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Human Anatomy > Chapter 8 pt1: Head and Neck > Flashcards

Chapter 8 pt1: Head and Neck Flashcards

1
Q
  • cranial cavity
  • 2 ears
  • 2 orbits
  • 2 nasal cavities
  • oral cavity
  • air filled paranasal sinuses
  • hard and soft palates
A

head and neck

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2
Q

continuous with the nasal cavity

A

air filled paranasal sinuses

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3
Q

separate the nasal and oral cavities

A

hard and soft palates

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4
Q
  • posterior to upper jaw

- acts as a conduit for the mandibular nerve between cranial and oral cavities

A

infratemporal fossa

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5
Q
  • just posterior to upper jaw

- communicates with: cranial cavity, infratemporal fossa, the orbit, nasal and oral cavities

A

Pterygopalatine fossa

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6
Q

passes through the pterygopalatine fossa

A

maxillary nerve

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7
Q

contains unique muscles that move the skin relative to underlying bone

A

the face

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8
Q

also open and close openings to orbits and oral cavities

A

face muscles

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9
Q

covers the superior, posterior, and lateral regions of the head

A

scalp

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10
Q

extends between the head and thorax

A

neck

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11
Q

extends higher than the anterior neck

A

posterior neck

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12
Q

is made up by the top of the sternum, clavicle, and acromion

A

inferior border of the neck

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13
Q

what are the 4 major compartments of the neck?

A
  • vertebral
  • visceral
  • two vascular
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14
Q

houses musculoskeletal elements

A

vertebral compartment of neck

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15
Q

houses glands and structures associated with the respiratory and digestive systems

A

visceral compartment of the neck

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16
Q

house major blood vessels and vagus nerve

A

two vascular compartments of the neck

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17
Q
  • are specialized structures associated with the respiratory and digestive tracts
  • are joined by the laryngeal inlet
A

larynx and pharynx

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18
Q

connects the esophagus to the oral and nasal cavities

A

pharynx

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19
Q

joins the trachea to the pharynx

A

larynx

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20
Q

connected by sutures

A

most bones of the skull

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21
Q

fibrous immovable joints

A

sutures

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22
Q

found on each side of the head

A

3 pairs of synovial joints

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23
Q

synovial joints on each side of the head

A

The temporomandibular joint and 2 between the 3 inner ear bones

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24
Q
  • are large unossified gaps between bones

- fetuses and newborns have them

A

fontanelles

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25
Q

are modified for moving the head

A

CI and CII

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26
Q

form the boney framework of the neck

A

the 7 cervical vertebrae

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27
Q

have posterior and anterior tubercles on their transverse processes

A

cervical vertebrae

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28
Q
  • is small and U-shaped bone, found just superior to the larynx
  • free floating and attaches the floor of the mouth, larynx, and pharynx
A

hyoid

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29
Q

forms the base of the U of hyoid bone

A

the body

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30
Q

form the arms of the hyoid bone

A

the greater horns

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31
Q

is a soft tissue flap-like structure that hangs off the hard palate

A

soft palate

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32
Q

opens directly into the base of the neck

A

The superior thoracic aperture (thoracic inlet)

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33
Q

opens into the base of the neck

A

axillary inlet

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34
Q

what are the two important vertebrae

A

CIII-CIV and CV-CVI

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35
Q

bracket the larynx and mark the bifurcation of the common carotid artery

A

CIII-CIV and CV-CVI

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36
Q

anterior to the digestive tract

A

larynx and trachea

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37
Q

how can the larynx and trachea be assessed in cases of emergency?

A

cricothyrotomy (through the cricothyroid ligament) and a tracheostomy

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38
Q
  • 12 pairs

- innervate structures in the head

A

cranial nerves

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39
Q

also innervates viscera

A

vagus (CN X) nerve

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40
Q

leave the brain in CN III, VII, IX, X

A

Parasympathetic fibers

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41
Q

leave these nerves and join CN V

A

Parasympathetic fibers from CN III, VII, IX

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42
Q

leaves head and neck

A

CN X

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43
Q

how many cervical nerves?

A

8 (C1-C8)

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44
Q

form the cervical plexus

A

Anterior rami of C1-C4

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45
Q

form the brachial plexus

A

Anterior rami of C5-C8

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46
Q

innervates: strap muscles, skin on anterior and lateral neck, skin on upper thoracic wall, skin on inferior parts of head

A

cervical plexus

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47
Q

innervates upper limb

A

brachial plexus

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48
Q

pass through the oropharynx

A

food and air

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49
Q

what can food NOT enter?

