal region

A

posterior trunk of internal iliac artery

206
Q

supplies the pelvic viscera, perineum, gluteal region, and the adductor region of the thigh

A

anterior trunk of internal iliac artery

207
Q

originates off the aorta and descends down the midline

A

median sacral artery

208
Q
  • crosses the ureter as it passes medially to the cervix where it anastomoses with the vaginal artery
  • major blood supply to the uterus and enlarges during pregnancy
A

uterine artery in women

209
Q
  • originate off the aorta and then descend into the pelvis
  • travel through the suspensory ligament as they cross the pelvic inlet
  • anastomose with the uterine arteries
A

gonadal (ovarian) vessels in women

210
Q
  • drains erectile tissue of the penis and clitoris and does not follow the same route as the deep pudendal artery
  • joins the venous plexuses in the pelvis
A

deep dorsal vein

211
Q

Within the pelvic cavity extensive venous plexuses are associated with……

A
  • bladder
  • rectum
  • uterus
  • vagina
212
Q

drain into lymph nodes associated with the iliacs

A

Lymphatics from most pelvic viscera

213
Q

drain into lateral aortic or lumbar nodes and then into lumbar trunks and then into the thoracic duct

A

lymph nodes associated with the iliacs

214
Q
  • A diamond shaped region inferior to the pelvic floor
  • Boundaries are: the pelvic outlet (periphery)
  • divided into the urogenital triangle and anal triangle
A

perineum

215
Q

houses the openings to the urinary and reproductive systems

A

urogenital triangle

216
Q

contains the anus and the external anal sphincter

A

anal triangle

217
Q

the major nerve and artery of the perineum

A

pudendal nerve (S2 to S4) and the internal pudendal artery

218
Q

forms the ischio-anal fossa

A

curved shape of the levator ani muscle

219
Q

form the ischio-anal recesses

A

parts of the the ischio-anal fossa that are between the levator ani and the anal triangle

220
Q

normally filled with fat

A

ischio-anal fossa and its recesses

221
Q

formed by the levator ani muscle

A

ceiling of the anal triangle

222
Q

major muscle of the anal triangle

A

external anal sphincter which surrounds the anal canal

223
Q

what are the 3 parts of the external anal sphincter?

A
  • deep
  • superficial
  • subcutaneous
224
Q

Contains the roots of the genitalia and the openings of the urogenital systems

A

urogenital triangle

225
Q
  • lies between the perineal membrane and a layer of superficial fascia
  • contains the erectile tissues of the penis and clitoris and associated skeletal muscle
A

superficial perineal pouch

226
Q
  • homologues

- provide secretions during sexual arousal

A

greater vestibular and bulbo-urethral glands

227
Q

what are the muscles of the superficial perineal pouch?

A
  • ischiocavernosus
  • bulbospongiosus
  • superficial transverse perineal muscles
228
Q

function in the movement of blood into the erectile tissues and ejaculation in men

A
  • ischiocavernosus
  • bulbospongiosus
  • superficial transverse perineal muscles
229
Q

ORIGIN: Ischial tuberosity and ramus

A

Ischiocavernosus muscle

230
Q

INSERTION: crus of penis or clitoris

A

Ischiocavernosus muscle

231
Q

INNERVATION: Pudendal nerve (S2-S4)

A
  • ischiocavernosus
  • bulbospongiosus
  • superficial transverse perineal muscles
232
Q

FUNCTION: Move blood from crura into the body of the erect penis or clitoris

A

Ischiocavernosus muscle

233
Q

ORIGIN: In women: perineal body. In men: perineal body and midline raphe

A

Bulbospongiosus muscle

234
Q

INSERTION: In women: bulb of vestibule, perineal membrane, body of clitoris, and corpus cavernosum. In men: bulbospongiosus, perineal membrane, corpus cavernosum

A

Bulbospongiosus muscle

235
Q

FUNCTION: Move blood from attached parts of the clitoris and penis into the glans. In men: removal of residual urine from urethra after urination; pulsatile emission of semen during ejaculation

A

Bulbospongiosus muscle

236
Q

ORIGIN: Ischial tuberosity and ramus

A

Superficial transverse perineal muscle

237
Q

INSERTION: perineal body

A

Superficial transverse perineal muscle

238
Q

FUNCTION: stabilize the perineal body

A

Superficial transverse perineal muscle

239
Q

form the vulva (in women)

A
  • vestibule apparatus
  • clitoris
  • a number of skin and tissue folds
240
Q
  • are found lateral to the vestibule

- minora unite anteriorly to form the frenulum of the clitoris and posteriorly to form the fourchette

A

labia minora

241
Q

surrounded by the hymen which may completely close the opening

A

vaginal opening

242
Q

superficial components of the genitals in men

A
  • scrotum

- penis

243
Q

homologues with the labia majora

A

scrotum

244
Q

covered by the glans penis

A

tip of the body of the penis

245
Q

normally covered with a prepuce (foreskin)

A

glans penis

246
Q

-continuous with similar fascia of the abdominal wall

A

superficial fascia of the urogenital triangle

247
Q
  • membranous layer attaches to the perineal membrane and therefore does not extend onto the anal triangle
  • attaches onto the ischiopubic rami and therefore does extend onto the thigh
A

superficial fascia of the urogenital triangle

248
Q
  • major somatic nerve of the perineum
  • leaves the pelvic cavity through the greater sciatic foramen
  • enters the perineum by passing medially through the lesser sciatic foramen
A

pudendal nerve

249
Q

what are the 3 major terminal branches of the pudenal nerve in the perineum?

A
  • inferior rectal nerve
  • perineal nerve
  • dorsal nerve of penis/clitoris
250
Q

most significant artery to the perineum

A

pudendal artery

251
Q

what are the Terminal branches of the internal pudendal artery in men?

A
  • artery of the bulb of the penis
  • urethral artery
  • deep artery of the penis
  • dorsal artery of the penis
252
Q

what are the Terminal branches of the internal pudendal artery in women?

A
  • arteries to bulb of the vestibule
  • deep arteries of the clitoris
  • dorsal arteries of the clitoris
253
Q

follows the internal pudendal artery

A

internal pudendal vein

254
Q

drains into the venous plexus associated with the prostate/bladder

A

deep dorsal vein

255
Q

accompany the internal pudendal artery to the internal iliac nodes

A

Lymphatics from deep parts of the perineum

256
Q

drain into the superficial inguinal nodes

A

Lymphatics from superficial parts of the perineum

257
Q

drain into the deep inguinal and external iliac nodes

A
  • glans penis
  • glans clitoris
  • labia minora

Human Anatomy (11 decks)

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