A

trachea

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50
Q

seal the mouth when food or liquid are in the mouth

A

oropharyngeal isthmus and tongue

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51
Q
  • can pass through the nose and mouth

- can pass just through the nose with food in the mouth

A

air

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52
Q

closes the laryngeal inlet when swallowing

A

epiglottis

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53
Q

raised superiorly which allows suckling and nasal breathing

A

Larynx of infants

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54
Q

divide the neck into anterior and posterior triangles

A

trapezius and sternocleidomastoid

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55
Q

between the thorax and head

A

anterior triangle

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56
Q

between the thorax and the arm

A

posterior triangle

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57
Q

how many bones are in the skull?

A

22 bones

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58
Q
  • covers cranial cavity that houses the brain

- upper dome

A

calvaria

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59
Q

the facial skeleton or viscerocranium

A

lower part of skull

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60
Q

provide passage ways for blood vessels and nerves

A

foramen of skull

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61
Q
  • shows many of the face bones

- shows maxilla, sphenoid, vomer, zygomatic, and occipital bones

A

anterior view of skull

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62
Q

shows many of the sutures between skull bones

A

lateral view of skull

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63
Q

what are the structures seen on the lateral side of skull?

A
  • zygomatic arch
  • temporomandibular joint -mastoid and styloid processes
  • external acoustic meatus
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64
Q

shows the parietal, temporal, and occipital bones

A

posterior view of skull

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65
Q

what are the structures of skull in the posterior view?

A
  • external occipital protuberance
  • superior and inferior nuchal lines
  • external occipital crest
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66
Q

sometimes exist within the sutures

A

sutural bones

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67
Q

shows the top of the calvaria- frontal, parietal and occipital bones and sutures between cranial bones

A

superior view of skull

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68
Q
  • Consists of layers of dense internal and external compact bone
  • Middle layer is made up of spongy bone- diploe
A

bone of calvaria

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69
Q

what are the structures of the skull in the anterior view?

A
  • hard palate
  • pterygoid process
  • zygomatic arch
  • mandibular fossa
  • foramen magnum
  • occipital condyles
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70
Q

what are the external foramina of the anterior view of the skull?

A
  • supra orbital foramen
  • infra orbital foramen
  • mental foramen
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71
Q

passes through the supra-orbital foramen

A

Supra-orbital nerve and vessels

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72
Q

passes through Infra-orbital foramen

A

infra-orbital nerve and vessel

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73
Q

passes through mental foramen

A

mental nerve and vessel

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74
Q

what is the external foramina of the skull in the lateral view?

A

Zygomaticofacial foramen

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75
Q

passes through Zygomaticofacial foramen

A

Zygomaticofacial nerve

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76
Q

what is the external foramina of the skull in the superior view?

A

Parietal foramen

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77
Q

passes through the Parietal foramen

A

emissary vein

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78
Q

what are the external foramina of the skull in the interior view?

A
  • incisive foramen
  • greater palatine foramen
  • less palatine foramen
  • pterygoid canal
  • foramen ovale
  • foramen lacerum
  • carotid canal
  • foramen magnum
  • condylar canal
  • hypoglossal canal
  • jugular foramen
  • stylomastoid foramen
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79
Q

passes through incisive foramen

A

Nasopalantine nerve; sphenopalatine vessels

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80
Q

passes through greater palatine foramen

A

Greater palatine nerve and vessel

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81
Q

passes through lesser palatine foramen

A

Lesser palatine nerve and vessel

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82
Q

passes through pterygoid canal

A

pterygoid nerve and vessel

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83
Q

passes through foramen ovale

A

Mandibular nerve (V3); lesser petrosal nerve

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84
Q

passes through foramen lacerum

A

filed with cartilage

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85
Q

passes through carotid canal

A

Internal carotid artery and nerve plexus

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86
Q

passes through foramen magnum

A

Continuation of brainstem and spinal cord, vertebral arteries and nerve plexuses, anterior spinal artery, posterior spinal arteries, roots of accessory nerve (XI), meninges

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87
Q

passes through condylar canal

A

emissary

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88
Q

passes through hypoglossal canal

A

Hypoglossal nerve (XII), vessels

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89
Q

passes through jugular foramen

A

Internal jugular vein, inferior petrosal sinus, glossopharyngeal nerve (IX), vagus nerve (X), accessory nerve (XI)

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90
Q

passes through stylomastoid foramen

A

facial nerve (VIII)

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91
Q

has: frontal crest, groove for sagittal sinus, and granular foveolae

A

inner surface of the calvaria roof

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92
Q
  • divided into anterior, middle, posterior fossa

- above the nasal cavity and orbits and houses the frontal lobes

A

Floor of Calvaria (Anterior Cranial Fossa)

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93
Q

elevated in the midline and lateral to this the greater wing of sphenoid form depressions

A

middle cranial fossa

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94
Q

housed in the sella turcica

A

pituitary gland

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95
Q
  • Formed largely by the occipital bone

- Obvious structures include: the foramen magnum, internal occipital crest, and internal occipital protuberance

A

Posterior Cranial Fossa of Calvaria

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96
Q

pass into the posterior cranial fossa

A

formina

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97
Q

surrounded by 3 meninges (dura, arachnoid, pia)

A

brain

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98
Q

has 2 layers (periosteal and meningeal layer)

A

cranial dura mater

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99
Q

has 1 layer (meningeal)

A

spinal dura mater

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100
Q

separates to form 2 unique structures- dural partitions, intracranial venous structure

A

cranial dura

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101
Q

project into the cranial cavity

A

dural partitions

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102
Q

what are the dural partitions of the cranial cavity?

A
  • falx cerebri (between cerebral hemispheres)
  • tentorium cerebelli (between cerebellum and cerebrum)
  • falx cerebelli (between cerebellar hemispheres)
  • diaphragm sella (covers hyophyseal fossa of sella turcica)
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103
Q

travels in the outer periosteal layer of dura

A

Arterial supply of dura mater

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104
Q

consists of anterior, middle, accessory, and posterior meningeal arteries

A

outer periosteal layer of dura mater

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105
Q

the largest and supplies the greatest part of the dura

A

middle meningeal artery

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106
Q

give rise to anterior, middle, and posterior meningeal arteries respectively

A

ethmoid, maxillary, and occipital arteries

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107
Q

what is the innervation of the dura mater by?

A

small meningeal branches from: CN V1, 2, 3 , X, and the 1st, 2nd, and sometimes 3rd cervical nerves

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108
Q

innervated by branches of CN V1, 2, 3

A

Dura mater of the anterior and middle cranial fossae

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109
Q

innervated by the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd, cervical nerves

A

Dura mater of the posterior cranial fossa

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110
Q

thin membranes that are found deep to the dura

A

Arachnoid and pia mater

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111
Q

the only naturally occurring space and is filed with CSF

A

subarachnoid space

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112
Q

returns to the venous system via arachnoid granulations which project into the superior sagittal sinus

A

CSF

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113
Q

divided up based on development and adult structures

A

the brain

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114
Q

becomes the cerebral hemispheres

A

telencephalon

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115
Q

becomes the thalamus and hypothalamus

A

Diencephalon

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116
Q

becomes the midbrain

A

Mesencephalon

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117
Q

becomes the cerebellum

A

Metencephalon

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118
Q

becomes medulla oblongata

A

Myelencephalon

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119
Q

receives blood from the internal carotid and vertebral arteries

A

brain

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120
Q

meet in the cranial cavity to form the cerebral arterial circle

A

internal carotid and vertebral arteries

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121
Q

enter the cranial cavity through the foramen magnum

A

2 vertebral arteries

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122
Q

enter the cranial cavity through the carotid canals

A

internal carotids

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123
Q

join to form the basilar artery

A

vertebral arteries

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124
Q

gives off: anterior inferior cerebellar, pontine, superior cerebellar, and posterior cerebral arteries

A

basilar artery

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125
Q

give off: ophthalmic, posterior communicating, middle and anterior cerebral arteries

A

internal carotids

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126
Q

begins as small venous channels that lead to cerebral and cerebellar veins

A

Venous drainage of the brain

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127
Q

drain into the dural venous sinus

A

Cerebral, cerebellar, emmissary, and diploic veins

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128
Q

eventually drains into the internal jugular vein

A

dural venous sinus

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129
Q

what are the dural sinuses?

A
  • superior sagittal
  • inferior sagittal
  • straight
  • transverse
  • sigmoid
  • occipital sinuses
  • confluence of sinuses
  • the cavernous
  • sphenopariteal
  • superior and inferior petrosal
  • basilar sinuses
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130
Q

found on either side of the sphenoid bones

A

paired cavernous sinuses

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131
Q

pass through the cavernous sinus

A

Internal carotid and abducent nerve

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132
Q

pass through walls of the cavernous sinuses

A

Occulomotor, trochlear, ophthalmic, and maxillary nerves

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133
Q

pass through foramina or fissures of the skull

A

12 pairs of cranial nerves

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134
Q

All pairs of cranial nerves except for the…………extend off the brain

A

hypoglossal nerve

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135
Q

what are the components of the cranial nerves?

A
  • somatic component
  • visceral component
  • sensory component
  • special motor component
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136
Q

numbered I-XII, starting anteriorly with the olfactory nerve and moving posteriorly ending with the hypoglossal

A

cranial nerves

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137
Q

conveys emotional information and is an important cue for a physician

A

face

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138
Q
  • develop from the 2nd pharyngeal arch and are innervated by the facial nerve (CN VII)
  • They are in superficial fascia, with origins from either bone or fascia and insert into skin
A

muscles of face

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139
Q

orbital and palpebral parts for eye closure

A

Orbicularis oculi

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140
Q

functions in frowning

A

Corrugator supercillii

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141
Q

what does the orbital group of facial muscles consist of?

A
  • Orbicularis oculi

- Corrugator supercillii

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142
Q

what does the nasal group of facial muscles consist of?

A
  • nasalis
  • procerus
  • depressor septi nasi
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143
Q
  • largest and best developed muscle of the nasal group

- consists of a transverse and alar parts

A

nasalis

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144
Q

compresses the nares

A

transverse part of nasalis

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145
Q

draws the alar cartilages downward and laterally and opens the nares

A

alar part of nasalis

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146
Q

superficial to the nasal bones- draws medial border of eyebrows downward

A

procerus

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147
Q

widens the nares

A

depressor septi nasi

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148
Q

muscles of this group move the lips and cheek

A

oral group

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149
Q

what is the oral group divided into?

A
  • upper group
  • lower group
  • orbicularis oris
  • buccinator
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150
Q
  • forms muscular part of cheek

- arises from posterior part of mandible and maxilla opposite the molar teeth and pterygomandibular raphe

A

buccinators

151
Q
  • pushes cheeks against teeth

- helps in mastication and suckling

A

contraction of buccinators

152
Q

help move the ear

A

auricular muscles

153
Q

what are the 3 auricular muscles?

A
  • superior auricular
  • anterior auricular
  • posterior auricular
154
Q

elevates ear

A

superior auricular

155
Q

pulls ear upward and forward

A

anterior auricular

156
Q

retracts and elevates ear

A

posterior auricular

157
Q

closes eyelids

A

orbicularis oculi

158
Q

origin: Medial palpebral ligament

A

Palpebral part of orbicularis oculi

159
Q

insertion: Fibers form an uninterrupted ellipse around orbit

A

Palpebral part of orbicularis oculi

160
Q

innervation: Facial nerve (VII)

A

ALL muscles of face

161
Q

function: Closes eyelids gently

A

Palpebral part of orbicularis oculi

162
Q

origin: Nasal part of frontal bone; frontal process of maxilla; medial palpebral ligament

A

orbital part of orbicularis oculi

163
Q

insertion: Fibers form an uninterrupted ellipse around orbit

A

orbital part of orbicularis oculi

164
Q

function: Closes eyelids forcefully

A

orbital part of orbicularis oculi

165
Q

origin: Medial end of the superciliary arch

A

Corrugator supercilii

166
Q

insertion: Skin of the medial half of eyebrow

A

Corrugator supercilii

167
Q

function: Draws the eyebrow medially and downward

A

Corrugator supercilii

168
Q

origin: Maxilla just lateral to nose

A

transverse part of nasalis

169
Q

insertion: Aponeurosis across dorsum of nose with the muscle fibers from the other side

A

transverse part of nasalis

170
Q

function: Compresses nasal aperture

A

transverse part of nasalis

171
Q

origin: Maxilla over lateral incisor

A

alar part of nasalis

172
Q

insertion: Alar cartilage of nose

A

alar part of nasalis

173
Q

function: Draws cartilage downward and laterally, opening nostrils

A

alar part of nasalis

174
Q

origin: Nasal bone and upper part of lateral nasal cartilage

A

Procerus

175
Q

insertion: Skin of lower forehead between eyebrows

A

Procerus

176
Q

function: Draws down medial angle of eyebrows, producing transverse wrinkles over bridge of nose

A

Procerus

177
Q

origin: Maxilla above medial incisor

A

Depressor septi

178
Q

insertion: Mobile part of the nasal septum

A

Depressor septi

179
Q

function: Pulls nose inferiorly

A

Depressor septi

180
Q

origin: Oblique line of mandible below canine, premolar, and first molar teeth

A

Depressor anguli oris

181
Q

insertion: Skin at the corner of the mouth and blending with orbicularis oris

A

Depressor anguli oris

182
Q

function: Draws corner of mouth downward and laterally

A

Depressor anguli oris

183
Q

origin: Anterior part of oblique line of mandible

A

Depressor labii inferioris

184
Q

insertion: Lower lip at midline; blends with muscle from opposite side

A

Depressor labii inferioris

185
Q

function: Draws lower lip downward and laterally

A

Depressor labii inferioris

186
Q

origin: Mandible inferior to incisor teeth

A

mentalis

187
Q

Insertion: Skin of chin

A

mentalis

188
Q

function: Raises and protrudes lower lip as it wrinkles skin on chin

A

mentalis

189
Q

origin: Fascia over masseter

A

Risorious

190
Q

insertion: Skin at the corner of the mouth

A

Risorious

191
Q

Function: Retracts corner of mouth

A

Risorious

192
Q

origin: Posterior part of lateral surface of zygomatic bone

A

Zygomaticus major

193
Q

insertion: Skin at the corner of the mouth

A

Zygomaticus major

194
Q

function: Draws the corner of the mouth upward and laterally

A

Zygomaticus major

195
Q

origin: Anterior part of lateral surface of zygomatic bone

A

Zygomaticus minor

196
Q

insertion: Upper lip just medial to corner of mouth

A

Zygomaticus minor

197
Q

function: Draws the upper lip upward

A

Zygomaticus minor

198
Q

origin: Infra-orbital margin of maxilla

A

Levator labii superioris

199
Q

insertion: Skin of upper lateral half of upper lip

A

Levator labii superioris

200
Q

function: Raises upper lip; helps for nasolabial furrow

A

Levator labii superioris

201
Q

origin: Frontal process of maxilla

A

Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi

202
Q

insertion: Alar cartilage of nose and upper lip

A

Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi

203
Q

function: Raises upper lip and raises nostrils

A

Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi

204
Q

origin: Maxilla below infra-orbital foramen

A

Levator anguli oris

205
Q

insertion: Skin at the corner of mouth

A

Levator anguli oris

206
Q

function: Raises corner of mouth; helps with nasolabial furrow

A

Levator anguli oris

207
Q

origin: From muscles in area; maxilla and mandible midline

A

Orbicularis oris

208
Q

insertion: Forms ellipse around mouth

A

Orbicularis oris

209
Q

function: Closes lips; protrudes lips

A

Orbicularis oris

210
Q

origin: Posterior parts of maxilla and mandible; pterygomandibular raphe

A

Buccinator

211
Q

insertion: Blends with orbicularis oris into lips

A

Buccinator

212
Q

function: Presses cheeks against teeth; compresses distended cheeks

A

Buccinator

213
Q

origin: Anterior part of temporal fascia

A

Anterior auricular

214
Q

insertion: Into helix of ear

A

Anterior auricular

215
Q

function: Draws ear upward and forward

A

Anterior auricular

216
Q

origin: Epicranial aponeurosis on side of head

A

Superior auricular

217
Q

insertion: Upper part of auricle

A

Superior auricular

218
Q

function: Elevates ear

A

Superior auricular

219
Q

origin: Mastoid process of temporal bone

A

Posterior auricular

220
Q

insertion: Convexity of concha of ear

A

Posterior auricular

221
Q

function: Draws ear upward and backwards

A

Posterior auricular

222
Q

origin: Skin of eyebrows

A

frontal belly of Occipitofrontalis

223
Q

insertion: Into galea aponeurotica

A

frontal belly of Occipitofrontalis

224
Q

function: Wrinkles forehead; raises eyebrows

A

frontal belly of Occipitofrontalis

225
Q

origin: Lateral part of superior nuchal line of occipital bone and mastoid process of temporal bone

A

occipital belly of Occipitofrontalis

226
Q

insertion: Into galea aponeurotica

A

occipital belly of Occipitofrontalis

227
Q

function: Draws scalp backward

A

occipital belly of Occipitofrontalis

228
Q

the largest of the 3 pairs of salivary glands

A

parotid gland

229
Q

carries saliva into the oral cavity

A

parotid duct

230
Q

passes through the parotid and provides motor inputs for muscles of the face

A

facial nerve (VII)

231
Q

is formed in the parotid gland by superficial temporal and maxillary veins

A

Retromandibular vein

232
Q

divides into: posterior auricular, maxillary, transverse facial, and superficial temporal arteries

A

External carotid

233
Q

provides sensory inputs for the skin of the face

A

trigeminal nerve (V)

234
Q

what are the 3 major branches of the trigeminal nerve?

A
  • ophthalmic (V1)
  • maxillary (V2)
  • mandibular (V3)
235
Q

branches into : supra-orbital, supra-trochlear, infra-trochlear, lacrimal, and external nasal nerves

A

ophthalmic nerve

236
Q

branches into: zygomaticotemporal branch, zygomaticofacial branch, infra-orbital nerve

A

maxillary nerve

237
Q

branches into: auriculotemporal, buccal, and mental nerves

A

mandibulalr nerve

238
Q

originate from the second branchial arch, embryonically, and are therefore innervated by CN VII

A

muscles of the face

239
Q

exits via stylomastoid foramen

A

CN VII

240
Q

what are the branches of CN VII?

A
  • temporal
  • zygomatic
  • buccal
  • marginal mandibular
  • cervical
241
Q

give rise to inferior and superior labial, angular, and lateral nasal vessels

A

facial vessels

242
Q

branch off superficial temporal vessels

A

Transverse facial vessels

243
Q

branch from ophthalmic vessels

A

Zygomatico- facial and temoral and dorsal nasal artery

244
Q

branches into infra-orbital, buccal, and mental arteries

A

maxillary artery

245
Q

major draining vessel of the face that also receives blood from deep regions of the head

A

facial vein

246
Q

interconnected with the intracranial cavernous sinus through emissary veins

A

venous channels of the face

247
Q

why can infections move from the mouth into the intracranial region?

A

because there are no valves between the systems

248
Q

what groups of lymph nodes does lymphatic drainage move towards?

A
  • submental
  • submandibular
  • pre-auricular
  • parotid
249
Q
  • Extends from the superciliary arch (anteriorly) to the external occipital protuberance and superior nuchal lines (posteriorly)
  • And laterally to the zygomatic arches
A

scalp

250
Q

what are the layers of the scalp?

A 
S-skin
C-connective tissue (dense)
A-aponeurotic layer
L- loose connective tissue
P-pericranium
251
Q

anchors skin to the aponeurotic layer

A

Dense connective tissue layer

252
Q
  • separates the aponeurotic layer from the pericranium

- facilitates movement of scalp over calvaria

A

loose connective layer

253
Q

the periosteum of the outer surface of the calvaria

A

pericranium

254
Q

consists of the occipitofrontalis muscle and the epicranial aponeurosis (galea aponeurotica)

A

aponeurotic layer

255
Q

made up of the frontal and occipital bellies

A

occipitofrontalis muscle

256
Q

nerves anterior to the ears and vertex

A
  • branches of CN V
  • supratrochlear
  • supra-orbital
  • zygomaticotemporal
  • auriculotemporal
257
Q

nerves posterior to the ears and vertex

A

C1 and C2 spinal nerves form greater auricular, lesser and greater occipital, and 3rd occipital nerves

258
Q

arise from external and internal carotid/ophthalamic

A

Arteries that supply the scalp

259
Q

where does venous drainage go?

A

the jugulars

260
Q

what are the scalp vessels?

A
  • supra- trochlear
  • orbital
  • posterior auricular
  • occipital
  • superficial temporal arteries
261
Q

drains into the occipital nodes which drain into upper deep cervical nodes

A

occipital region

262
Q

drainage is into the mastoid nodes that also drain into the upper deep cervical nodes

A

posterior to the vertex of the head

263
Q

the scalp drains into pre-auricular and parotid nodes`

A

anterior to the vertex

264
Q

formed by: maxilla, zygomatic, frontal, ethmoid, lacrimal, sphenoid, and palatine bones

A

the orbits

265
Q

includes, possibly the trochlear fovea (for muscle attachment) and the lacrimal fossa

A

superior wall of orbits

266
Q

contains: the anterior and posterior ethmoidal foramina, lacrimal groove, and part of the optic canal

A

medial wall of orbits

267
Q

has part of the inferior orbital fissure

A

floor of the orbit

268
Q

where the superior orbital fissure is found

A

lateral wall of orbit

269
Q

what are the layers of the eyelids?

A
  • skin
  • subcutaneous tissue
  • voluntary muscle
  • orbital septum
  • tarsus
  • conjunctiva
270
Q

2 additional muscles of the upper eyelid

A

-levator palebrae superioris -superior tarsal muscles

271
Q

voluntary muscle of the eyelid

A

orbicularis oculi

272
Q

made up of 3 parts: the orbital, palpebral, and lacrimal parts

A

orbicularis oculi

273
Q

is anchored medially and laterally via the medial and lateral palpebral ligaments

A

palpebral part of orbicularis oculi

274
Q

passes deep and medially, attaching to the lacrimal crest and may drain tears

A

lacrimal part of orbicularis oculi

275
Q

an extension of the periosteum that extends into the upper and lower lid

A

orbital septum

276
Q

attaches to the tendon of the levator palpebrae superioris

A

orbital septum of the upper lid

277
Q

attaches to the tarsus

A

orbital septum of the lower lid

278
Q

covers the full extent of the inner surface of the eyelid and reflects onto the outer surface of the eye (sclera)

A

conjunctiva

279
Q

formed when the eyelids are closed

A
  • conjunctiva sac

- with upper and lower extensions of sac formed by super and inferior conjunctiva fornices

280
Q

provides major support for each eyelid

A

tarsus

281
Q

plates of dense connective tissue that attach laterally and medially via the lateral and medial palpebral ligaments

A

inferior and superior tarsus

282
Q

attaches to the levator palpebrae superioris muscle via a tendon, which raises the upper eyelid

A

superior tarsus

283
Q

bloody supply of eyelid

A
  • supratrochlear
  • supraorbital
  • lacrimal
  • dorsal nasal arteries
  • veins from the ophthalmic vessels
284
Q

come from the facial vessels

A

angular artery and vein

285
Q

come from the temporal artery

A

transverse facial artery

286
Q

drain mostly into parotid and submandibular nodes

A

lymphatics of eyelids

287
Q

innervated with both motor and sensory components

A

eyelids

288
Q

are all branches of the trigeminal (V)

A

sensory components of eyelid innervation

289
Q

where do palpebral branches arise from?

A
  • Supraorbital
  • supratrochlear
  • infratrochlear
  • lacrimal branches of the ophthalmic nerve (V1)
290
Q

what are the motor components of eyelid innervation supplied by?

A
  • facial (VII) (innervates orbicularis oculi)
  • oculomotor (III) (innervates levator palpebrae superioris)
  • sympathetic fibers that innervate superior tarsal
291
Q

Makes, moves, and drains fluid of the eyeball

A

Lacrimal Apparatus

292
Q

made up of the: lacrimal gland, lacrimal canaliculi, lacrimal sac, and naso-lacrimal duct

A

Lacrimal Apparatus

293
Q

what is the lacrimal gland divided by and what are the two parts?

A

-divided by tendon of levator palpebrae
-divided into:
~orbital part
~palpebral part

294
Q

Fluid leaves the gland and passes medially over the eye into the lacrimal sac via….?

A

the puncta and canaliculi

295
Q

Superiolateral to the eye and divided into orbital and palpebral parts by the tendon of the levator palpebrae superioris

A

lacrimal gland

296
Q

enter the lacrimal sac by passing medially

A

canaliculi

297
Q

drains into the nose

A

nasolacrimal duct

298
Q

what happens when the orbicularis oculi muscle contracts during blinking?

A

the small lacrimal part of the muscle may dilate the lacrimal sac and draw tears through the canaliculi

299
Q

what are the 3 components of innervation of the lacrimal apparatus?

A
  • sensory
  • secretomotor (parasympathetic)
  • postganglionic sympathetic fibers
300
Q

from lacrimal nerve that return to CNS through ophthalamic (V1)

A

sensory innervation of lacrimal apparatus

301
Q

preganglionic fibers from CNVII enter petrosal nerve and meet postganglonic fibers in pterygopalantine ganglion; postganglionic fibers innervate gland via CN V2, zygomatic, zygomaticotemporal nerves

A

secretomotor (parasympathetic) innervation of lacrimal apparatus

302
Q

follow parasympathetic pathway

A

postganglionic sympathetic fibers innervation of lacrimal apparatus

303
Q

optic nerve, ophthalamic artery pass through this

A

optic canal

304
Q

CN III, IV, V1 branches (lacrimal, frontal, nasociliary), VI, and superior ophthalamic vein pass through thi…..

A

superior orbital fissure

305
Q

CN V2, infraorbital vessels pass through this…

A

inferior orbital fissure

306
Q

nasolacrimal duct passes through this….

A

nasolacrimal canal

307
Q

ethmoid nerves and vessels pass through this….

A

anterior and posterior ethmoidal openings

308
Q
  • The periosteum lining the bones of the bones of the orbit

- continuous with the dural periosteum

A

periorbital

309
Q

thickens into the common tendinous ring

A

the periorbital in the posterior part of the orbit

310
Q

the origin for the 4 rectus muscles

A

common tendinous ring

311
Q

encloses the major part of the eyeball

A

fascial sheath

312
Q

what is the fascial sheath attached to posteriorly?

A

to the sclera at the point the optic nerve enters

313
Q

what is the fascial sheath attached to anteriorly?

A

is firmly attached to the sclera at the edge of the cornea

314
Q

restrict the medial and lateral rectus muscles

A

check ligaments of lateral and medial rectus

315
Q

what are the groups of rectus muscles?

A
  • intrinsic (control pupil size and lens shape)

- extrinsic (control eye movement and eyelid raising)

316
Q

origin: Lesser wing of sphenoid anterior to optic canal

A

Levator palpebrae superioris

317
Q

insertion: Anterior surface of tarsal plate

A

Levator palpebrae superioris

318
Q

innervation: oculomotor

A

Levator palpebrae superioris

319
Q

function: Elevation of upper lid

A

Levator palpebrae superioris

320
Q

origin: Superior part of common tendinous ring

A

Superior rectus

321
Q

insertion: Anterior half of eyeball superiorly

A

Superior rectus

322
Q

innervation: oculomotor

A

Superior rectus

323
Q

function: Elevation, adduction, medial rotation of eyeball

A

Superior rectus

324
Q

origin: Inferior part of common tendinous ring

A

Inferior rectus

325
Q

insertion: Anterior half of eyeball inferiorly

A

Inferior rectus

326
Q

innervation: oculomotor

A

Inferior rectus

327
Q

function: Depression, adduction, lateral rotation of eyeball

A

Inferior rectus

328
Q

origin: Medial part of common tendinous ring

A

medial rectus

329
Q

insertion: Anterior half of eyeball medially

A

medial rectus

330
Q

innervation: oculomotor

A

medial rectus

331
Q

function: Adduction of eyeball

A

medial rectus

332
Q

origin: Lateral part of common tendinous ring

A

lateral rectus

333
Q

insertion: Anterior half of eyeball laterally

A

lateral rectus

334
Q

innervation: abducent

A

lateral rectus

335
Q

fucntion: Abduction of eyeball

A

lateral rectus

336
Q

origin: Body of sphenoid, superior and medial to optic canal

A

superior oblique

337
Q

insertion: Outer posterior quadrant of eyeball (superior surface)

A

superior oblique

338
Q

innervation: trochlearr

A

superior oblique

339
Q

function: Depression, abduction, medial rotation of eyeball

A

superior oblique

340
Q

origin: Medial floor of orbit posterior to rim; maxilla lateral to nasolacrimal groove

A

inferior oblique

341
Q

insertion: Outer posterior quadrant of eyeball (inferior surface)

A

inferior oblique

342
Q

innervation: oculomotor

A

inferior oblique

343
Q

function: Elevation, abduction, lateral rotation of eyeball

A

inferior oblique

344
Q

moves the pupil superiorly

A

elevation

345
Q

moves pupil inferiorly

A

depression

346
Q

moves pupil laterrally

A

abduction

347
Q

moves pupil medially

A

adduction

348
Q

rotating the upper part of pupil medially

A

Internal rotation (intorsion)

349
Q

rotating upper part of pupil laterally

A

External rotation (extorsion)

350
Q

slightly lateral

A

axis of each orbital

351
Q

directed anteriorly

A

each eyeball axis

352
Q

raises upper eyelid

A

Levator palpebrae superioris

353
Q

have complicated actions due to apex of orbit being medial to insertion

A

Rectus muscles- 4 muscles (medial ,lateral, superior, inferior)

354
Q

both insert posterolaterally on the eyeball

A

oblique muscles

355
Q

arises from body of sphenoid and passes along medial border, through trochlear notch

A

superior oblique

356
Q

crosses floor of orbit from medial side

A

inferior oblique

357
Q

originate from the common tendinous ring

A

4 rectus muscles

358
Q

originate from the sphenoid bone

A

Superior oblique and levator palpebrae

359
Q

have a downward (superior) and upward (inferior) action on the eye due to inserting laterally and posteriorly

A

obliques

360
Q

what is the arterial supply to the orbit and eyeball?

A

the ophthalmic which is a branch off the internal carotid

361
Q

passes into the orbit, through the optic canal with the optic nerve

A

Ophthalmic artery

362
Q

branches into: lacrimal, central retinal, long and short posterior ciliary, muscular, supra-orbital, posterior ethmoidal, and anterior ethmoidal

A

ophthalmic artery

363
Q

venous drainage of the eyeball

A

2 venous channels in the orbit- superior and inferior ophthalmic veins

364
Q

forms from the supraorbital and angular veins

A

superior ophthalmic vein

365
Q

can either leave the orbit on its own, join the inferior ophthalmic or connect to the pterygoid plexus

A

infraorbital

366
Q

innervates many of the extrinsic eye muscles

A

oculomotor

367
Q

innervates the superior rectus and levator palpebrae superioris

A

superior branch of oculomotor

368
Q

innervates medial and inferior rectus and inferior oblique

A

inferior branch of oculomotor

369
Q

innervates the superior oblique

A

trochlear nerve (IV)

370
Q

passes through the trochlear notch before turning laterally toward the eye

A

superior oblique

371
Q

gives rise to the nasociliary, frontal, lacrimal nerves

A

ophthalmic nerve (V1)

372
Q

innervates the lacrimal gland

A

lacrimal nerve

373
Q

innervates the conjunctiva, skin of upper eyelid, parts of the forehead, and middle of scalp

A

frontal nerve

374
Q

innervates the pupil, ethmoidal cells, sphenoid sinus, upper and lower lids, lacrimal sac, skin of nose, anterior cranial fossa, nasal cavity, skin of nose

A

nasociliary nerve

Human Anatomy (11 decks)

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